From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A classroom at the
A classroom designed for
A lecture classroom at the
Classrooms in
A classroom is a , a
are held. Classrooms are found in educational institutions of all kinds, from
to , and may also be found in other places where education or training is provided, such as corporations and religious and humanitarian organizations. The classroom attempts to provide a space where learning can take place uninterrupted by outside distractions.
For lessons that require specific resources or a
approach different types of classrooms both indoors and outdoors are used. This allows for learning in an authentic context that fosters the natural development of the particular vocational skill. This is known as . Classrooms can range from small groups of five or six to big classrooms with hundreds of students. A large class room is also called a . A few examples of classrooms are
which are used for
lessons in schools,
for sports, and science
and . There are also small group classrooms where students learn in groups of about 7 or less.
Most classrooms have a large writing surface where the instructor or students can share notes with other members of the class. Traditionally, this was in the form of a
but these are becoming less common in well-equipped schools because of new alternatives like flipcharts,
and . Many classrooms also have , , , , ,
for presenting information and images from a computer.
In the past, schools and institutions would often have one computer lab that served the entire school only at certain times of the week. Computers in the classroom itself increase interest in learning and awareness of the importance of what is being taught. Children are less likely to feel that a subject is archaic if the teacher uses new technological instructional techniques, increasing the students’ interest in learning something new. A study shows that children taught with the integration of technology improved in testing significantly over those who did not.
The Classroom of the Future is an education project in the . Twelve local education authorities sharing about ?13 million to develop around 30 pilot projects. The buildings have roughly three classrooms in them, which contain enough laptops or
for each person. The classrooms are designed to be environmentally friendly. The buildings contain toilets which use rainwater, and use windturbines and solar panels for electricity and heating.
Both the facilities and the curriculum of educational institutions can be , including the configuration of individual classrooms, clusters, and entire institutions. These include departmental, academies, , , and school-within-a-school models.
The layout, design and decor of the classroom has a significant effect upon the quality of the educational experience. Attention to the acoustics and colour scheme may reduce distractions and aid concentration. The lighting and furniture likewise influence factors such as student .
A classroom at ,
City, Hainan, China.
Historically, relatively few pupil-centric design principles were used in the construction of classrooms. In 19th century Britain, one of the few common considerations was to try and orient new buildings so the class windows faced north as much as possible, while avoiding west or southern facing windows, as in Britain northern light causes less glare.
were often arranged in columns and rows, with a ’s desk at the front, where he or she would stand and
the class. Little color was used for fear of distracting the children. In the 1950s and 60s cheap and harsh fluorescent lights were sometimes used, which could cause . Research has suggested that optimal use of , ,
selection and even the arrangement of the
in the classroom can affect pupils academic success.[]
found that test scores increased by 11% through the improvement of a classroom's physical environment.
In the design of a classroom, desk arrangements are essential to the decor and design of the classroom followed by seating arrangements for the students. Usually classroom desks are arranged in rows or columns, but there are many more ways to arrange the desks, for example making a circle with the desks so that it's more of a group discussion or having the desks in a "U" shape for group discussions and easy access for the teacher. Color is also a big asset to the classroom by realating the colors to the subjects learned in the classroom to help the students learn. Also color helps the atmosphere be fun and exciting and help visual stimulation for the students.
The acoustics of the classroom are very often overlooked, but are an important part of the success of a child. Choosing only materials that cause sound to reverberate, such as tile floors and hard wall surfaces, greatly increases noise levels and can prove detrimental to learning. One study of hyperactive versus control groups of children found that white noise has no impact on either group, but that auditory stimulation such as distant conversations or music has a negative effect on both groups of students. Children with attention deficit disorder scored higher on tests when white noise was being pumped into the classroom than when music was played. The control group of children as well as the hyperactive group of children averaged the same test scores when there was no sound as when white noise was being played.
By utilizing soft surfaces, especially on the floor, the sounds within and outside of the classroom will be diminished, taking away from the distractions facing students and improving not just the test scores of hyperactive children, but those without attention deficit disorder as well. Although carpet is an obvious choice for sound absorption, it may not be suitable for high traffic areas like hallways. In such cases, other sound absorbing materials, such as cork, can be used. The use of sound absorbing ceiling tiles may also be a wise choice for areas where carpet cannot be used for practical purposes.
Color theory refers to the psychological effects color has on the human body. Red is said to increase both aggression and appetite, a poor combination for a school’s interior. Yellow increases adrenaline levels and is also undesirable for a school setting. Blue, green, and brown create a relaxing and calming environment, which is a positive for the classroom. However, blue also is associated with cold and sadness and elongates the sense of time, which would make a blue classroom tortuous for students (Vodvarka, 1999). Warm colors are often favored by students, making them more alert and increasing brain activity, which helps in increasing test scores. Cool colors had the opposite effect. By balancing warm and cool colors, bright and subdued, a pleasing effect can be achieved that will reduce absenteeism in schools and keep the students focused on what the teacher is saying. Test scores go up when children are not in a stark white environment, which can feel sterile and cold.
Redesigned classroom with moveable furniture at
Furniture is an important aspect because students spend most of their time seated in the classroom. The furniture should be able to move and easy to arrange to allow students to sit in places that are best suited for their learning styles.
Traditionally, classrooms have had one setup: straight rows of desks facing the front of the classroom. The row style allows teachers ample amount of space to walk around. This makes it easier for teachers to supervise the students work and catch any students that may be misbehaving, insuring that students stay focused. Studies have found that the row style also fosters less off topic talking causing the atmosphere to be more conducive to learning. While the row style sounds ideal from a teacher’s stand point it can be damaging to the student’s well being. The row style of desk arrangement has been found to cause the students to withdraw.
An alternative to the traditional row style desk pavement is to arrange the desks in groups. Phil Beadle, a UK Secondary Teacher of the Year, believes that it is best to arrange the desks in groups of six desks if at all possible. This allows for the most use out of the desk arrangement as you have the ability to utilize groups of two, three, or six students without moving a single chair. Beadle isn’t the only teacher to swear by gr studies have shown that the group desk placement setup produces a greater number of on task actions than any other form of desk placement. The group setup does have one potentially serious negative side effect. Students sitting in group desk placements are more likely to misbehave when the teacher isn’t looking. To avoid this the groups of desks should be arranged around the outside of the room giving the teacher plenty of room to walk around and supervise as well as providing room for kinesthetic activities that can be beneficial to the students learning.
The final popular desk arrangement is the circle/semicircle placement. This particular desk setup is growing in popularity due to the numerous positive outcomes it provides. The circle desk arrangement facilitates the flow of ideas by fostering positive group dynamics. When sitting in a circle it is easier for students to not only see who is talking, but to make eye contact with the speaker. Students sitting in a circle arrangement tend to feel more comfortable speaking up and asking questions. This style of desk placement also makes it easier for teachers to control the class, preventing misbehaving and off task comments as it allows them to easily see all the students, and allows all the students to see the teacher.
Open air classroom for
children in .
technologies make it possible for learning to take place at any time, at any place, and at any pace that the learner desires. This is particularly important for adult students who may need to schedule their learning around work and parenting responsibilities. According to the , as of 2014, approximately 25% of employee training hours take place online rather than in a classroom. However, critics argue that even the classroom space is full of distractions in the 21st century since even though access to the online world may be restricted by some institutions, students may find distractions in their physical vicinity and so tend to multitask and divide their attention without focusing on any one task at a time.
The traditional classroom has also been attacked by advocates of various forms of . Italian educator
wrote that "Stationary desks and chairs [are] proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school".
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&（考试时间：80分钟，试卷满分：120分）一、单项选择（15分）(& )1. Sit down,please!&& _____. A.&Yes&&&&& B. Sit down&&&& C. Thank you&&& D. That’s all right.(&& )2 ―What___ your name, please? ―My name ______ Li Lei.A． are, is　　B．is, is&&&&&&& C．am, is　　& D．is, am(& )3.This is ___ pen. ___pen is black.A.&a…The& B. the…The&&&& C. a…A&&&&&& D. The(&& )4．What's this? ________ a red apple.A．That is &B．It's &&&&&& C．It &&&&&&& D．This's (&& )5．―What's your name? ―My name is ________.A．Li xiaoLing　B．Li Xiaoling　C．Li Xiao ling&& D．Li xiaoling(& ) 6. ―What’s your mother’s job?―　　&& A. She is reading.&&&&&&&&&&& B. She is 40 years old.C. She wants to be a teacher.&& D. She is a manager. (& )7. There　　　three birds　　　the tree. A. in　　&B. on　　&& C. on　　&D. in(& )8. The woman　　　big eyes is Lucy’s aunt. A. with&&B. in&&&&C. for&&D. and(& )9. Could you get me some　　　?I’m hungry(饿). A. apple&&B. water&&&C. egg&&D. rice(& )10. My grandmother eats　　　food, so she is in good　　　. A. health&& B. healthy&& C. healthy，health&& D. health，healthy(& )11. My　　　name is Martin. A. brother&&B. brothers&&&&& C. brothers’&D. brother’s(& )12. There　　　a book and two pens in my schoolbag. A. have　　　&B. is　　&&　C. are　　　&　D. be(& )13. ―Are you　　　American or English?―English. A. a&&&B. an&& C. the&&&D. /(& )14. ________________________?----It’s warm.新_课_标第_一_网A. What day is it today?&&&&&& B. What color is it?C. What’ s the weather like?&& D. How is the weather like?(& )15. ―Dad, pass me the cola, please. ―　　　. Here you are. A. Yes, I can& B. No, I don’t&& C. All right&D. Good idea
二、根据句意及首字母完成单词(10分)1. Jane’s aunt is a nurse and she works in a h　　&&& 　.2. They are twins and they look the s　&&&& 　　.3 . Tony is my first name and Smith is my l&&&&&&&&& name .4 .I am from A&&&&&&&&&& .5. I’m in front of Tom and he is b　& 　　me. 6. My father is a　&& 　　(警察).7. There are two　　&& 　(图书馆)in our school8. It’s　&& 　　(重要的)to have a good study habit(习惯)9. Please　　&& 　(记住)to close the window when you leave the room. 10. This tall　&& 　　(建筑物)is the science lab.三、完形（10分）My name is Carla and I　1　two sisters, Grace and Alice. We like hamburgers for lunch. Grace and　2　like French fries, 　3　Alice doesn’t. I　4　eggs for dinner, but Grace and Alice like eggs. I really like chicken and vegetables. My parents like vegetables, 　5　. So there are always　6　vegetables　7　the fridge. We think　8　are good for our health. We each eat one every day. But there　9　any apples today. So I will go to the shop with my mother　10　school. (& )1. A. have got　　&&& B. has got&&& C. don’t have&&D. haven’t got(& )2. A. me　　　　&&& B. I　　　　&C. my　　　　&D. I’m(& )3. A. and&&&&& B. so&&&& C. or&&&&&& D . but(& )4. A. like&&&&& B. likes&&&&& C. don’t like&&D. not like(& )5. A. also&&&&B. to&&&C. two&&&D. too(& )6. A. any&&&&B. some&&C. a&&&&D. an(& )7. A. on&&&&B. at&&&C. in&&&&D. near(& )8. A. apples&&&B. apple&&C. an apple&&D. a apple(& )9. A. isn’t&&&&B. is&&&C. aren’t&&&D. are(& )10. A. when&&&B. at&&&C. before&&&D. after四、按要求改写句子（每题2分共10分） 1.&He’s a student.(变成一般疑问句)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2. Is your brother a manager? (作否定回答)―　　　, 　　　 　　　. 3. Class Two is behind our school library. (改为同义句)Our school library is　　　 　　　 　　　Class Two.4. They have got some juice and milk. (改为否定句)&They　　　got　　　juice　　　milk. 5. My sister is on my right. (对画线部分提问)　　　 ______ 　　　sister?五、完成句子(10分)1. 杰克的班里有40名学生。　　　 　　　 　　　 　　　in Jack’s classroom. 2. 你在黑板上能看到什么？What can you see&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ？3. 他们4岁开始踢足球。They play football when they are 4　　　 　　　.4多么大的一个家庭呀！_____ _____ a big family!5. 他变得有点胖。He gets　　　 　　　fat.六、根据所给词适当形式（每题2分共10分）1. Do you like&&&&&&&&& (dance ) ?2.Let’s&&&&&&&&&& (play) football after school.3. Who　　　(be)the two boys?4. Li Hua wants to go　　　(shop)for some apples on Sunday.5. Those are　　　(they)favourite food.
七、理解（每题2分共40分） &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& A　Hi! I’m Betty. Look! This is a photo of our classroom. There is a blackboard on the front wall. A big new desk is near it. It is for our teachers. There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk. Under the teacher’s desk, there are two basketballs and a football. There are some green desks and chairs in the room. They are for us. There are twenty-six girls and twenty-nine boys in our class. Our classroom is very nice. I like it very much. 短文, 判断正误(正确T/错误F)。(　　)1. This is a photo of our school.&(　　)2. There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk. (　　)3. We have some yellow desks and chairs. (　　)4. There are fifty students in our class. (　　)5. I like our classroom very much. BMy name is Eve Smith. This is a photo of my family. There are five people in the photo. Look! The old woman is my grandma. She is seventy years old. The woman in red is my mother. She is a doctor in a hospital. The man in a black coat is my father. He is a teacher in a middle school. This tall man is my uncle. He is my mother’s brother. He is next to my mother. I’m in yellow. We live in this house. Look here, please! In front of our house, there is a small garden. It’s very nice. There are many beautiful flowers and some small trees in the garden. (　　)1. How many people are there in Eve’s family?A. Three. 　　&B. Four. 　　&&C. Five. 　　&&D. Six. (　　)2. How old is Eve’s grandma?A. 67. &&&&B. 70. &&C. 78. &&&D. 80. (　　)3. Who is next to Eve’s mother?A. Eve’s brother. &B. Eve’s father.&& C. Eve’s grandfather. &D. Eve’s uncle. (　　)4. There is a　　　in front of their house. A. park&&&&B. school&&&C. garden&&&D. shop(　　)5. Which is NOT true（正确） according to the passage?A. This is a photo of Eve’s family. B. The woman in black is Eve’s mother. C. There are many flowers and some small trees in the garden. D. Eve’s father is a teacher in a middle school. &
CThis is Hong Kong Middle School. It is very big and beautiful. There are 34 classes, 300 teachers and 3, 500 students in the school. In the middle of the school there is a tall building. It’s for us to have classes. All the classrooms are there. There are some small rooms, too. They are offices for the teachers to work. All the teachers get ready for their lessons there. In front of the tall building, there is a small one. It is the library. There are many books there. The teachers and the students like to read books in it. Sometimes they borrow(借)books from it. There is a dining hall behind the tall building. Some of the students have lunch in it. I like my new school very much. (　　)1. The Hong Kong Middle School is　　　. A. small　　&&B. big　　　&C. beautiful　　&D. B and C(　　)2. How many students are there in this school?A. 3, 200. &&&B. 3, 500. &&C. 3, 800. &&&D. 4, 000. (　　)3. The tall building in this school is for students to　　　. A. read books&B. play games& C. have classes&&D. have lunch(　　)4. Students can borrow books from　　　. A. the classrooms&&B. the library& C. the dining hall&&D. the offices(　　)5. The dining hall is　　　the tall building. A. behind&&B. in front of&& C. in the front of&&D. next to
DI have a good& friend . ①他叫汤姆。He is a nice boy, but he eats too much and he doesn’t like sports. 　　He has a big breakfast every morning. He has four eggs, some bread and milk. For lunch, he eats two hamburgers, lots of French fries and chicken. He has much cola, too. For dinner, he likes beef and salad(沙拉). He likes ice creams, cola, hamburgers and dessert. ②Too much food is not good for him. And he is not healthy. 1. 将①处的句子翻译成英语。　　　 　　　 　　　Tom. 2. 将②处的句子翻译成汉语。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 3.写出浪线部分意思相同的短语______& _______4. 判断正误(T/F)。&(　　)Tom eats lots of food and he does sports every day. 5. 回答问题。What does Tom have for breakfast?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
八、从Ⅱ栏中选出适合回答Ⅰ栏的答语(5分)　　　　　　　　　（Ⅰ）1. Do you like rice?2. How about some beef?3. What’s this in English?4. What’s your favourite drink?5. Is hamburger healthy food?　　　　　　　　　（Ⅱ）A. No, it isn’t. B. Orange juice. C. No, I don’t. D. Ice cream. E. OK, thank you. 1. 　　　2. 　　　3. 　　　4. 　　　5. 　　
九、（10分）介绍一下你的家庭，内容包括你和家人的个人信息。&&七年英语参考答案一．1-5.CBABB& 6-10 DDADC& 11-15 DBDCC二．1. hospital& 2. same& 3. last& 4.& America& 5.behind& 6. policeman& 7.libraries& 8 important& 9. remember& 10.building三．1～5. ABDCD　6～10. BCACD四．1. Is he a student? 2. No, he is’t& 3. in front of& 4.haven’t, any, or& 5.Where is&& 文章来源 莲山课件 w w w.5 Y Kj.Co M
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