全力直击英语语法：定语从句 1
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。　　被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。　　关系副词有：when, where, why, how。　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。　　定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1 、关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：　Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c) 多用who 的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行词为those, people 时Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。　&He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语He is not the man that he used to be
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19.7 让步状语从句
though, although　注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用　Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。　He is very old, but he still works very hard.　　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题 1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.　 A. When　B. However　 C. Although　 D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2)　as, though 引导的倒装句　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3)　ever if, even though.　即使　　We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whether…or-　 不管……都　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.　 替换：no matter what = whatever　　　　 no matter who = whoever　　　　 no matter when = whenever　　　　 no matter where = wherever　　　　 no matter which = whichever　　　　 no matter how = however　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, 　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
19.7 让步状语从句
though, although 注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 He is very old, but he still…...
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