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The Szondi test is a 1935
developed by .
In contrast to Freud's work, Szondi's approach is based on a systematic
and a . That is, Szondi means to enumerate all human drives, classifying and framing them within a comprehensive theory.
Szondi drive system is built on the basis of eight drive needs, each corresponding to a collective archetype of instinctive action. They are: h-drive need, (named after , which represents the needs for personal or collective love, tenderness, motherliness, passivity, femininity, bisexuality), the
drive need, the e-drive need (named after , which represents coarse emotions such as anger, hatred, rage, envy, jealousy and revenge, which simmer until they are suddenly and explosively discharged as if in a seizure, to the surprise and shock of other people), the
drive need, the
drive need, the
drive need, the
drive need, and the
drive need. The eight drive needs represent archetypes and are present in all individuals in d a fundamental assumption of Fate analysis is that the difference between mental "illness" and mental "health" is not qualitative but quantitative.
Sex (S) and Contact (C) vectors represent pulsions at the border with the outer world, while the Paroximal (P, representing ) and Schizoform (Sch, representing the ) vectors at the inner part of the psyche.
A whole drive (Triebe, in Szondi's own terms), like the sexual drive S, is composed of a pair of two opposite drive needs (Triebbedürfnisse), in this case h (tender love) and s (sadism). Each drive need in turn has a positive and negative striving (Triebstrebung), for instance h+ (personal tender love) and h- (collective love), or s+ (sadism toward the other) and s- (masochism).
The four whole drives correspond to the four independent hereditary circles of mental illness established by the
of the time: the schizoform drive (containing the paranoid and the catatonic drive needs), the manic-depressive drive, the paroxysmal drive (including the epileptic and hysteric drive needs), and the sexual drive (including the hermaprodite and the sadomasochist drive needs).
Szondi's drive diagram has been described as his major discovery and achievement. Szondi's Drive Diagram has been described as a revolutionary addition to psychology, and as paving the way for a theoretical psychiatry and a psychoanalytical anthropology.
Szondi theory organizes phenomenons like: ,
(P++), paranoid proper as "projective paranoid",
as "inflative paranoid",
as organ neurosis,
(in Pe+, Phy and Schk- danger classes),
(Sch±- and C+0),
This article may be expanded with text translated from the
in the Hungarian Wikipedia.
(August 2009)
Szondi analysis of destiny approach is based an
preoccupation. Sdonzi's main philosophical references for the concept of fate are Schopenhauer's
(1818) and Heidegger's
Fate analysis of a patient is based on the test score, the patient medical history, and his family background through a . Fate analysis includes , a form of
that had some prominence in Europe in the mid-20th century, but has been ignored for the most part.[]
The starting assumption of fate analysis is that a person's life (destiny) unfolds in a series of elections: one chooses an occupation, acquaintances, partners, family, and ultimately his decisions implicitly selects his illnesses and his death. Szondi experience in genealogy research have led him to believe that these elections can not be considered only as the individual sovereign decision, but that such choices often follow certain patterns that preexisted within his family ancestors. Szondi concluded that some life choices are genetically inherited.
Szondi argued that his research showed that profession choices are determined by the dynamic and structure of the psyche, an phenomenon that he called operotropism.
Of the many possibilities in which operotropism can manifest itself, he gave two examples. A man may choose a profession in which he can engage with individuals with
this is the case of a psychiatrist with paranoid schizoform inclinations, or a lawyer with
inclinations and an addiction to litigation. The second example of operotropism is a man that chooses a profession in which he can satisfy in a socially acceptable manner needs that in their original primary form would constitute a danger for society. This is the case of pyromania-firefighter, sadism-butcher, coprophilia-intestine or -drain cleaner. Most jobs can satisfy more than one drive need.
The work object of the hermaphrodite professions is the body (own or other); the work circumstances are bathhouse, beach, barber shop, restaurant, café, theater, circus, millinery, the main sensory perceptions work instruments are jewelry, professional activities are eyelining, make-up, handcraft, weaving, embroidery, darning.
Jobs of the hermaphrodite type are , , , , ,
dancers, dance artists, , , , , . Criminal, or most socially negative, activities of hermaphrodite type are , , , , , . The most socially positive professions are gynecologist and sexual pathologist.
The work objects of the sadistic professions are animals, stone, iron, metal, machinery, soil, the work circumstances are stall, slaughterhouse, animal breeding facilities, zoo, arena, mine, forest, mountain, operating theater, the main sensory perceptions are depth percept work instruments are the primordial tools: , , , , , , , ; the work activity is big muscle work.
Sadistic jobs type are , farm servant, , , , , , , , , , ,
worker, , , , , , , , ,
teacher, , .
The work objects of the katatonoid professions are the reproductive and abstract sciences: logic, maths, physics, aesthetics, geography, grammar, the work circumstances are closed spaces, classrooms, archives, libraries, "," the sensory percep work i professional activities are writing, reading.
Jobs of the schizoform, katatonoid, drive striving k+: , , ,
(mainly linguist, or professor of logic, mathematics, physics, philosophy, social sciences). Personality traits found in this group are aristocratic exclusivity, eccletic friendship choices, systematizate, schematize, rigid formalism.
Jobs of the schizoform, katatonic, drive striving k-: , ; , lower , ,
, ; , ; ; , ; , ; . Personality traits found in this group are pedantry, accuracy, lack of humor, taciturnity, phlegm, callousness, obstinacy, Inability to debate, self- narrow-mindedness, compulsiveness, automation, Feeling of omnipotence, inability to be absorbed in the other (auto psychological resonance); taciturnity, immobility, all-having.
Criminal, or most socially negative, activities of katatonic type are , lone , world wanderer, . On the other extreme of the spectrum, the most socially positive professions are professor, , , , , .
The work objects of the paranoid professions are the pragmatic and analytic sciences (psychology, psychiatry, medicine, chemistry), music, mysticism, mythology, the work circumstances are research institutes, labs, chemical factories, exotic places, the depths of the mind and of the Earth, mental hospital, the main sensory perceptions are o work instruments are ideas, creativity, inspiration.
group belongs to the schizoform professions and partially overlaps with the paranoid professions. Hebephrenic jobs include
The work objects of the epiletiform professions are the
earth, fire, water, air, the work circumstances are height/depth, rise/fall, waves/swirling motion (turning in circle); the main sensory p work instruments are means of transportation: bicycle, electric or conventional train, boat, automobile, professional activities are locomotion and moving occupations for the striving e-, and praying (silence), devotion, care, help, charity for the striving e+.
Jobs of the epiletiform, "Cain" striving e- include:
(), carter (), , , , ; , ,
operator, , , , ;
(especially , explosive departments like , , ). While those of the "Moses" striving e+ group include: ,
woman, , , "",
Criminal, or most socially negative, epiletiform activities are , , , while the most socially positive are religious professions, , .
The work object of the hysteriform professio the work circumstances are audience, theater, meeting, mass, work instruments and activities are playing with oneself, facial expressions, the voice, color and movement effects.
Jobs of the hysteriform group include:
(in females,
roles); politics professionals: , chief of B market woman, , ;
(, , ), ; ; sports: , , ,
A criminal, or most socially negative, epiletiform activity is , while the most socially positive are , .
This article may be expanded with text translated from the
in the Hungarian Wikipedia.
(August 2009)
It is a , the same category of the most-known , but with the crucial difference of being . The test consists in showing the examinee a series facial photographs, displayed in six groups of eight each. All 48 subjects featured in the photogtaphs are mental patients, each group containing a photo of a person whose personality had been classified as , a , an , an , a , a , a
and a . The subject is asked to choose the two most appealing and the two most repulsive photos of each group. The choices will supposedly reveal the subject satisfied and unsatisfied instinctive drive needs, and the subject's dimensions of personality. Each photo is supposed to be a stimulus apt to detect the pulsional drive tendencies of the examinee, from which the main personality traits can surface. Szondi said that for some disturbed examinees the stimulus of seeing the photo of a mental patient with the same pathology caused them to have crisis and convulsions during the test examination.
Szondi further broke down the results into four different : a homosexual/sadistic, epileptic/hysterical, catatonic/paranoid and depressive/manic.
Szondi believed that people are inherently attracted to people similar to them[]. His theory of
states that there are specific genes that regulate mate selection, and that similarly-gened individuals would seek each other out.
To interpret the test scores, a variety of methods have been developed by Szondi himselft and other researchers. They can be classifies as quantitative, qualitative and proportional methods.
Szondi said that from a
perspective, the most important discovery made through fate psychology, has been operotropism, that is the discerning of the role played by latent inherited genes ( factors) in the choice of a particular vocation or profession.
The Szondi test is a
named after its
Hungarian creator,
. The test was first formulated by Szondi around 1935.
In 1944, Szondi published Schicksalsanalyse ("Fate analysis"), the first of a five volume series.
In 1960 Szondi began to collaborate with psychotherapeut Armin Beeli on 17 "forms of existence", dived in two main groups "forms of danger" (Gef?hrexistenzformen) and "forms of protection" (Schutzexistenzformen). On the basis of the syndromatics (diagnotisc method) published in book 3 (1952) and 4 (1956) of the Schicksalsanalyse, one or two (rarely three) forms of existence are detected from each test profile. First results of this research were published in 1963.
Szondi condensed the syndromatics into a table called Testsymptome zur Bestimmung der 17 Existenzformen (test symptoms for the identification of the 17 existence forms), which was published in Szondiana VI (1966) and in the final edition of book 2 (1972). However, the table alone is not sufficient, as analysis of the forms existence still demands "solid knowledge and practice of Syndromatik", in addition to thorough training in Fate Analysis thinking.
One of the 30 images taken from Weygandt's Atlas, used by Szondi as n.7 in serie 6.
30 of the 48 photographs were taken from 's 1901 Atlas und Grundriss der Psychiatrie, which is now in the .
Of the remaining 18 pictures:
four were from 's Sexuelle Zwischenstufen: Das m?nnliche Weib und der weibliche Mann (1918);
two were from 's Die Hysterie (1904);
one was from 's Der Gesichtsausdruck und seine Bahnen beim Gesunden und Kranken, besonders beim Geisteskranken (The facial expression and its paths among the healthy and the sick, especially the mentally ill) published in 1904, Lehrbuch der I
one was from 's Lehrbuch der Irrenheilkunde : für Aerzte und Studirende (1892).
Six photos were from a criminologic clinic in Stockholm (the Swedish Institute of Criminal Psychiatry) directed by . and four were taken by Szondi himself in Hungary.
The shock element of the photos is crucial. Commenting an experiment with alternative pictures of mental patients, Szondi argued that since the photos used were nicer or less disturbing, they failed to trigger the responses that the test is supposed to.
Szondi test is not widely used in the modern clinical psychology, because its
properties are weak.[] However, it remains in the history of psychology as one of the well-known psychological instruments, although its use today is marginal, being replaced by modern psychological instruments, with good psychometric properties.[]
Szondi Fate analysis has influenced philosophers ,
and , and psychiatrist . In 1949,
published the first English language description to the Szondi test. Some graphologists attempted to integrate the szondi test wit however, Sonzdi was not a graphologist and the goal of his test was in contrast with graphology.
In 1959, the international Szondi Society was established, and holds a symposium every three years. In 1969, The Szondi Institute was formed, and published from Zurich the journal Szondiana.
created a motion picture, , from the still shots of the Szondi test in 1964.
Szondi's main work is his five volume series on fate analysis (Schicksalsanalyse). They were first published from 1944 (volume one) to 1963 (volume five). The first two were later republished in multiple revised editions. They are:
Das erste Buch: Schicksalsanalyse. Wahl in Liebe, Freundschaft, Beruf, Krankheit und Tod. B. Schwabe, Basel, 1944. (, , )
Das zweite Buch: Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik (Textband). Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 1947. ( 308pp,
pp, 3rd edition pp) This is the book in which Szondi explains in details how to perform and interpret the test. Only the first edition, which would be completely overhauled in 1960, was translated into English as Experimental Diagnostics of Drives (1952). The 1972 third edition added a 40-page long appendix, that included a table to help determine the dangerous and the protective forms of existence. The Textband (text volume) is complemented by two additional (smaller) volumes, sold separately: , which contains the photographs and additional material to take the test, and
(classification of instincts).
, also called and classified as Triebpathologie, Band I (Drive pathology, volume I), and subtitled Elemente der exakten Triebpsychologie und Triebpsychiatrie. Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 1952. Composed of two parts: part A Elemente der exakten Triebpsychologie (Teil 1 Dialektische Trieblehre pp. 37–156, Teil 2 Dialektische Methodik pp. 159–234), and part B Elemente der exakten Triebpsychiatrie (Teil 3 Klinische Psychologie, Experimentelle Syndromatik pp. 237–509). Part A and B have been republished, with no changes (unver?ndert Auflage), in two separate volumes: Part A as (pp); part B as
(with unchanged page numbers). (1977, pp. 235–543)
, subtitled Die Grundlage zur Vereinigung der Tiefenpsychologie. Zweiter in sich abgeschlossener Band der Triebpathologie. Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 1956.
, subtitled Ein Lehrbuch der passiven und aktiven analytischen Psychotherapie. Huber, Bern und Stuttgart, 1963. (see pp. 157–170).
In 1963, after finishing the fifth volume, he published Introduction to Fate Analysis; it is a short book that collects conferences he held at the
the previous year, with the aim of introducing to a larger public the most important results of his research. The conference collection was first published in French translation, as they were unpublished in German. A second tome of introductory conferences has also been published:
Introduction à l'analyse du destin. Tome I : Psychologie générale du destin, Translated by Claude van Reeth, 1972.
Introduction à l'analyse du destin. Tome II : Psychologie spéciale du destin, 1983.
Other works by Szondi include:
Analysis of Marriages. An attempt at a theory of choice in love. Acta Psychologica, 1937.
Kain. Gestalten des B?sen. Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1969.
Moses. Antwort auf Kain. Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1973.
Die Triebentmischten (Drive separation) Bern: Huber, 1980
Integration der Triebe: die Triebvermischten (Integration of drives: the drive mixing). Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1984
Mélon, Jean (1996) , (French original ) Text for the Szondi Congress of Cracow, August 1996. quotation:
It is undeniable that Szondi has a fundamentally anthropological preoccupation. It is why his work has, up to now, undoubtedly found a more favourable echo among philosophers (Henri Niel, Alphonse De Waelhens, and Henry Maldiney) than among psychoanalysts and psychiatrists, for whom his work is a great challenge.
Enik? Gy?ngy?siné Kiss [www.szondi.pte.hu/document/fate-analysis.pdf Personality and the Familial Unconscious in Szondi’s Fate-Analysis]
[1947] (1952) , Introduction of the first edition, as quoted in Mélon (1996):
A drive system must give us a synthetic sight of the whole of the drive activities, comparable to the total impression which white light gives us, but it must also make it possible to display 'the spectrum' of the drives just like light can be divided in colours. It is an extremely difficult task and it is not at all astonishing that we have not yet arrived at this point.
Szondi (1972) p.25
Szondi (1978) ch. 3.1 p.65
Szondi (1978) ch. 2.11 pp.62-3
Szondi (1978) ch. 3.3, pp.74-5
Szondi (1972) p.35
Szondi (1978) ch.3 p.72
Szondi (1972) pp.34-6 quotation:
Ein Triebststem muss aus Triebgegensatzpaaren konstituiert werden, die einerseits in jedem Individuum vorhanden sind, andererseits mit den pathopsychologischen, d.h. Psychiatrischen Erbkreisen genau übereinstimmen. (...) Die psychiatrische Vererbungslehre hat bisher drei selbst?ndige Erb Kreise der Geisteskrankheiten festgestellt.
quotation:
1.1 Introduction to Theory
Being different from the other projective tests, the Szondi Test con that is intrinsic to it. The major discovery of Szondi resides in his drive diagram (Triebschema) since this diagram presides as well over the construction and working of the test as also to the theoretical elaboration of the empirical data resulting from the test experimentation.
(1989), Issues 106-109 quotation:
Cherche à jeter les bases d'une authentique anthropologie psychanalytique d'après le schéma pulsionnel de Szondi.
Szondi (1972) pp.156,160,191,198,320, and p.421 Abb.40
Szondi (1972) pp.109,113
Szondi (1972) pp.402; and Szondi (1963) Schicksalsanalytische Therapie, pp.113, 375-380
Szondi (1972) pp.163-4, 189
Szondi (1972) pp.163-4
Szondi (1972) pp.60,167
Szondi (1972) Intro.., p.9
Szondi (1978) Schicksalsanalyse, Ch.XV Erbkreise und Berufskreise, pp.260-2
Szondi (1978) ch.20 Trieb und Beruf, pp.336-342
Szondi (1978) pp.78 Tab.2, 316-7 Tab.16
Szondi (1978) pp.80 Tab.4, 285-6 Tab.14
Szondi Ich-Analyse, ch.20.2a
Thomas R. Alley Social and Applied Aspects of Perceiving Faces
Eugenio Raùl Zaffaroni,Edmundo Oliveira (2013) Criminology and Criminal Policy Movements
quotation:
(...) the subject is asked to choose, in each series, the two most agreeable and disagreeable types. The choice reveals what situations are approved or reproved, or the ones that evinced indifference from the examinee. Szondi wished to show with his test, that the choices made by the individual denounce the satisfied or unsatisfied instinctive needs and the reactions linked to instinctive unsatisfied inclinations.
Szondi in Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone - Dizionario di Scienze Psicologiche
Szondi (1972), fifth conference, p.97
, szondiforum
Hungarian digest, , 1986 , p.90
Hans Girsberger (1989)
Germain Bazin (1984)
p.99, quotation:
Für die Anwendung der Existenzform-Analyse verlangt SZONDI (1965 b) vom Diagnostiker "gründliche Schulung in der Denkweise der Schicksalspsychologie" sowie "solide Kenntnis und Uebung der Syndromatik" . Diesen hohen Anforderungen suchten wir nach M?glichkeit nachzukommen.
Weygandt (1901)
at archive.org
Szondi, L. (1952) , ch.25, table 19
Eranos , Volume 45
Scholz (1892)
Leopold Szondi (1959) The Szondi Test: In Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment
Szondi (1972) Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik, 3rd edition, Anhang IV, p.451 quotation:
Wir deuteten diese Diskordanz damit, dass der Aufforderungscharakter der Balintschen Bilder nicht gross genug ist, um die Vp zu schockieren. Balints Streben war aber, wom?glich Photos von <<sch?nen>> Kranken in seine Serie aufzunehmen, da er meine originalen Bilder zu gr?sslich und schockierend fand. So blieb aber die notwendige Schockwirkung weg. Ohne Schockwirkung sind aber Photos zur Prüfung des Trieb- und Ich-Lebens unbrauchbar.
Deri, Susan (1949) Introduction to the Szondi Test: Theory and Practice
Richardson, Diane (2009) , pp.15-6
The Szondi Test: In Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment (1959)
quotation:
In other words, by means of choice reactions the Szondi test aims directly at the unconscious sphere of psychic events. This goal is in contrast with graphology, which first analyzes phenomenologically the subject's behavior.
J Med Life. 2010 August 15; 3(3): 221–228.
Partial English translation: [www.szondiforum.org/I.%20Ego%20Analysis.pdf I. Ego Analysis], [www.szondiforum.org/II.%20Szondi%20Ego%20Defenses%20and%20Sublimination.pdf II. Ego Defenses and Sublimination],
Avant-propos (1963) in Szondi (1972), p.4
Szondi (1972), dust jacket flap, quotation:
l'on y trouvera ici une introducion générale sous la forme encore inédite des conférences prononcées comme professeur invité a l'Université de Zurich en 1963.
Legrand Michel. Review of Léopold Szondi, Introduction à l'analyse du destin. Tome I : Psychologie générale du destin, Revue Philosophique de Louvain, 1974, vol. 72, n° 14, pp. 376-378.
Szondi, L. (1972) Introduction à l'analyse du destin, Tome I
Achtnich, Martin (1979) Der Berufsbilder-Test
Johnston, Arthur C. (2012)
Szondi, L Moser, U Webb, Marvin W (1959) "The Szondi Test In Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment" J. B. Lippincott Company
Achtnich, Martin (1979) Der Berufsbilder-Test
Johnston, Arthur C. (2012)
Deri, Susan (1949) Introduction to the Szondi Test: Theory and Practice
Beeli, Armin Psychotherapie-Prognose mit Hilfe der experimentellen Triebdiagnostik. Abhandlungen z. experimentellen Triebforschung u. Schicksalspsychologie. N. IV. H. Huber, Bern u. Stuggart, 1965
, pp. 67–9
, drawings and keys of all 48 portratis of the test
of the 48 portratis
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