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形名组合的意义建构：概念整合和物性结构的杂合分析模式
形名组合的意义建构：概念整合和物性结构的杂合分析模式
张辉 范瑞萍
（南京国际关系学院）
(To appear in JFL)
摘要：本文在综述前人对形名组合研究的基础上提出一种概念整合理论和物性结构理论杂合的分析模式，并试图用这一模式分析三种不同语义类型的形名组合。这一新的杂合分析模式的优点是，物性结构为概念整合网络中的名词心理空间提供明确的知识框架，从而更清晰地说明，名词心理空间与形容词心理空间之间的映现和相互制约关系以及这两个空间与体现形名意义的整合空间之间的映现关系。
关键词：形名组合；心理空间；概念整合；物性结构；名词；形容词
1. principle of compositionalityCruse 2001, Langacker 1987Fauconnier & Turner 2002theory of qualia structure(Pustejovsky 1991)
Siegel(1976)(predicative adjectives)attributive adjectives, Fellbaum(1993)Raskin Nirenburg(1996)scalarnon-scalar1early, former; (2) fake, authentic); (3) abuse; (4) medicalKamp Partee(1995)1; (2) ; (3) 4.3
Aarts Calbert(1979)predicate structure, angry man “man (who) experience anger”predicative forceexperience”non-predicational referential-content, ”anger”stony manstonyrelator “experience”sweaty foreheadsweaty “have (on)”, sweaty work causing”sad girlsad ”experience”, sad event “manifest”blind, deaf, dumb deadindustrial workercriminal lawyerlinking constructions, WarrenWarren(1978)Major Semantic ClassWarren(1984)
Paradis(2000)reinforcing adjectiveunderspecifiedJustesonKatz(1993)”old” right”short”Pustejovsky(1995)Pustejovskyqualia structure,
“easy” “problem” “problem”(Telic role) “a problem that is easy to solve”3.13
Miller Johnson-Laird()(generative lexicon)
construal(Croft & Cruse 2003)Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987
ontologyParadis , content ontologies()schematic ontologies()Poli(1996)template, scale
Fauconnier()
schematic structure(generic space)Fauconnier &Turner 2002emergent structureCoulson & Oakley 2000, Fauconnier & Turner 2002
Pustejovsky(1991)Pustejovsky 1991:11: (1) Argument structure: 2Event structure: transition; (3) Qualia structure: mode of predication, (constitutive), (formal), (telic)(agentive) 4Inheritance structure:
1: 2: 3: 4:
Novel: &&&: narrative
&&&&& &&&book, disk
&&&&&& &&: read
&&&&&& &&: artifact, write
Dictionary: : alphabetizinglisting
&&&&&&&&& : book, disk
&&&&&&&&& : reference
&&&&&&&&& : artifactcompile
”Novel”Dictionary”
hybrid model
Lakoff Johnson(1980)embodied realism
Paradis(2004)first-order entitiessecond-order entitiesthird-order entities
Schmid(2001)(conceptual shell) “report”(1)(2)(3)
The report is lying on the table.
His report was filled with pauses and stutters.
I did not understand the report.
(schematic structure)
(summary scanning )(Langacker 1987)(quale roles)Pustejovsky ()
“jog” “jog”“jog”(Paradis 2005)
1(composition)(completion)(elaboration)( Fauconnier & Turner 2002;
Langacker(1990)(active zone)/mental prompts
Langacker1990
“red pencil” “fast” “fake” “fake gun”
“red pencil”
“red pencil” “red”red” “red army” “red” “be in the red”
red with embarrassment” “red card” “red light”“red”
“pencil” “pencil”
: cylinder
: for writing, drawing, making or recording
: artifact
“pencil”()
“red” “pencil” “red pencil”(Fauconnier & Turner 2002; Langacker 1990), “red” “pencil” “red” “pencil” “pencil” “red pencil” “pencil”
& pencil” “pencil”
“red” “red pencil” “red” “pencil”telic role
“red pencil” “red” “pencil” “red pencil”
“red pencil” “red pencil”Fauconnier Turner()
“red pencil” “red” “pencil”fast”
a fast car
a fast driver
a fast typist
a fast road
a fast port
a fast food
a fast death
a fast decision
car, typist, port, roadfooddeathdecision()()
& “fast” “fast”
(1)fast” car” car”
to move for driving” “car” “fast” “fast” “fast” “car” “fast car”&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
( “the fast car”) “Fast” “the fast car”
(2) a fast driver”(1) “driver” “fast” “driver” “fast driver” “car” “fast” “Fast” “fast” “driver” “fast” “cause to move quickly” “driver” “fast driver”
32 “Typist”To type, a kind of action, keep on moving with fingers “fast” “typist”
4 “a fast road”5a fast port”road” “port”
“fast”road’ “a fast road” “a fast port” “port” “road” “port”
6fast food” “food”artifact made by cooking or naturalfast food”
7fast death” “death”an event, the act of dying, the state of being deathfast death”, 8 “fast decision” “decision” “decision” “decision” “fast” “decision”momentary process.
“fake gun”
“fake”semantically motivated hierarchy(Nabil Abdullah & Frost 2005Kamp & Partee 1995)intersective adjectives “angry man”
subsective adjectives “Sophia is an accomplished musician.” Sophiaaccomplished musician
“That dancer is beautiful.””beautiful” “beautiful” “that dancer” “that dancer”
non-subsective adjectivesnon-privativeprivativefakecounterfeit money “a potential winner”
red, angryfake “fake gun”
Franks(1995) “fake gun”sense generation modeltrigger(+), (Barrel)+, Handle(+)size() “fake” “gun”gun” “gun”
metal tube, with mechanical attachments (trigger, barrel, handle, cartridge)
cylinder, usually portable
to shoot bullets for killing or hunting, etc.
artifact, assembled
(Coulson )cross-space mapping ability2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&& GUN
FAKE&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
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2 “fake”mental space of real gun “gun” “real gun”“fake gun”
“fake gun” “gun” “fake”12 “fake” “gun” “fake” “real gun”()
Coulson() “fake gun” “gun” “fake” “fake”
“fake”(space builder)(Fauconnier 1994), “”belief space “gun”
reactor, actor,
Langacker(1991) “red pencil” “red” “pencil”relational,(trajector)landmark “red”elaborateFauconnierTurner()2001 “red pencil”
“fast car”, “fast driver” “fast lane” “fast”Evans()(lexical concepts)meaningsemantic units, situated usage-events“”
Coulson Fauconnier(1999)2001 “fake gun”
sense-units“”“”lexical entries(Pustejovsky 1995);Coulson & Fauconnier 1999, 2001Evans & Green 2006
mental entitiesdomain matrixunpackingEvans
Pustejovsky 1995, Warren 1988composite structures
Arts & Calbert, P. Metaphor and Non-Metaphor. The Semantics of Adjective-Noun Combinations [M]. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1979.
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Christiane Fellbaum, Derek Gross & Katherine Miller. Adjectives in Wordnet [J].& International Journal of Lexicography 3(4): 265-277, 1990.
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Coulson, S. & Oakley, T. Blending basics [J]. Cognitive Linguistics 11, 3/4, 2000.
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, “red pencils”“fake guns”――[J].22001
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A．
D．
19，如图，直线a和曲线b分别是在平直公路上形式的汽车a和b的位置一时间（x-t）图线，由图可知
A.在时刻t1，a车追上b车
B.在时刻t2，a、b两车引动方向相反
C.在t1到t2这段时间内，b车的速率先减少后增加
D.在t1到t2这段时间内，b车的速率一直不a车大
20. 日，神州九号飞船与天宫一号目标飞行器在离地面343km的近圆轨道上成功进行了我国首次载人空间交会对接。对接轨道所处的空间存在极其稀薄的土气，下面说法正确的是
A.为实现对接，两者运行速度的大小都应介于第一宇宙速度和第二宇宙速度之间
B.如不加干预，在运行一段时间后，天宫一号的动能可能会增加
C.入不干涉，天宫一号的轨道高度将缓慢降低
D.航天员在天宫一号中处于失重状态，说明航天员不受地球引力作用
21.2012年11曰，“歼15”舰载机在“辽宁号”航空母舰上着舰成功。图（a）为利用阻拦系统让舰载机在飞行甲
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