partial loss是什么意思及反义词
沪江词库精选partial loss是什么意思、中英文句子翻译、英语短语。
中文释义： 部分海损
Kidney failure (or renal failure )：Partial or complete loss of kidney function.
肾功能衰竭:肾脏功能部分或全部丧失的一种病理状态。
Partial or total loss of skin pigmentation,often occurring in patches.
白斑病皮肤色素的局部或全部缺乏，经常是斑状
Free of particular average - FPA: Type of marine insurance which does not cover partial loss and damage.
平安险(简写为FPA):海上保险的一种类型，不担保部分损失和损坏。
A W.P.A. or W.A. policy covers you against partial loss in all cases.
水渍险在任何情况下都给保部分损失险。
The F.P.A. doesn't cover partial loss of the nature of particular average.
平安险不包括单独海损性质的部分损失。
漫反射斑，漫射片，漫射圈
漫射柔光器
扩散型成色剂
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评价文档：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Damage waiver or, as it is often referred to, collision damage waiver (CDW) or loss damage waiver (LDW), is optional damage insurance coverage that is available to you when you .
Car rental companies treat the CDW as a waiver of their right to make the renter pay for damages to the car.
In many countries, it is a legal requirement to have CDW insurance included in the basic car rental rate. It covers the rented car. Some rental companies also offer
and coverage of towing charges. Terms and prices vary. Alternatives to the CDW include other car insurance policies, some coverage from credit card issuers (, , etc.,) and some .
If the car damages property or injures someone, the customer or other insurance must pay for the damages (i.e., is "held liable"). US car rental companies sometimes include minimum liability insurance required by law in the basic rental charge. Hertz includes it in all states except California, but will subrogate any damages against the driver (meaning the car is insured to the state minimum but the driver will pay for all damages paid by Hertz). Avis includes it in all states except California and Texas, at least for renters who lack their own coverage. Other companies do not publicize where they include liability insurance in the basic rental charge. Some car rental companies offer more liability insurance for a fee.
When a customer does not pay the car rental company to waive damage, and a rented car is stolen, or damaged by accident, vandalism, weather (hail), etc., the customer or other insurance must pay to the rental company the full cost of repair, plus administrative charges and, in some states, loss of use.
The rental company's damage waiver normally covers accidental damage and towing a damaged vehicle, as long as the renter complies with the rental contract (such as authorized drivers, locations, no racing). Waivers may also cover theft, vandalism, loss of use, and liability. The renter often has a choice among different coverages for different fees.
Damage waivers are not necessarily complete. They may have
(also called excess) and limits on the amount covered. Liability coverage always has limits.
The descriptions above come from rental company websites, under headings like Policies, FAQ, Coverage, or More.
Damage Waivers can be bought from the car rental company in most countries, or through a car hire excess insurer in the UK, or through travel insurers. Coverage from the car rental company may be required if the renter lacks proof of coverage elsewhere.
CDW meets the basic definition of , since it transfers some risk from the car renter to the rental company. However rental companies do not call it insurance, since it is a waiver between the renter and the company that the company waives their right to charge the renter for valid damages to the vehicle. Rental companies are not licensed or regulated as insurers. There are also no claims made. Rental companies treat CDW as a waiver of their right to make the renter pay for damage to the car.
Some credit card issuers (, , etc.,) offer insurance for theft or damage to rented cars. A few of the cards (noted in the table below) offer "primary" insurance, so the driver does not need to file a claim with his or her personal insurance. More cards offer "secondary insurance." This means that if the renter has personal or business vehicle insurance with appropriate coverage, then that insurance will pay first. Then the credit card issuer will pay the primary insurance's
and will address any large claims above the primary insurance limit.
If the renter has no other vehicle insurance for the specific claim (no insurance at all, or not in the relevant country, or no collision insurance, etc.), the credit card company (if it offers coverage) will pay the whole amount, up to its limits.
All four credit card companies listed below cover collision damage with some of their cards. The main difference among the cards is that Discover Visa and some MasterCards and American Express cards also cover theft, while other MasterCards and American Express cards include theft, vandalism, hitting a deer or chipping a window (sources at bottom of table).
Other issues important to some renters are that Discover covers only the cardholder, not helpful when people share a car rental. Visa and MasterCard only cover rental contracts of 15 days or less (not even the first 15 days of longer rentals). Some American Express and MasterCards are not useful on dirt or gravel roads, since they exclude "damage sustained on any surface, other than a bound surface such as concrete or tarmac". Some Discover cards exclude private roads, such as shopping centers, many subdivisions, business parks, private college campuses, etc.
MasterCard and Visa in the United States say they cover "Physical damage and/or theft", but an introductory paragraph for some MasterCards and all Visa cards limits this to "collision or theft," so vandalism and hail are excluded. It may be ambiguous whether deer impacts and glass chips are covered as "collisions." MasterCards from Bank of America and MBNA generally have a simpler opening paragraph, which leaves coverage in place for any physical damage.
Even among these brands, some cards lack coverage entirely, especially debit cards and cards with low credit limits. The AmEx Platinum Cash , for example, has no coverage. MasterCard "Standard" cards lack coverage, while "Premier", "Gold" and "Platinum" cards vary in their coverage. Citi(R) / AAdvantage(R), Citi ThankYou(R), Citi(R) Dividend or Citi CashReturns(R) MasterCard-branded cards are notable for providing coverage worldwide without geographic exclusions, while most other MasterCard, Visa and American Express cards exclude coverage in Ireland, Israel, Jamaica.
These schemes apply to cards issued in the US, Trinidad and Tobago, and apparently nowhere else. In addition, no credit card will cover a rental that is being billed to a third party, such as in the event that an insurance company is being directly billed for the rental.
The following table is an effort at a summary, though not guaranteed. Coverage is complex and changes periodically. Telephone staff do not know the changes. Formal insurance policies govern and are not easily available to cardholders, who are only given summaries, like the links below.
"Loss of use" and administration fees are often advertised as covered by credit cards. However, credit card companies pay these items only if the rental car company provides proof. If rental car company does not provide proof, there seems little reason for the renter to pay either.
Primary/Secondary Coverage
Secondary (primary on United Airlines and USAA)
Secondary (primary on Chase Sapphire Preferred, Ritz Carlton, Fairmont, and Ink cards for business rentals)
Secondary, or Primary at extra cost
Collision damage
Yes, unless car keys are missing or renter has not used common diligence
Yes, unless car was running unattended
Yes, if locked
Loss of use and other administrative charges by rental company
Varies by card*
Vandalism, hail, weather, falling objects
Liability, personal injury
Maximum length of rental (days)
15, 31 (consecutive days) International
15 for personal rentals in renter's country, 31 elsewhere and for business rentals
30- or 42-day limit on all rentals by same renter with same company in 75-mile radius
Type of roads covered
Some cards cover All, some cover just Paved roads
Some cards cover All, some cover just Publicly owned roads
Some cards cover All, some cover just Paved roads
Geography covered
World except Ireland, Israel, J maybe Aust, NZ. However, certain Citi Bank cards cover worldwide without exclusions.
World except N+S Ireland, Israel, Jamaica
Anywhere in the world
World except Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Italy, Aust, NZ.
Drivers covered, assuming a cardholder signs contract
All drivers authorized to drive by the rental contract
All drivers authorized to drive by the rental contract
Person named on Discover Card
"Cardmember:... is named on the written agreement with the Rental Company as the person renting and taking control and possession of the Rental Auto ... remains in control and possession". The phrase "Cardmember and/or authorized driver" is used but not defined.
Transporting any property
Other exclusions
Trucks, large vans (no more than 8 people total for MasterCard), motorcycles, luxury cars. Many other standard exclusions, such as lack of reasonable care, racing, violating law, wear & tear, war.
Same, also exclude large SUVs
Other aspects
Rented vehicles must have a manufacturer’s suggested retail price of $50,000 or less.
Excludes equipment not installed by manufacturer (Ex. Rental Agency GPS) Promises payment 15 days after all documents submitted.
Payment limit of $25,000.
Offer better coverage for $20–25 per rental.
Report to credit card company in
30 days, 45 days International
immediately, file claim in 45 days
48 hours, file claim in 60 days
Source, examined 7/17/2007, updated 1/25//2013, and 10/12/2015
No sources found (6/18/2008) on , so the program does not cover cards issued in Europe.
This page says it addresses Titanium & Motiva cards. A web search does not reveal a page for Platinum coverage, and a 2006 paper description "Important information about your Discover Platinum Card Account" has similar coverage, but also excludes private roads, such as many shopping centers and subdivisions.
Avis offers one or two million dollars of
in the US.
Hertz offers one or two million dollars of
Holifield, Lee,
Hertz provides insurance notes among various topics shown for each location under Reservations/.
provides insurance notes under "Terms and Conditions" after a location and vehicle are selected, but before making a reservation.
- moneymaxim.co.uk
Holifield, Lee,
International Travel News, August 2007, p.30)
Harkin, John,
International Travel News, December 2007
2006 paper description "Important information about your Discover Platinum Card Account"工具类服务
编辑部专用服务
作者专用服务
游离端可摘局部义齿基牙牙槽骨及剩余牙槽骨改变的两年追踪观察
目的观察游离端可摘局部义齿基牙剩余牙槽骨的改变,比较不同卡环设计类型的基牙牙槽骨及剩余牙槽骨的吸收.方法对37例(RPI型6例、RPA型10例、Aker卡环组21例)可摘局部义齿的末端基牙牙槽骨戴用后6、12、24个月进行了定位根尖投照,采用根尖片数字减影图像处理系统,对三种卡环设计类型基牙及剩余牙槽骨的吸收情况进行了定量分析并比较.结果 37例可摘局部义齿末端基牙牙槽骨及剩余牙槽骨复查的各个时期均有不同程度的吸收,并随时间呈递增趋势.结论在保护剩余牙槽骨方面,RPA型卡环设计优于RPI和Aker卡环;在保护末端基牙颊舌侧牙槽嵴顶健康方面,RPA型优于Aker卡环组;在保护末端基牙近、远中牙槽嵴顶,避免其吸收方面,采用近中(牙合)支托设计的卡环(RPA和RPI卡环)要优于远中(牙合)支托设计的卡环(Aker卡环).
作者单位：
100081,北京大学口腔医学院修复科
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