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, 23 October 2014, Pages
Thiol-yne &click&/coupling chemistry and recent applications in polymer and materials synthesis and modification
School of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, UNSW Australia, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia&We review recent applications of the thiol-yne reaction.&Background in small molecule chemistry is given followed by applications in polymer and materials science.&Monomer synthesis and polymer modification is highlighted.&Non-linear polymer syntheses, including networks, are discussed.&Recent advances in monohydrothiolation of alkyne bonds in polymer science are noted.This review highlights recent applications of the thiol-yne reaction in polymer synthesis and modification and also gives some representative examples of its application in small molecule (bio)organic chemistry. A brief introduction to the history of the thiol-yne reaction is given followed by a description of the mechanism for the common radical-mediated manifestation of the reaction. This is followed by a review of its use in network/gel syntheses and modification, as a tool for polymer synthesis and co its applicability in the preparation of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers and finally how it has been employed as a tool for surface modification and functionalisation. This review is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to serve as an overview of research areas within which this important reaction is currently attracting interest.KeywordsClick; Thiol-yne; Hydrothiolation1. IntroductionWithin the last several years several thiol-based reactions , ,  and  have attracted significant attention in the polymer/materials science communities including the various manifestations of the thiol-ene reaction , , ,  and , thiol-isocyanate coupling , thiol-halo reactions ,  and  as well as examples of thiol&thiol coupling reactions . Amongst these, the radical mediated addition of thiols to alkynes, the thiol-yne reaction, has emerged as a useful tool for both polymer/network synthesis as well as an efficient coupling chemistry in post-polymerization modification and several highlights/perspectives and mini-reviews have already appeared on the topic , ,  and . The reaction should be considered a sister reaction to the better known radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction and as a complimentary process to the Cu(I) catalysed alkyne-azide (CuAAC) cycloaddition reaction. Herein we will review some general background literature related to the thiol-yne reaction followed by some fundamentals related specifically to the radical-mediated thiol-yne process, and finally highlight applications in polymer and materials synthesis and modification that have emerged within the last few years.2. Background and practical considerationsAs noted, the thiol-yne reaction should be considered a sister reaction to the better-known thiol-ene process and very much as a complimentary reaction to the Cu-mediated alkyne/azide &click& reaction. In the context of this review, it is perhaps prudent to make several comments regarding the much more thoroughly studied radical thiol-ene reaction prior to highlighting the thiol-yne process. The thiol-ene reaction, known since the turn of the twentieth century , is extremely well-documented having been studied extensively over the decades . The reaction has experienced somewhat of a renaissance in recent years due, in part, to the recognition of its &click& characteristics, and several excellent reviews have appeared detailing its features and applications , , ,  and . Readers are directed to these for a more in-depth description of the thiol-ene reaction. Broadly, when considering the addition of a thiol to a CC bond several things need to be considered in terms of general efficiency: 1) the reactivity of alkenes under radical-mediated conditions varies dramatically depending on the electronic nature of the CC bond with electron rich (e.g. vinylethers) or highly strained substrates (e.g. norbornenes) exhibiting very high reactivity. However, virtually any CC bond is susceptibl 2) side reactions, and specifically competing polymerization under radical-mediated conditions, are possible with electron-deficient CC bonds such as acrylates or, indeed, any alkene susceptible to radical chain-g 3) terminal CC bonds exhibit significantly higher reactivity than internal CC bonds with anti-Markovnikov addition being the predominant stereochemical pathway while the hydrothiolation of internal alkenes can be &complicated& by a competing thiyl radical-mediated cis-trans isomerization process that can significantly impa 4) the hydrothiolation of electron-deficient CC bonds is, arguably, best performed under Michael-addition conditions employing certain phosphines or amines as nucleophilic initiators/catalysts since it negates potential undesirable polymerization
 and . However, it is reiterated that these points are general and researchers are directed to the source literature for system-specific details that can vary dramatically. We will note, however, that while the thiol-ene reaction (both radical and ionic variants) are widely regarded as efficient &click& processes there are certain circumstances under which it fails to meet the common criteria to be classified as such. Specifically, the use of radical thiol-ene chemistry for the conjugation of a polymer with a terminal thiol group with a macromolecular end functional alkene can be inefficient and low yielding .2.1. Early literature examples of the thiol-yne reactionWhile much less exploited, the earliest literature reports describing the hydrothiolation of an alkyne bond can also be traced to the beginning of the twentieth century  and . We note, that when considering the addition of a thiol to a terminal alkene there are two possible products & the Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov species, with the latter being the common, essentially exclusive product in most instances, at least under radical-mediated conditions. In contrast, for the addition of a thiol(s) to a terminal CC bond there are six possible products, , each of which can be obtained essentially quantitatively under specific experimental conditions.
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No articles found.A secure RFID authentication protocol adopting error correction code.
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4623. doi: 10.4623. Epub
2014 May 18.A secure RFID authentication protocol adopting error correction code.1, 2, 3, 2, 2.1School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, C Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Internet Information Collaboration, Shenzhen 518055, China.2Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.3School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.AbstractRFID technology has become popular
however, most of the RFID products lack security related functionality due to the hardware limitation of the low-cost RFID tags. In this paper, we propose a lightweight mutual authentication protocol adopting error correction code for RFID. Besides, we also propose an advanced version of our protocol to provide key updating. Based on the secrecy of shared keys, the reader and the tag can establish a mutual authenticity relationship. Further analysis of the protocol showed that it also satisfies integrity, forward secrecy, anonymity, and untraceability. Compared with other lightweight protocols, the proposed protocol provides stronger resistance to tracing attacks, compromising attacks and replay attacks. We also compare our protocol with previous works in terms of performance. PMID:
[PubMed] The proposed protocol.ScientificWorldJournal. 4623.The proposed protocol with secret key updating.ScientificWorldJournal. 4623.Publication TypesFull Text Sources
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External link. Please review our .Sef interacts with TAK1 and mediates JNK activation and apoptosis.
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2004 Sep 10;279(37):. Epub
2004 Jul 23.Sef interacts with TAK1 and mediates JNK activation and apoptosis.1, , , , , , , .1Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.AbstractSef was recently identified as a negative regulator of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in a genetic screen of zebrafish and subsequently in mouse and humans. By inhibiting FGFR1 tyrosine phosphorylation and/or Ras downstream events, Sef inhibits FGF-mediated ERK activation and cell proliferation as well as PC12 cell differentiation. Here we show that Sef and a deletion mutant of Sef lacking the extracellular domain (SefIC) physically interact with TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-associated kinase) and activate JNK through a TAK1-MKK4-JNK pathway. Sef and SefIC overexpression also resulted in apoptotic cell death, while dominant negative forms of MKK4 and TAK1 blocked Sef-mediated JNK activation and attendant 293T cell apoptosis. These investigations reveal a novel activating function of Sef that is distinct from its inhibitory effect on FGF receptor signaling and ERK activation.PMID:
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Book: H. R. 4343: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Energy Plan Act. Introduced in the House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, March 31, 1988
H. R. 4343: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Energy Plan Act. Introduced in the House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, March 31, 1988
H.R. 4343 requires the preparation of an energy plan regarding the oil and gas reserves within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The purpose of to ensure that the Congress, prior to approving any recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior concerning the resources of the Coastal Plain, receives a comprehensive long-term plan that includes information on the cost and relative value of exploration and development of such resources compared to and incorporates energy policy goals of increasing energy efficiency and conservation, minimizing damage to the environment from energy production, and promoting the diversification of domestic supplies of energy resources to reduce vulnerability to a supply disruption.
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:5659963
Resource Type:Book
Publisher:Washington, DC (US); Government Printing Office
Country of Publication:United States
Language:English
02 PETROLEUM; 03 NATURAL GAS; 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY AND ECONOMY; ALASKA; NATURAL GAS DEPOSITS; PETROLEUM DEPOSITS; ENERGY POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; FISHERIES; HABITAT; LEASING; LEGISLATION; LEGISLATIVE TEXT; NATURAL GAS; PETROLEUM; PIPELINES; RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORT; WILD ANIMALS; WILDERNESS PROTECTION ACTS; ENERGY SOURCES; FEDERAL REGION X; FLUIDS; FOSSIL FUELS; FUEL GAS; FUELS; GAS FUELS; GASES; GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS; GOVERNMENT POLICIES; LAWS; MINERAL RESOURCES; NORTH AMERICA; RESOURCES; USA 021000*
-- Petroleum-- Legislation & Regulations; 031000
-- Natural Gas-- Legislation & Regulations; 294002
-- Energy Planning & Policy-- Petroleum; 294003
-- Energy Planning & Policy-- Natural Gas; 290300
-- Energy Planning & Policy-- Environment, Health, & Safety; 293000
-- Energy Planning & Policy-- Policy, Legislation, & Regulation
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