empire state building中的state是什么意思?
州EMPIRE STATE是美国纽约州
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表示“国家”，整个词语翻译成“帝国大厦”
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出门在外也不愁empire state building的中文翻译及用法
沪江词库精选empire state building是什么意思、中英文句子翻译、英语短语。
中文释义： 帝国大厦
Did you go up the Empire State Building?
你登上帝国大厦了吗
She does not go up the Empire State Building
他没有登上帝国大厦
The empire state building is a famous landmark on the New York skyline.
帝国大厦是纽约高楼大厦中著名的地面标志物。
The Empire State Building is a famous landmark on the New York skyline
帝国大厦是纽约高楼大厦中着名的地面标志物
&Most people, in their drive to get rich, are trying to build an Empire State Building on a 6-inch slab.&
大多数人,当他们努力致富时,总是试图在6英寸厚的水泥板上建造帝国大厦。
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B-25 Empire State Building Collision
B-25 Empire State Building Collision
I heard a big plane hit the Empire State Building in World War II.
Why didn't the skyscraper collapse like
the World Trade Center did?
- question from Tina Weaver
It is surprising so little information about this event is available on the Internet, but over 50 years prior to
the terror attacks of September 11, New York City's skyline bore the brunt of another aerial disaster.
accident occurred on 28 July 1945, a seemingly peaceful Saturday morning in America's largest city.
The war in
Europe had already ended, and Japan would also surrender to the Allies in just a few weeks.
North face of the Empire State Building looking south
One of the many who contributed to the war effort was Lt. Col. Bill Smith, a decorated pilot who had flown a B-17
Flying Fortress for the US Army Air Force.
Now returned from Europe, Smith was put in charge of a routine flight
to ferry a B-25D Mitchell bomber from Bedford, Massachusetts, to Newark, New Jersey.
The bomber, operating under
the call sign Army 0577, was nicknamed "Old John Feather Merchant" and had been converted into a VIP transport.
Smith was to pick up his commanding officer at Newark before continuing on to Sioux Falls Army Air Base in South
The B-25 was a medium twin-engine bomber, far smaller than the B-17 Smith flew over Europe, but both
designs saw widespread use throughout the War.
Accompanying Smith on his journey was SSgt. Christopher Domitrovich
and an aviation machinist's mate from the Navy named Albert Perna.
Perna had hitched a ride on the flight to
return to Brooklyn and console his parents following the death of their other son who lost his life in the Pacific.
The B-25 departed on its fateful mission just before 9 AM headed south for New Jersey.
Less than an hour into the
flight, however, Smith received warnings from the New York Municipal Airport in Queens (now called LaGuardia
Airport) that thick fog had enveloped the city.
The field's control tower ominously reported, "We're unable to see
the top of the Empire State.
Suggest you land here."
Though Smith acknowledged the message, he apparently ignored
it and requested clearance to continue to Newark.
The plane was only minutes from LaGuardia but lost in a dense fog that limited visibility.
Flight rules of the
time required aircraft to maintain an altitude of at least 2,000 ft (610 m) over the city, but Smith dropped to
less than half that height hoping to regain sight of the ground.
That he surely did, but the pilot had misjudged
his location and soon found his plane bounding through the concrete canyons of the city's skyscrapers.
The bomber
soon attracted attention from alarmed citizens as its roaring engines echoed off the facades of buildings below.
Those working in the upper stories of office buildings raced to windows to watch in amazement as a plane flew
beneath them, turning and banking rapidly as its wingtips barely missed some structures.
One observer was Army Air
Force Lt. Frank Covey who spotted the doomed B-25 from his room in the Biltmore Hotel.
Covey watched in disbelief
as the plane barely missed the New York Central Office Building and was no higher than its 22nd floor.
North American B-25 Mitchell bomber
The bomber raced west roughly following 42nd Street before turning south near the intersection with 5th Avenue.
This turn proved a fatal mistake as it brought the lumbering plane directly towards the north face of the world's
tallest building.
Stan Lomax, a local sports announcer for radio station WOR, was driving to work when he first
noticed the sound of propeller engines of the approaching B-25.
As he looked up, he yelled, "Climb, you fool,
climb!" from his car window.
At the last moment, Lt. Col. Smith must have seen the profile of the Empire State Building looming out of the fog.
He tried to pull up while banking away, but the distance was too short and the bomber's velocity too great.
approximately 9:49 AM, the B-25 plunged into the 78th and 79th floors of the skyscraper some 975 ft (295 m) above
ground level.
The plane impacted at an estimated speed of 200 miles per hour (320 km/h) making the building shake
under the force of the collision.
The high-speed crash also caused the plane's fuel tanks to explode, sending a
fireball 100 ft (30 m) high and releasing blazing gasoline down the facade of the building.
Sheets of flame also
raced through the maze of hallways and stairwells inside the building, reaching at least as far down as the 75th
The crash tore a hole about 18 ft (5.5 m) wide by 20 ft (6 m) tall in the 34th Street exterior of the Empire State
While the 78th and 79th floors bore the brunt of the damage, one of the B-25's engines fell down an
elevator shaft and set off a major fire in the basement.
The other engine hurtled across the building and tore
through seven walls before emerging from the 33rd Street side of the tower.
The debris crashed through the roof of
a thirteen-story building across the street where another fire erupted.
Other heavy wreckage, including the
landing gear, also caused damage to the Empire State and nearby buildings while Stan Lomax reportedly saw part of
a wing catapulting towards Madison Avenue.
Damage done to the Empire State Building by the B-25 impact
Crowds soon gathered near the base of the wounded skyscraper.
According to Walter Daniels of the New York
Times, "People sensed disaster.
Everyone started running towards Fifth Avenue."
The raging fire burned away
the fog treating the assembled masses to a clear view of the spectacle above.
As flaming fuel and wreckage
showered down, however, spectators fled the area to find cover under nearby buildings.
Taxi driver Raphael Gomez
brought his vehicle to a screeching halt as debris rained down on his cab.
"I was so scared, I just sat there.
People were running all over," he stated.
After the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and long years of world conflict, many naturally thought the city was under
This confusion is exemplified by one of the building's workers Doris Pope.
"That day, as we were getting
ready to take our coffee break, we heard this terrible noise, and the building started to shake. ... As we looked
out our third-floor window, we saw debris fall on to the street.
We immediately thought New York was being bombed."
Another witness to the disaster was Donald Maloney, a 17-year-old apprentice pharmacist's mate in the US Coast
Maloney had been shopping nearby when he saw the crash and darted into a drug store.
"Give me morphine,
hypos, needles, first aid kits!
It's an emergency," he demanded.
Maloney then raced into the Empire State
Building to render aid to victims of the crash.
The need for help was greatest on the 79th floor where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Conference were
On this Saturday morning, about 20 people were present.
Most were young female clerks organizing aid for
refugees of the war.
Six of the girls never had a chance as they were engulfed in flame and died instantly at
their desks, and more workers succumbed to the flames as they tried to escape.
Another victim was a female
publicist thrown through a window by the blast.
Paul Dearing, who was working in the far corner of the Catholic
offices, was also killed after he leapt from a window and struck a ledge a few stories down.
The rest of the aid
workers miraculously reached the safety of a fireproof stairwell required of high-rise buildings.
Catherine O'Connor, who was working near the crash site, further describes the horror of the disaster:
"The plane
exploded within the building.
There were five or six seconds--I was tottering on my feet trying to keep my
balance--and three-quarters of the office was instantaneously consumed in this sheet of flame.
One man was
standing inside the flame.
I could see him.
It was a co-worker, Joe Fountain.
His whole body was on fire.
kept calling to him, 'Come on, J come on, Joe.'"
Though Fountain managed to walk out of the fire and escaped
the building, his injuries were too severe and he died a few days later.
Another victim was a janitor who was
trapped by fire and lost his life on the 78th floor.
Luckily, this floor was only used for mechanical spaces and
Had it been occupied, the death toll could have been considerably higher.
News of the disaster on the front page of the New York Times
Yet for each tragic death, dozens more defied the odds and escaped the conflagration.
A group of 60 men, women,
and children were visiting the observation deck on the 86th floor when they were hurled across the building by the
B-25 impact.
Thick smoke from the intense inferno quickly filled the floor making breathing difficult.
were unable to find keys to the glass doors onto the open balcony outside but soon broke them open to let in fresh
The group was then led down 86 flights of the fireproof stairwell to safety.
As the group passed the 80th floor, they heard pounding on the walls and screams of those trapped inside.
floor held the offices of Daniel Nordan and his assistant Arthur Palmer.
Nordan later recalled, "We were lifted
three feet out of our chairs and thrown to the floor--I thought it was a Japanese bomb!"
The pair tried to flee
into a corridor but they were driven back by intense flames from the crash just one floor down.
discovered a female elevator operator who was badly burned and panicking.
The group was only able to escape after
the two men used a hammer to break through a wall to another office leading to an undamaged hallway and the
fireproof staircase.
The pair carried the injured girl through the passage and down the stairs to rescue workers.
The most amazing tale of survival, however, belongs to another elevator operator named Betty Lou Oliver.
20-year-old woman had just opened the door to her elevator on the 75th floor when the B-25 exploded.
threw Oliver out of the elevator and across the hall where two other women from a nearby office found her.
was badly burned, and the two women gave her first aid before helping her into another elevator to reach medical
Just as the doors closed, the elevator cables snapped sending Oliver and a second female operator plummeting
towards the ground.
Coast Guard pharmacist Donald Maloney was waiting for an elevator on the ground floor when he heard the screams of
the two girls as their elevator car hurtled past.
Maloney and nearby firemen raced downstairs, fearing the worst.
Once the firemen used axes to break through a wall, the guardsman crawled into the elevator car and discovered both
women battered but still alive.
Emergency hydraulics applied brakes to the plunging car, and severed cables
hanging beneath the elevator piled up and acted like a coiled spring that slowed the elevator as it fell.
trapped within the confined space was also compressed by the falling car building up pressure that slowed the
elevator's descent.
Maloney found Betty Lou Oliver slumped in a corner and covered in debris.
Though she was
burned and dazed with both legs smashed, her first words upon seeing her rescuer were, "Thank God, the Navy's
I'll be OK now."
Victim of the fire receiving treatment
Maloney treated both women and left them in the care of the firemen before racing back upstairs to help more
He gave aid to a badly burned man in the lobby as well as several other injured people before joining a
priest for the long climb up the skyscraper.
Not knowing exactly where the crash occurred, the pair opened the
stairwell door every few floors trying to find where the injured might be.
As they passed the 70th floor, the men
began encountering pools of fuel and oil, scorched walls, and wafting smoke.
By the time they reached the 79th floor, the only people left were those who had already perished in the fiery
Despite its initial intensity, the fire largely exhausted itself within 35 minutes and left only charred,
smoldering ruins by the time rescuers arrived.
The men were soon joined by New York's Mayor La Guardia who,
in spite of his rather plump physique, had also climbed all 79 stories.
Those present commented on the mayor's
flaring temper as he shook his fists and muttered, "I told the Army not to fly over the city!"
Mayor La Guardia later gave Donald Maloney a commendation for the bravery he showed on that tragic morning.
Another 17-year-old boy celebrated for his heroism was a Brooklyn student named Herbert Fabian who took over an
abandoned elevator and rescued 20 people trapped between the 30th and 40th floors.
Harold Smith, who worked on the
62nd floor, was also congratulated for helping firemen rescue three women trapped on a higher level.
The final toll of the disaster was 14 dead and 26 injured.
Among those killed were the three crew of the bomber
and eleven victims in the building.
Nine of the civilian deaths were office workers while the others were a
janitor and an elevator operator.
The body of the Navy hitchhiker Albert Perna was found two days after the crash
at the bottom of an elevator shaft, but the other two crewmen were burned beyond recognition.
The crash caused $1
million in damages but workers were reportedly able to repair the building within just three months.
Workers had
to repair or replace bent girders, seal the walls, and restore the two most heavily damaged floors.
Approximate location of the B-25 crash circled in red
Yet the disaster could have been far worse.
The low number of casualties is mostly due to the fact the accident
occurred on a Saturday when only a few businesses and relief organizations were open, and roughly 1,500 people were
in the building at the time of the crash.
On a normal weekday, the Empire State Building housed over 15,000
workers and stood at one of the busiest street corners in the world.
The intersection of 34th Street and
Fifth Avenue would normally see the passage of over 40,000 vehicles and 200,000 pedestrians in an average day.
death toll might also have been much higher had the B-25 been carrying a bomb load and more fuel since a heavier
plane would have done considerably more structural damage.
As it was, the bomber was about to land and near its
minimum weight.
We will go into greater detail documenting the collapse of the World Trade Center in a future article, but a number
of factors explain why the Empire State Building suffered relatively minor damage while the twin towers were
catastrophically destroyed.
First, the energy of impact sustained by the buildings differed by orders of
magnitude.
The B-25 that struck the Empire State Building weighed approximately 21,500 lb (9,760 kg) and was
traveling around 200 mph (320 km/h).
The kinetic energy it created in the collision was about 30 million ft-lb
(40 million Joules).
The twin towers of the World Trade Center, by comparison, were struck by
airliners traveling over twice as fast and weighing nearly
15 times as much as a B-25.
The energy of impact for the two planes ranged from 2 billion ft-lb (2.6 billion
Joules) to 3 billion ft-lb (4.1 billion Joules), some 60 to 100 times greater than that absorbed by the Empire
State Building.
This estimate is also conservative since it does not account for the energy released by the
exploding jet fuel, which greatly exceeded the energy released by the much smaller B-25 fuel supply as well.
greater kinetic energy allowed the 767 aircraft to penetrate much further into the twin towers than the B-25 was
able to do at the Empire State Building.
Most of the B-25 impact was absorbed by the building's exterior wall
leaving very little to damage the interior structure.
The 767 impacts, however, not only produced gaping holes in
the WTC exterior but also destroyed much of the structural core at the center of each tower.
Smoke rising from the Empire State Building after the impact
Even so, the impact alone does not fully explain what doomed the World Trade Center towers.
A fatal contributing
factor was the fires ignited by the exploding fuel tanks.
A 767 has a maximum fuel capacity 35 times greater than
that of a B-25D.
The aircraft that struck the Empire State Building was nearly out of fuel when it crashed while
each 767 still carried approximately half of its maximum fuel load at impact.
The Empire State Building fire
exhausted its supply of fuel rapidly while that at the World Trade Center ignited the office contents across
several floors and burned much longer.
The type of fuel carried may also be a significant factor.
The B-25 burned
avgas, a high-octane version of gasoline still used aboard piston engine aircraft today.
The 767 instead uses
Jet-A, a derivative of kerosene that fuels all commercial jetliners.
Jet fuel tends to reach higher temperatures
than gasoline causing the fires in the WTC to burn more intensely than that in the Empire State Building.
Aggravating the situation further was the size of the holes torn in the building exteriors.
Fires in office
buildings generally consume the oxygen available in the enclosed space rapidly limiting the growth and strength of
The exterior holes, however, allowed fresh air to be pulled into the buildings helping the fires to move through
the building and consume additional combustible material.
Since the damage to the facades of both WTC towers was
far more extensive than at the Empire State Building, more air was available to encourage the fires.
The air at
the Empire State Building was also damp because of the foggy conditions and may have played a role in limiting the
extent of the fires in that structure.
Furthermore, the Empire State Building is a reinforced masonry structure in which the structural steel beams are
encased within limestone walls or slabs of concrete 8 inches (20 cm) thick.
This heavy mass provides exceptional
fire protection that insulates the steel within from excessive heating.
Many modern skyscrapers like the WTC
towers have eliminated this extensive use of stone and concrete to reduce cost.
The World Trade Center instead
relied on lightweight spay-on coatings for insulation.
This insulation was simply blown off the WTC structure by
the 767 collisions exposing the steel beams and floor trusses to the raging fire.
The Empire State Building is also a heavily compartmented structure.
Each floor is self contained with its own
independent heating and cooling ducts, elevator and utility shafts are surrounded by thick masonry walls, fire
partitions separate each floor and rooms within each floor, and the fireproof stairway prevents smoke from rising
to upper stories.
These features make it very difficult for fire to spread beyond a limited area.
The World Trade
Center instead offered vast open floor spaces that appealed to tenants but allowed fires to spread far more
Moreover, the fire suppression system in both towers lacked redundancy and the 767 collisions cut off the
water supply to the sprinklers.
For these reasons, the Empire State Building is still considered one of the
world's safest skyscrapers in a fire.
The Empire State Building crash of 1945 also offers insights into the Pentagon attack on September 11.
buildings are reinforced masonry structures built using similar methods and materials, although the Pentagon has
been considerably upgraded to survive impact damage.
One topic often used to promote conspiracy theories is the
size of the hole in the exterior wall of the Pentagon created by the
that struck it.
The 757 has a wingspan of almost 125 ft
(38 m), yet most conspiracy sites suggest the impact hole is only 15 to 65 ft (4.5 to 20 m) wide.
The same can be
said of the Empire State Building where a plane with a wingspan greater than 67 ft (20.5 m) created a hole no more
than 20 ft (6 m) across.
Photo taken by Ernie Sisto as he crawled onto a ledge and two people held his legs
Both aircraft caused damage consistent with the size of the plane and the structural materials used in the facade.
Most of the mass of a plane is contained within the fuselage, inner wing structure, and engine nacelles.
portions of the aircraft have the greatest power to penetrate a wall upon impact, and the sizes of the impact holes
at both the Empire State Building and the Pentagon are consistent with the dimensions of the fuselage and nacelles
of the B-25 and 757, respectively.
The outer wings and tail surfaces are much lighter structures consisting mostly
of a thin skin enclosing empty space.
Upon colliding a thick wall composed of a dense material like stone or
concrete, these light aerodynamic structures simply disintegrate.
The impact often produces surface gouging and
perhaps small, localized holes, but the lighter aircraft structures generally cannot penetrate a reinforced masonry
Close examination of both buildings shows gouges extending outward from the central impact hole as would be
expected from the collision of wings.
In the aftermath of the 1945 crash, flight rules over New York City were strengthened and the Army Air Force began
requiring additional training for pilots transitioning to domestic flying after combat overseas.
Tenants also
started returning to the Empire State Building as soon as repairs were completed, and the Catholic Relief Services
still maintain offices on the 79th floor today.
Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver recovered from her injuries and
continues to hold the record for surviving the longest fall in an elevator, over 1,000 feet.
Additional information on the historic event can be found in this contemporary
from the Mutual Broadcast System.
The clip even
includes an audio recording of the B-25 flying over a nearby building and the sound of its subsequent crash.
- answer by , 17 June 2007
Although the B-25 crash brought new awareness to the danger of low-altitude flight over New York City, a nearly
identical accident occurred less than a year later on 20 May 1946.
A small twin-engined C-45 transport plane
of the US Army Air Force was on a navigation training flight and trying to land at Newark when it became lost in
At approximately 8:10 PM, the aircraft crashed into the 58th floor of the north side of 40 Wall Street
killing its crew of four.
The accident fortunately happened at night when the building was virtually empty.
Only two people were at the
site, a bank guard on the 1st floor and a US Navy officer named Charles Atlee working at the Officer's Discharge
Center on the 36th floor.
Atlee reported, "I was thrown out of my chair and across the office."
The fuselage tore
a hole 20 ft (6 m) wide by 10 ft (3 m) high in the exterior wall but the engines and wings were torn off and unable
to penetrate inside, suggesting the impact speed was low.
One engine struck a nearby building and started a small
fire while the second fell into Wall Street.
The 70-story skyscraper, originally the Bank of Manhattan Trust
Building and briefly the tallest building in the world, was repaired and is today also called The Trump Building.
More recently, a 42-story condominium building on the Upper East Side of Manhattan suffered an aircraft collision.
Major league baseball pitcher Cory Lidle of the New York Yankees and his flight instructor Tyler Stanger were
flying along the East River on 11 October 2006 when the pair crashed into the Belaire Apartments building at a
speed of approximately 115 mph (185 km/h).
Lidle was owner of the single-engine Cirrus SR20 but it is unknown
which pilot was flying the plane at the time of the crash.
Damage to the Belaire Apartments after Cory Lidle's 2006 crash
The accident occurred as the aircraft was traveling through a narrow flight corridor above the river.
pilots flew north nearing the end of this corridor, it appears they attempted to make a U-turn back towards the
Their efforts were complicated by a stiff crosswind, and investigators concluded pilot error caused the
plane to strike the 30th floor of the Belaire Apartments.
Both Lidle and Tyler were killed in the crash while 21
residents of the apartments were injured.
Most injuries were due to fire that engulfed several apartments after
the collision.
The most seriously injured was Ilana Benhuri who was sitting in the room most of the aircraft
debris entered.
The Empire State Building and 40 Wall Street are both reinforced masonry structures while the Belaire Apartments
is a reinforced concrete building.
Thanks to the excellent fire protection afforded by this type of construction
as well as the small size and low speed of the aircraft that struck each building, the structural damage suffered
was minor.
- answer by , 30 September 2007
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