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新巴塞尔协议与商业银行操作风险管理操作风险已经成为商业银行风险管理中日益重要的领域。日，巴塞尔委员会正式发布了新巴塞尔资本协议（以下简称“新巴塞尔协议”），率先将操作风险纳入风险管理框架中，并且要求金融机构为操作风险配置相应的资本金水平，披露更为详细的操作风险的信息。巴塞尔委员会在总结国际金融界的经验的基础上，认为操作风险的管理分为识别、评估、监督和控制四个阶段。一、操作风险的识别新巴塞尔协议认为操作风险就是指由于内部程序、人员、系统不充足或者运行失当，以及因为外部事件的冲击等导致直接或者间接损失的可能性。巴塞尔委员会同时指出，这种风险包括法律风险，但不包括战略风险和声誉风险。操作风险分为操作失败风险和操作战略风险。二、操作风险的评估操作风险的评估分为定量方法和定型方法。新巴塞尔协议提供了三种定量方法，这三种方法在复杂性和风险敏感度方面渐次加强。1、 基本指标法(the basic indicator approach)2、 标准化法(the standardized approach)3、 高级计量法(advanced measurement approach,AMA)三、操作风险的监督和控制新巴塞尔协议将操作风险纳入风险范畴，并提出“三个支柱”，即最低资本规定、监管当局的监督检查和市场纪律，要求资本监管更为准确的反映银行经营的风险状况，进一步提高金融体系的安全性和稳健性。商业银行操作风险具体的控制措施有以下四种方法。1、风险规避(Risk Avoidance)风险规避是指回避某些具有风险的经营活动甚至完全退出行业。2、损失预防和控制(LossPreventionandLossControl)损失预防主要是减少损失事件发生的可能性。损失控制的作用是降低一些主要损失事件带来的冲击，主要针对发生频率低，但严重性高的损失事件。损失控制具体措施有诊断控制、系统内部限制、财产安全管理、计算机安全管理、内部外部审计等。3、损失降低(Risk Reduction)损失降低只是减少损失的严重程度，但并不影响损失发生频率。一般适用于一些难以预测的外部事件，具体包括两类：一类是在损失事件发生前制定各种紧急情况下的应急措施(Contingency Management)，另一类是在损失事件发生后通过危机管理(Crisis Management)减少损失。4、风险融资(Risk Financing)风险融资是指将损失事件以一定的费用转移给外部团体或通过改变资本结构来抵御风险。风险融资可以是存在风险损失的财产转移，也可以是存在风险及损失的财务后果转嫁，具体形式包括保险、对冲、担保、合约、证券化和项目融资。四、新巴塞尔协议下我国商业银行操作风险管理的措施由于规章制度不健全，信用环境较差，长期以来，我国商业银行操作风险十分突出。因此，必须按照新巴塞尔协议的要求，尽快建立稳健的操作风险管理体系，充分识别和评估所有重要产品、活动和系统中的操作风险，定期监测操作风险的状况和重大损失，并且采取相应的策略、方法、程序来控制或降低风险，并根据整个风险状况和风险承担能力及时调整操作风险的管理策略。1、加强对操作风险的识别和评估有效的操作风险管理体系必须建立在对其全面、正确的认识上。我国商业银行应该参照新巴塞尔协议，识别和评估其所有产品、业务流程、工作程序以及信息系统中蕴含的操作风险，并根据对风险的偏好和容忍程度，制定风险管理的先后顺序。2、建立完善的内控机制商业银行最重大的操作风险在于内控制度的失效，而这又是银行可控范围内的内生风险。所以操作风险防范的关键在于健全银行的内控制度。内控制度要从实际出发，设计合理科学，易于操作执行。3、提高操作风险的评估能力商业银行应该选取适合自身的操作风险评估方法。在三种定量方法中，基本指标法过于简单，如果采用这种方法只会加大资本要求，并不利于操作风险管理水平的提高。高级计量法对损失数据的要求很高，而且还有严格的条件限制，应用难度很大。标准法的要求介于两者之间，既克服了基本指标法的缺陷，又不像高级计量法那么苛刻，应该是大多数商业银行的努力方向。从长远看，我国商业银行应着手建立损失数据库，积累损失数据，争取早日过渡到先进的计量方法。
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4, risk financing (Risk Financing)
Risk financing refers to loss of certain events to the cost of transfer to external groups or by changing the capital structure to withstand risks. Risk financing could be at risk of loss of property transfer, can also be at risk of loss and shift the financial consequences, including specific forms of insurance, hedging, guarantees, contracts, securities and project financing.
Fourth, the new Basel Accord commercial banks operating in China under the risk management measures
As rules and regulations is inadequate and poor credit environment, for a long time, China's commercial banks operating risk is very conspicuous. Therefore, in accordance with the requirements of the new Basel Accord, as soon as possible the establishment of sound operational risk management system, and give full identification and assessment of all major products, activities and system of operational risk, operational risk regular monitoring of the situation and heavy losses, and take corresponding Strategies, methods, procedures to control or reduce risk, and in accordance with the risk profile and risk affordability promptly adjust the operational risk management strategy.
1, to strengthen the operation of the identification and assessment of risk
Effective operational risk management system must be built on its comprehensive and correct understanding. China's commercial banks should refer to the new Basel Accord, the identification and assessment of all its products, business processes, procedures and information systems contained in the operational risk, and based on the preferences and risk tolerance, the development of risk management in the order.
2, establish a sound internal control mechanism
Commercial banks the most significant operational risk lies in the failure of internal control system, which is in turn controlled banks is within the scope of the health risks. Therefore, operating risk prevention is the key to improve the bank's internal control system. Internal control system should proceed from reality, science and rational design, implementation is easy to operate.
3, enhance operational risk assessment capabilities 用微信扫描二维码分享至好友和朋友圈分享到：
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Another, more recent breakdown of knowledge work (author unknown) shows activity that ranges from tasks performed by individual knowledge workers to global social networks. This framework spans every class of knowledge work that is being or is likely to be undertaken. There are seven levels or scales of knowledge work, with references for each are cited.1.&&&&&& Knowledge work (e.g., writing, analyzing, advising) is performed by subject-matter specialists in all areas of an organization. Although knowledge work began with the origins of writing and counting, it was first identified as a category of work by Drucker (1973)[3]. 2.&&&&&& Knowledge functions (e.g., capturing, organizing, and providing access to knowledge) are performed by technical staff, to support knowledge processes projects. Knowledge functions date from c. 450 BC, with the library of Alexandria, but their modern roots can be linked to the emergence of information management in the 1970s (Mcgee and Prusak, 1993). 3.&&&&&& Knowledge processes (preserving, sharing, integration) are performed by professional groups, as part of a knowledge management program. Knowledge processes have evolved in concert with general-purpose technologies, such as the printing press, mail delivery, the telegraph, telephone networks, and the Internet[4]. 4.&&&&&& Knowledge management programs link the generation of knowledge (e.g., from science, synthesis, or learning) with its use (e.g., policy analysis, reporting, program management) as well as facilitating organizational learning and adaptation in a knowledge 5.&&&&&& organization. Knowledge management emerged as a discipline in the 1990s (Leonard, 1995). 6.&&&&&& Knowledge organizations transfer outputs (content, products, services, and solutions), in the form of knowledge services, to enable external use. The concept of knowledge organizations emerged in the 1990s (Davenport and Prusak, 1998). 7.&&&&&& Knowledge services support other organizational services, yield sector outcomes, and result in benefits for citizens in the context of knowledge markets. Knowledge services emerged as a subject in the 2000s. (Simard et al., 2007). 8.&&&&&& Social media networks enable knowledge organizations to co-produce knowledge outputs by leveraging their internal capacity with massive social networks. Social networking emerged in the 2000s [5] The hierarchy ranges from the effort of individual specialists, through technical activity, professional projects, and management programs, to organizational strategy, knowledge markets, and global-scale networking.This framework is useful for positioning the myriad types of knowledge work relative to each other and within the context of organizations, markets, and the global knowledge economy. It also provides a useful context for planning, developing, and implementing knowledge management projects.
另一个更近的故障知识工作（作者未知）显示活动，范围从个人知识工作者演出的全球社会网络的任务。这一框架覆盖所有知识的工作，正在或可能采取的类。有7个不同层次的知识与每个工作表的引用参考文献。1。知识工作（例如，写作，分析，提供意见）执行按主题事项专家在一个组织的所有领域。虽然工作与写作的知识和点票的起源开始，首先确定了由德鲁克工作类别（1973）[3]。2。知识的功能（如获取，组织和提供获取知识）的工作由技术人员，以支持知识流程项目。知识库功能日期从C前450年，在亚历山大图书馆，但他们的现代根源可以链接到信息管理在20世纪70年代（McGee和普鲁萨克，1993年）的出现。3。知识流程（保存，共享，集成）是由专业团体演出，作为一个知识管理方案的一部分。知识进程演变与通用技术，如印刷机，音乐会，邮递，电报，电话网和互联网[4]。4。知识管理方案联系起来，从科学知识的产生，合成或学习（例如，）及其使用（如政策分析，报告，方案管理）以及促进知识和组织学习和适应5。组织。知识管理成为一个在20世纪90年代学科（伦纳德，1995年）。6。知识组织转移输出（内容，产品，服务和解决方案）中的知识服务形式，使外部使用。知识组织的概念出现于20世纪90年代（达文波特和普鲁萨克，1998年）。7。知识服务支持其他组织服务，产量行业的成果，并在市场方面的知识公民利益的结果。知识服务成为一个在21世纪的主题。 （锡马德等。，2007）。8。社会化媒体网络使知识机构，负责生产通过利用其巨大的社会网络与内部知识产出能力。社会网络出现在21世纪[5]该层次范围从个别专家的努力，通过技术活动，专业项目，管理方案，组织策略，知识市场，和全球规模的网络。这个框架是有用的知识定位工作的多种类型相对于对方的组织内，市场的背景下，全球知识型经济。它还提供了一个有益的环境规划，制定和实施知识管理项目。
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各位英文大师！帮我把这段话翻译成英文吧！！万分感谢啊！！不要网上在线翻译的
进入70年代以后；环境问题并不仅仅是一个技术问题，人们开始认识到，建立起人与自然的“合理的协调”关系，进而提出“我们必须与其他生物共同分享我们的地球”、资源问题等，也是一个重要的社会经济问题：环境问题不仅包括污染问题，而且也包括生态问题《寂静的春天》成功地揭示了污染对生态环境影响的深度和广度
we ought to share the earth with all other creatures& succesfully reveals the depth and broadness of the impact that pollutions have on the ecological environment, people begin to realize that Silent Spring"The &, based on which it then encourages that men should build a reasonable harmony relationship with the nature as
", but also an important social economical one, the solution to which is not only, eclogics and resources are also part of the enviromental issue. Start from the 1970s'
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relationship between man and nature, but alwe have to share with other creatures our planet.In the 1970s, and establish a reasonable coordination",": environmental issues include not only the problem of pollution", people began to realize, and thus proposed that & environmental issues and not juSilent Spring, reveals the depth and breadth of the pollution of the eco-environmental impact
The &Silent Spring& succesfully reveals the depth and broadness of the impact that pollutions have on the ecological environment, based on which it then encourages that men should build a reasonable harmony relationship with the nature as
&we ought to share the earth with all other creatures&. Start from the 1970s', people begin to realize that aside from pollution, eclogics and resources are also part of the enviromental issue, the solution to which is not only a technical problem, but also an important social economical one，
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出门在外也不愁急！大学生英文好的帮我翻译以下这段话成中文。万分感谢！接上面那个问题
急！大学生英文好的帮我翻译以下这段话成中文。万分感谢！接上面那个问题 5
In the afternoon we have skill-training classes outside school.some students work as cashiers in shops.
下午，我们有的人参加校外的技能训练课程，有的去商店做收银员。
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下午我们有school.some学生以外的技能培训类在商店收银员工作
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& &SOGOU - 京ICP证050897号谁能将这段话翻译成英文呀？？？万分感谢呀！！！人之一生,总有一些人、一些事令我们魂牵梦萦、刻骨铭心。漫漫人生路上,有天伦之乐,亦有断肠之痛,太多的欢喜与悲哀一次又一次地拍打_百度作业帮
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谁能将这段话翻译成英文呀？？？万分感谢呀！！！人之一生,总有一些人、一些事令我们魂牵梦萦、刻骨铭心。漫漫人生路上,有天伦之乐,亦有断肠之痛,太多的欢喜与悲哀一次又一次地拍打
谁能将这段话翻译成英文呀？？？万分感谢呀！！！人之一生,总有一些人、一些事令我们魂牵梦萦、刻骨铭心。漫漫人生路上,有天伦之乐,亦有断肠之痛,太多的欢喜与悲哀一次又一次地拍打撞击着我们心头那处最柔软的地方。经历渐增、回忆堆加,于是我们渐渐负起了那些“生命中的难以承受之重”。我们或许以为执着与铭记是对过往最好的珍藏,结果往往从念念不忘变成耿耿于怀。但我们却没有想到,真正懂得珍惜的人最能够放手和淡忘,让那些人、那些事似水流淌,渐行渐远。有一天,当我们偶然忆起往昔岁月,才发现那些曾让人痛哭流涕的伤痛,我们其实统统都记得!只是,再次想起的时候,我们早已摆脱了痛苦的束缚,过往的点点滴滴都已成为“生命中那些美好而温暖的事”,被定格在昨天。于是,我们欣然回想过往,我们勇敢迎接成长。 原来,为了忘却的纪念,不是真的忘却,而是为了更好地纪念。
The life, there are always some people, some things to our smitten, forget. Long life the way, the family happiness, there is also a pain, too much joy and sorrow again and again is hitting our heart ...
The person's whole life, there are always some people, some things make us dream, imprint is engraved on my heart. Long life on the road, with the happiness of a family union, and heartbroken pain, to...
The person's whole life, there are always some people, some things make us dream, imprint is engraved on my heart. Long life on the road, with the happiness of a family union, and heartbroken pain, to...
The life, there are always some people, some things to our smitten, forget. Long life the way, the family happiness, there is also a pain, too much joy and sorrow again and again is hitting our heart ...
