transit line,flowline,pipeline三个单词各表示什么意思,有什么区别?_百度知道
transit line,flowline,pipeline三个单词各表示什么意思,有什么区别?
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pipeline运输线路，管道双语对照例句. 该隧道是温哥华为2010年冬季奥运会打造的一条完整地下线路. 钻井液出口管温度如有任何变化。 2.The transit line is an integral transportation link for the 2010 winter olympics:1,flowline.Any deviation in the flowline temperature trend，管线transit line
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出门在外也不愁工程管理专业英语Specialized English for Construction ManagementLectured by Yiyi Mo 主讲：莫懿懿 Email:myy_本课程学习目的□ 通过该课程的学习，要求学生完成100，000单词 的阅读量， □ 掌握或熟悉1000个工程管理常用专业
词汇， □ 达到每小时250单词的英译中速度， □ 具备工程管理科技论文的译/写能力， □ 初步具备专业英语的对话能力， □ 为毕业设计的专业阅读和以后从事科学研究及工 程打下坚实的基础。学习要求□ 遵守上课纪律，不要迟到、早退 □ 授课方式：专业词汇朗读、长难句翻译、 英文短片观看 □ 考核方式：出勤+随堂练习+期末考试 □ 成绩评定：平时成绩30%+考试成绩70% □ 相互沟通什么是专业英语？普通英语 (Common or Ordinal English) ――通用、普遍的 基础词汇以及听说读写 科技英语 (English for Science and Technology) 专业英语 (English for Special Science and Technology) □ 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念 、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻 译方法，特别注意客观事实和真理，表达准确(accuracy) 、精炼(conciseness)和正式(formal)。 □ 是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性、涉及的面 更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。 □ 专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系，专业英语的学习 需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的 词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。翻译的标准Let the readers have the same feelings as the natives. 翻译是将一种语言转换成另一种语言，使得两种语言的受众 者有同样的感受。 Criterions: 信－fidelity □ 即忠实于原文的内容，包括思想、感情、风格等（第一位 ） 达－intelligibility □ 即用词正确得体，行文流畅通顺（必须的）； 雅－elegance □ 即追求译文的古雅（追求目标）。Exam: he left angrily. 直译：他愤怒的离去。/他愤然离去。 他拂袖而去。（古译）音译：Brownie 布朗尼蛋糕 （巧克力蛋糕） 名称 Newport 纽波特 （新港口） 地名 laser 莱塞，镭射 （激光） 术名 音意译混译: acrowax 艾克罗石蜡 （艾克罗地区产的石蜡 ） 形译： I-bar 工型钢， T-bean T型梁 X-ray X射线一、科技文章的特点概述科技文章崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻 辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整 ，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中 将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要 信息。 简而言之，科技文章的特点：清晰、准 确、精练、严密。二、科技文体的特点1、大量使用名词化结构 英语与汉语的一个明显不同点：汉语中动词占优胜，动词使 用的范围很广；而英语中名词占优势，名词使用范围很广 。 科技文体更是如此。 原因：强调存在的事实，而非某一行为。Exam. Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid body. 译文：阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。 Exam. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。 译文1：The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night. 译文2：the rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.另:科技文体所述的是客观规律，尽量避免使用第一、第二 人称。 Exam. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 译文1：If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 译文2：The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. 译文3：the use of firebricks round the boiler can considerably reduce the heat loss.2、广泛使用被动句□ 科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。 □ 使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不 出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。 Exam. Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine. 译文：要注意机器的工作温度。 Exam. 中美之间已经建立了外交关系。 译文：Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America. Exam. 他提议各班之间开展友谊竞赛。 译文：He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes.3、常使用非限定动词□ 非限制性动词：分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词 加名词短语。 Exam. A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction. =A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 译文：直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 Exam. Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave. = Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave. 译文：振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波.4、大量使用后置定语1、介词短语 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 译文：由于摩擦而产生的力叫摩擦力。 A call for paper is now being issued. 译文：征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。 2、形容词或短语 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 3、副词 The air outside pressed the side in. 4、单个分词 The results obtained must be checked. 5、定语从句5、常用句型□ 1. It …that…句型 如：It is believed that …/据 信; It is proved that …/已经证实、有人证实; It is reported that…/ 据报道 □ 2.被动句型 Computers may be classified as analog and digital. □ 3.as结构句型 Microcomputers are very small in size, as is shown in Fig. 5. □ 4.分词短语句型 The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low. □ 5.省略句结构句型 An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.6、长句较多7、复合词及缩略词多复合词：feed-back, on-and-off-the-road, GIS-Based（ geographical information system）, biotechnology, biochemical 缩略词：maths=mathematics，lab=laboratory ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineering MPM=master’s in project management专业英语翻译基本技巧□ 常见英语从句的译法定语从句的译法 (1)译成相互独立的并列分句 对于一般的非限定性定语从句，往往采用分译法。即 将主句译成独立的分句，然后重复关系代词所代替的名词 做为第二个分句的主语。 □ The tendons are frequently passed through continuous channels formed by metal or plastic ducts, which are positioned securely in the forms before the concrete is cast. 译文：预应力钢筋束要穿入用金属管货塑胶管制成的连续孔 道中，而金属管或塑胶管在混凝土浇筑之前被稳稳的固定 在模板之中。（2）转译成状语从句 很多情况下，英语的定语从句兼有状语从句的功能， 在逻辑意义上往往与所限定的词有表示“目的”、“结果 ”、“原因”、“假设”、“让步”等关系。 □ Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application. 译文:虽然铁的强度不如钢，但是它仍有广泛用途（表示让 步） □ This is particular important in fine-grained soils where the water can be sucked up near the surface by capillary attraction. 译文：这一点在细颗粒土壤中尤其重要，因为在这种土壤中 ，由于毛细引力，水能被吸引到靠近表面的地方。（表示 原因）主语从句的译法 在专业英语中，经常使用带形式主语it的主语从句， 即以引导词it作形式主语并放在句首，而把从句（真正的 主语）放在谓语之后。 (1)译成宾语从句 □ It is generally accepted that fatigue strength is drastically lower if the concrete is cracked. 译文：人们普遍认为，混凝土若开裂，其疲劳强度就会大大 降低。（2）译成并列分句 □ It remains to be confirmed that epoxy coating will retain their integrity over long periods of time in alkaline environments. 译文：环氧涂层在碱性环境中能否保持其完整性，这有待进 一步证实。 （3）谓语分译 □ It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly elastic. 译文：事实上，没有一种结构材料是完全的弹性体。状语从句译法 有些状语从句在翻译时候需要进行从句转译，否则译 不出原文所表达的实际意义 （1）由连接词when引导的时间状语从句，在语法形式上一 般是时间状语，实际上有连接词if的作用。因此翻译这类 时间状语从句时往往可以转译成条件状语从句。 如： □ On the site when further information becomes available, the engineer can make changes in his sections and layout, but the drawing office work will mot have been lost. 译文：在现场若能获取更多的信息资料，工程师就可以对他 所做的断面图和设计图进行修改，但是绘图室的工作并非 徒劳。英语强调句型的译法 英语强调句型“it is (was)…that (which, who)…” 几乎可以强调任何一个陈述句的主语、宾语和状语，以突 出其重要性。翻译时，需将其所强调的部分加以突出，例 如“正是……”,“正因为……”, “只有……才……”等。 □ It is this kind of steel that the construction worksite needs most urgently. 译文：建筑工地最急需的正是这种钢材。 在强调句型中，有时候被强调的不仅是一个词或词组，而且 还可能是一个状语从句。 □ It is only when piers for long span bridges are built across wide rivers that cellular cofferdams are often used. 译文：只有当在宽阔的河面上修建大跨度桥墩时，才经常使 用格型围堰这种方法。英语被动语态的译法 （1）译成汉语主动句 （2）译成汉语被动句 （3）译成独立结构 It is believed that… 有人主张…… It is asserted that… 有人建议…… It is stressed that … 有人强调说…… It is well known that… 众所周知…… 有时候一些类似的固定句型在翻译时候往往不加主语，如： It is supposed that… 据推测…… It is said that… 据说…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出……英语长句翻译 □ 顺译法 当英语长句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系符合汉 语习惯时，一般应尽量采用顺译。 □ 倒译法 当英语长句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系与汉语 的行文表达习惯相反时，可采用倒译。 □ 综合法 很多英语长句进行翻译的时候，往往综合使用顺译和倒 译，不同分句分别采用顺译和倒译，以使得各分句都符合 汉语表达习惯。英语学习的方法a.培养兴趣 ★：兴趣与好奇心是英语学习的最好的老师！ ①多看看经典英语电影； ②多听听英语歌曲； ③多到图书馆或书店走走，借或买一些自己感兴趣的书籍； ④经常买些英文报刊看看，如：21st世纪英文报、China daily(中国日报) ； ⑤也可以到学校英语角锻炼口语，提高英语学习兴趣。 b.多听英文录音带，听到不看译本也能完全听懂为止，建立 良好“听力条件反射”，打好听力基础； c.多记英语词根、词缀，通过构词法来快速扩大词汇量。构 词法对工程管理专业词汇的学习非常重要。 d.不断吸收和丰富各种基础知识，了解有关国家的地理、历 史、政治、经济、文化、风土人情等。 e.努力提高汉语与外语水平,对提高翻译质量很有帮助。Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型Words and Expression□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ intersect vi.相交，交叉，横断 take shape 成形，形成，具体化，体现 refinery n.精炼厂，炼制厂 intimately adv.密切地 transcend vt.超过，胜过 in large measure 在很大程度上，大部分 high-rise n.高楼，大厦 condominium n. 共管，共有房产 town house n.市内住宅，城内住宅Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Field-labor-intensive 现场劳动密集型的 Account for 占，说明 Fiscal 财政的 Skyscraper 摩天大楼 Sophistication 老于世故，老练，复杂 Oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 Footpath 人行道，小路 Pipeline 管道，管线 Earthmover 重型推土机 Crane 起重机 Fossil-fuel 矿物燃料 Smelter 熔炉Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型Warm Up Questions1. Why is residential construction industry dominated by large numbers of very small firms? 2. Give some examples of project types of that office and commercial building construction may encompass. 3. What are the major distinctions of heavy construction compared to office and commercial building and residential housing construction? 4. What are the major distinctions of industrial construction in contrast with the basic materials characteristic of heavy engineering construction?Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ human endeavor 人类努力 □ Educational philosophies and practices take shape in the architecture of schools and colleges, while governments and corporation express their Dimages‖ with structures that house their offices and production facilities. □ 教育理念和实践在学校建筑中得以体现，而政府与企业则通过容纳其 办公室和生产设备的建筑物来体现他们的“形象”。 □ It is difficult, if not impossible (= if possible 如果可能的话), to categorize neatly so great a spectrum of project. □ if not impossible 双重否定表示强烈肯定，否定句型表达肯定句型。 □ a spectrum of n. 系列，范围 □ frustrate vt. 阻碍，挫败 □ arbitrary adj. 武断的，主观的 □ transcend the boundary 超越边界 □ outnumber vt. 在数量上超过 □ parallel vt. 与…相似，类似Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ The latter (condominium), in particular, are technologically less closely related to residences than to the following description of nonresidential building construction and are sometimes incorporated as part of multipurpose commercial development. □ 尤其是后者，即共管式住宅,它们与住宅的技术关联性不如以下描述 的非住宅类建筑那样密切相关（be closely related to），有时被合并 为多功能商业发展的一部分。 □ There are a few very large firms, but as a rule the low capital and technology requirements in this sector of the industry means that it is characterized (以…为特征) by large quantities of very small firms. □ 有一些大型企业，但是通常（一般）由于该行业较低的资金和技术要 求，占主导地位的还是大量小型企业。 □ among other things 除此之外，除了别的以外 □ business failure 经营失败 □ independent contractor 独立承包商 □ developer-builder 开发-建造商Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ Whether in single units or in large development, however, there has been a small but growing trend toward industrialization and factory mass production of some major components in recent decade, and even complete modular homes. □ 最近十年，不论是独立单元住宅还是大型的住宅开发区， 住宅产业正呈现一种上升的工业化趋势，尽管规模不大， 一些主要部件可以在工厂批量生产，甚至（可以在工厂预 制）完全模块化住房。Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ the financing of constructed facilities 兴建设施的融资 general contractor 总承包商 be specialized in 专门从事于 labor-and-material intensive 劳动力与材料密集型 speculative housing 投机性住宅 oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 interstate adj.【主美】州与州之间的 utilitarian structure 功利性（实用性）的结构 publicly financed 公共资金 under contract with 根据合同与 competitive open bidding 竞争性公开招标Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型□ dominate vt. 在…占主要地位，支配 □ …and typically all phase of the project are handled by the same firm on a negotiated design-construct or Dturnkey‖ contractual arrangement, with considerable overlap between design, procurement, and construction. □ …通常项目各阶段的工作由同一企业依据协商好的设计建造或交钥匙 合同安排来承担，因而设计、采购与施工各工作之间有相当多的重叠 。 □ key patent 核心专利 □ privately financed 私人融资 □ hoisting and material-handling equipment 起重和材料处理设备开心连线Single-family home Garden apartment Recreational facilities Retail chain stores Multiunit town house Warehouse Light manufacturing plant Skyscraper Condominium High-rise apartment 多单元城内住宅 独户住宅 花园式住宅 仓库 共管式建筑 娱乐场所 摩天大楼 高层公寓 零售连锁店 轻工制造厂房英汉互译□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Earthmover Crane Truck Turnkey contractual arrangement Fossil-fuel Professional consultant Urban rapid transit system Disposal system Power line □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 土方 岩石 钢材 混凝土 木材 管道 开发建造商 分包商 商业用房建设 业主 设备密集型Listening Practice: Yours 2012Vocabulary□ □ □ □ □ □ □ Curator 管理人员，馆长 Split it up into 裂开，分裂 Archive n.档案馆，资料库，文件 Archaeology 考古学 Vibrant 明亮的，色彩鲜艳的，充满生机的 Perimeter 周围，周边，边界 Spiral 螺旋（形），螺线Yours 2012Listen to the video and please answer the questions below 1. How many categories is the exhibition split up into? 2. How much has been spent on removing waste from the site? 3. How many seats are there in the main Olympic Stadium? 4. What material has used to make up the View Tube?How to Get Money out of Your Parents 如何从父母那里要钱Words and Expressions□ Solvent adj. 有偿化债务 能力的 □ Plasma n. 血浆 □ Profitable adj. 有利可图 □ sperm donation 精子捐献 □ homemade brownies 自制 巧克力蛋糕 □ canned goods 罐装食物 □ Broke（break过去式）没 钱，破产，一文不值 □ sheepishly adj. 羞怯的， 怯懦的 □ cafeteria food 餐馆食物 □ reinforce vt. 强调，加强 □ replenish vt. 补充，把 …加满/v_show/id_XMzMwNDUxMzY=.htmlHow to Get Money out of Your Parents 如何从父母那里要钱So it‘s one month into the school year and you‘ve already blown through the entire semester‘s allowance（生活费）. You‘re gonna (=going to) need a good strategy. Step 1: Don't call them 不要主动给父母打电话 Don‘t call them―wait for them to phone. When they complain that they never hear from you, tell them calls cost money. □ Tip 1: Crunch some paper into the phone as you‘re chatting. When asked, say you‘re rolling pennies so you can buy dinner.How to Get Money out of Your Parents 如何从父母那里要钱□ Step 2: Sound weak 电话时听起来要很虚弱 When they show concern, tell them you‘re just a little tired from donating plasma（血浆） for cash three times this week. □ Tip 2:If you‘re a guy, add that you‘re looking into the more profitable（有利可图）sperm donation. Girls, say, DHey, did you guys know I could get $5,000 for my eggs?‖How to Get Money out of Your Parents 如何从父母那里要钱□ 3: Ask for canned goods 要一些罐装的东西 Tell your mommy you‘d love her to send some of her homemade brownies―then ask if she could toss in a few canned goods as well. □ Step 4: Too broke（break过去式，破产）to come home 承认没钱回家 Gently break it to them that you won‘t be coming home for the holidays after all. When pushed, sheepishly （羞怯的） admit you don‘t have the money.How to Get Money out of Your Parents 如何从父母那里要钱□ Step 5: Have response ready 想好“你是怎么花钱？”的 回答 Have a good response ready when they ask what happened to all your money, like, DI‘ve been eating out a lot to avoid the E. Coli they keep finding in the cafeteria food.‖ □ Step 6: Reinforce good behavior 告诉父母“他们是世界上 最好的父母” When they insist on replenishing your account, reinforce this good behavior by telling them they are the best parents in the whole wide world.Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性□ standalone adj. 独立的，单独 □ A logical question is how are these managers, who requires business skills, developed from a pool of civil engineers who are trained as technical experts? □ who requires business skills 定语从句修饰 who are trained as technical experts? 修饰 a pool of civil engineers □ a pool of 大量的，众多的 □ On-the-job training 在职训练，岗位训练 □ Training in-house 机构内部进行的训练，内部训练 □ This is confirmed by the fact that… 这个事实已经被证实…(引导同位 语从句，补充说明fact的内容) □ Home office 公司总部 □ Well-honed 技巧纯熟的Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性□ The local manager is frequently required by the client to have power to attorney, to ensure that all agreements made in the field are legally binding. □ 客户常常要求当地的经理具有代理人的权限，以确保现场签订的所有 协议都具有法律约束力。 □ To illustrate the additional skills required of a project manager, take the case where a company has submitted its qualifications and has been invited to submit a technical and financial proposal for designing a highway before the time stipulated. □ Dto illustrate‖引导一个目的状语， □ 可以举例说明一个项目经理所需要的额外的技能，例如一个公司已经 提交了它们的资质合格证，并被邀请在规定时间内提交一份设计一条 高速公路的技术与财务计划书。 □ adversarial relationship n. 敌对关系，不良关系 □ boring n. 钻孔Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性□ Provision n. 准备金，拨款 □ Liability insurance 责任保险 □ When local firms insist that they only participate as a join-venture partner, the project manager‘s problems increase because the local firms normally can not provide a performance bond, liability insurance, or even a meaningful set of accounts that would establish their true salary costs and overhead. □ 在当地公司坚持它们只能以合资伙伴的身份参与，项目经理面临的问 题就增加了，因为当地公司通常不能提供一份履约保证金、责任保险 ，或者甚至是一套有意义的能证实它们真正的工资成本和日常开支的 账户。 □ In summary, the present paper is intended to show……总之，本文旨 在说明…… □ Professional growth 职业发展 □ accelerate vt. 加速,促进，增加 □ command vt. 赢得，拥有，掌握 □ appreciably ad.明显的，可觉察到，相当的Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性 Comprehension ExercisesPlease answer the following questions briefly. 1. Why are managerial skills highly demanded in civil engineering? 2. What are the main subjects one should learn in order to get MPM (Master‘s in Project Management)? 3. Why is it necessary to provide a local manager when minor problems arise? What kind of qualities should he/she possess? 4. Besides the normal civil engineering training, what is a modern civil engineer required to know?Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性 Academic Writing Exercise□ During the past two decades/ten years, XXX have grown substantially/decreased increasingly/ increased dramatically in …. XXX have become more and more important/ less important/ crucial because XXX is extremely crucial/ important to …. □ 在过去的20年/10年里，???大幅度增长/减少，因为???变得越来越重 要/不重要…由于???变得非常重要How To Remember People's NamesWords and Expressions□ acquaintance n. 熟人，相 识 □ cement vt. 巩固，加强 □ odd adj. 古怪的， 奇怪的 □ subtly adv. 巧妙的，精细 的 □ distinguishing features 显 著特征 □ anchor vt. 抛锚，使…固 定 □ Rhyme n. 韵律，押韵 □ Ludicrous adj. 滑稽的， 荒唐的 □ double-whammy 一箭双雕 ，双重打击 □ fret n. 烦躁，焦急 □ discreetly adv.小心点，谨 慎的 □ reminder n. 暗示，提醒 □ ensuing adj. 接着发生 的 ，随后的 □ melee n. 混战，混乱的 人群/v_show/id_XNDUwNDE4MTI0.htmlUnite 3 what is Project Management 何为项目管理□ While the relevant technology, institutional arrangement or process will differ, the management of such projects has much in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace, pharmaceutical and energy developments. □ 尽管相关的技术，组织机构的设置和进程不一样，但是建设项目的管 理与其他专业技术领域的项目，例如航天，医药和能源发展，在管理 上仍然有许多共同之处。 □ Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporation by the mission-oriented nature of a project. □ 一般而言，工程项目管理有别于一般企业管理的在于（在于）它是以 目标（任务）为导向的本质特征。 □ Be distinguished from 表示“不同于，与……加以区别” □ 以人为本？以教育为本？以素质教育为本？Unite 3 what is Project Management 何为项目管理□ By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assume a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations. □ 相比之下，一般的工商企业管理着眼于企业更好的经营连贯性和更广 阔的前景。 □ Working knowledge n. 应用知识， 工作知识 [例] She has a working knowledge of French. 她的法语尚可应付工作。 □ A working knowledge of Spanish. 足够运用的西班牙语的知识。 □ Indispensable adj. 必不可少的，必须的。 □ Computer science 计算机科学； decision science 决策科学 □ 管理学？ □ In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting disciplines. □ 事实上，现代管理实践和各种专业知识领域都吸收了许多一度被用于 支持性学科的技术和工具.Unite 3 what is Project Management 何为项目管理□ Commonplace 司空见惯的，常用的 □ Operation research 运筹学 □ Specifically, project management in construction encompasses a set of objectives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constrains. □ Which 引导定语从句，修饰前面的 a set of objectives，翻译时可作为 并列句翻译。Subject to 为“使遭受，使服从，受制于” □ 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，这些目标通过在资源约束下 执行一系列的项目实施行为得以实现。 □ impose on vt. 把…强加于 □ These conflicts should be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives. □ 这些冲突应该在项目启动的时候就通过必要的折中权衡或者制造替代 性的方案来解决。 □ onset n. 开始，启动Unite 3 what is Project Management 何为项目管理□ The Project Management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project manager knowledge and attention □ 项目管理协会明确了项目经理需要要了解和关注的9个方面。 □ focus on 集中注意力于……Listening Practice: Kungfu Panda Listen to the video and please answer the questions below 1. What are the names of the Furious Five? 2. What Po‘s father wanted to do when he was young? 3. What‘s the name of the place of choosing the Dragon Warrior?Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ The Standard Bidding Documents for Procurement of Works (SBDW) have been prepared by the World Bank to be used for the projects that are financed in whole or in part by the World Bank (which includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD] and the International Development Association [IDA], hereinafter called Dthe Bank‖. □ SBDW――工程采购标准招标文件； IBRD――国际复兴开发银行； IDA―― 国际开发协会Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ There are mandatory for use in works contracts which are estimated to cost more than US $10million (including contingency allowance) unless the Bank agrees with the use of other Bank Standard Bidding Documents on a case-by-case basis. □ mandatory adj. 义务的，强制的 ，命令的 □ contingency allowance 应急准备金，应急费用 □ 对于成本估计超过1000万美元（含应急费用）的工程合同，必须使用 该标准文件，除非世行同意在个别情况下使用其他银行的标准文件。 □ The following provisions that are some abridgement from the first part, bidding procedures, provides relevant information to help bidders prepare their bids, and information is also provided on the submission, opening, and evaluation of bids and on the award of contracts. □ Abridgement 节选内容，摘要，节本 □ 下列条款为招标程序中的第一部分的节选内容，提供相关信息帮助投 标者编制其投标文件，同时还提供关于投标文件文件的提交，开标和 评标以及合同授予等方面的内容。Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ The Bid, as well as all correspondence and documents relating to the bid exchanged by the Bidder and the Employer, shall be written in the language specified in the Bidding Document. □ exchanged by the Bidder and the Employer为定语修饰名词 specified in the Bidding Document 为后置定语修饰language. □ 投标文件以及投标者和招标人之间来往的与标书有关的信件和文件， 均应使用招标文件规定的（指定的）语言。 □ Supporting documents and printed literature that are parts of the Bid may be in another language provided they are accompanied by an accurate translation of the relevant passages in the language specified in the Bidding Document, in which case, for purposes of interpretation of the Bid, such translation shall govern（管理，决定，支配）. □ that are parts of the Bid…为定语从句修饰主语supporting documents and printed literature ；provided…引导状语从句，意思为“假如， 如果，倘若，在…条件下”；in which case 引导定语从句。 □ 支持性文件和打印文献，作为投标文件的一部分可以使用其他语言； 但相关段落必须使用招标文件所指定的语言进行准确翻译，在这种情 况下，投标文件的翻译应以此译文为主。Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ □ □ □ Letter of Bid 投标函 priced Bill of Quantities 已标价的工程量清单 Bid Security 投标保证金 Written confirmation authorizing the signatory of the Bid to commit the Bidder 委托投标人进行投标文件签署书面授权确认文件 □ Technical Proposal 技术标 □ Conform to 遵守，符合，顺应 □ Items against which not rate or price is entered by the Bidder will not be paid for by the Employer when executed and shall be deemed covered by the rates for other items and prices in the Bill of Quantities. □ 投标人没有填入单价和价钱的项目在实施过程中招标人将不予支付， 并视为此项目已包括在其他项目单价和工程量清单的价格中。Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ Bids shall remain valid for the period specified in the Bidding Document after the bid submission deadline prescribed by the Employer. □ 在招标人规定投标文件提交截止日期后，投标文件应在招标文件规定 的期限内保持有效。 □ He shall extend his bid security for twenty-eight days beyond the deadline of the extended validity period. □ Beyond 超出…之外 □ 投标人需要延长投标保证金有效期超出延长后的投标有效截止日期的 28天。 □ Unless otherwise specified in the Bidding Document, the Bidder shall furnish as part of its bid, a bid security in original form and in the amount and currency specified in the Bidding Document. □ 除非招标文件另有规定，投标人必须提供招标文件中规定的投标保证 金的表格，金额和币种作为投标文件的一部分。Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制□ The bid security of the successful bidder shall be returned as promptly as possible once the successful Bidder has signed the Contract and furnished the required performance security. □ 一旦中标人签订了合同并按规定提交履约保证金后，中标人的投标保 证金在将尽快退还。 □ In the event of any discrepancy between the original and the copies, the original shall prevail. □ In the event of 如果…发生，万一 □ 如果正文和副本内容不符，以正本为准。 □ The original and all copies of the bid shall be typed or written in indelible ink and shall be signed by a person duly authorized to sign on behalf of the Bidder. □ 所有投标文件的正本和副本都必须打印或用不褪色的墨水书写，并经 由正式授权的签署人代表投标者签名。Unit 4 Preparation of Bids 投标文件的编制Translate the following into Chinese□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Letter of bid Bill of Quantities alternative bids Technical Proposal Bid Security the Biding Document the period of validity of bids the International Development Association □ Performance security □ evaluation of bidTranslate the following into English□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 开标 单价 现金流量 杂项开支 破产者 交易 线性规划 项目风险管理 预订目标 竞争性招标Unit 5 Submission and Opening of Bids 投标文件的提交和开标□ duly ad. 以适当方式，按时的 □ bear vt. 注明 □ If all envelopes are not sealed and marked as required, the Employer will assume no responsibility for the misplacement or premature opening of the bid. □ 如果投标文件密封袋没有按照规定密封和标记，招标人将不承担投标 文件错放和提前开封的责任。 □ The employer may extend the deadline for the submission of bids by amending the bidding document, in which case all rights and obligations of the employer and bidders previously subject to the deadline shall thereafter be subject to the deadline as extended. □ subject to 使服从，受制于；in which case 引导定语从句 □ 招标人也可以修改招标文件，延长提交招标文件的截止日期，在这种 情况下，投标双方在原投标截止日期前所承担的权利和义务都将适用 于延长后的新的投标截止日期。Unit 5 Submission and Opening of Bids 投标文件的提交和开标□ A Bidder may withdraw, substitute, or modify its bid after it has been submitted by sending a written notice. □ 投标人在提交投标文件后，可以书面形式撤回，替换或修改已提交的 投标文件。 □ The corresponding substitution or modification of the bid must accompany the respective written notice. □ 投标文件相应的替换和修改必须附有相应的书面通知。 □ No bid may be withdrawn, substituted, or modified in the interval between the deadline for submission of bids and the expiration of the period of bid validity. □ interval n. 时间间隔，间隔 □ 从投标文件提交的截止日期到投标有效期期满为止，在此期间，投标 文件不得撤回，替换或修改。Unit 5 Submission and Opening of Bids 投标文件的提交和开标□ The employer shall open the bids in public in the presence of bidders‘ designated representatives at the address, date and time specified in the bidding document. □ specified in the bidding document 为后置定语，修饰名词address, date and time □ 招标人应该按照招标文件规定的时间和地点在投标人指定代表出席的 情况下公开开标。 □ All other envelopes shall be opened one by one, reading out: th the presence of a bid security and any other details as the employer may consider。 □ as the employer may consider为定语从句，修饰名词details. □ 所以其他的信封应依次打开，并宣读投标人名称、投标报价、是否提 交投标保证金和招标人认为适宜的其他细节。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型□ At the very early stage, investments estimate is usually made before the facility is designed, and therefore must rely on the cost data of similar facilities built in the past □ 在项目的最早期，通常要在项目设计前完成投资估算，因此必须依据 过去建成的类似项目的费用数据来进行测算。 □ A preliminary estimate or conceptual estimate is based on the conceptual design of the facility at the state when the basic technologies for the design are known. □ 在设计的基本工艺已知的情况下，初步估算和概念估算要根据工程项 目概念设计进行测算。 □ The detailed estimate or definitive estimate is made when the scope of work is clearly defined and the detailed design in progress, so that the essential features of the facility are identifiable. □ 当工作范围已经确定，详细的设计在进行时，就可测算出工程项目详 细的估算或确切的估算，以便确定项目的基本特征。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型□ The engineer's estimate is based on the completed plans and specification when they are ready for the owner to solicit bids from construction contractors □ 工程师的估价（标底）要以完成的设计图纸和技术规范为基础，并且 业主也可以据此向建筑承包商征求投标。 □ The level of detail in decomposing the facility into tasks depends on the type of cost estimate to be prepared. □ 工程项目进行任务分解的详细程度取决于要编制的费用概算类型。 □ As the bridge type is selected, suppose that e.g. the technology is chosen to be a tied arch bridge instead of some new bridge form, a preliminary estimate is made on the basis of the layout of the selected bridge form on the basis of the preliminary or conceptual design. □ on the basis of 在…的基础上，本句为被动语态，主语为 a preliminary, 谓语为 is made。 □ 一旦桥梁类型确定后，假定选定了系杆拱桥而不是其他新型桥梁的技 术方案，应以选定桥型的设计图纸的初步设计或概念设计进行初步预 算。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型□ The contractor‘s bid estimates often reflect the desire of the contractor to secure the job as well as the estimating tools at its disposal. □ 投标人的投标报价通常反应了投标人想要获得项目的愿望以及供其使 用的评估工具。 □ if a general contractor intends to use subcontractors in the construction of a facility, it may solicit price quotations for various tasks to be subcontracted to specialty subcontractors. □ 如果一个总承包商拟使用施工建设中的分包商，他将要求专业分包商 对所分包的各个部分进行报价。 □ If all or part of the construction is to be undertaken by the general contractor, a bid estimate may be prepared on the basis of the quantity takeoffs from the plans provided by the owner or on the basis of the construction procedures devised by the contractor for implementing on the project. □ If 引导条件状语从句, 主语为a bid estimate, 谓语为 may be prepared □ 如果总承包商承担全部或部分建造工作，投标报价将根据业主提供的 设计图纸的数量估计量或根据执行合同的承包商设计的施工程序来确 定。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型□ For example, the cost of a footing of a certain type or size may be found in commercial publications on cost data which can be used to facilitate cost estimate from quantity takeoffs. □ 例如，一种特定类型或尺寸的基础工程，其成本可以从商 业出版的成本数据中找到，这种成本数据能帮助工程估计 量的成本估算。 □ However, the contractor may want to assess the actual cost of construction by considering the actual construction procedures to be used and the associated costs if the project is deemed to be different from typical designs. □ By 引导方式状语，if 引导条件状语从句。 □ 但是，如果项目被认为不同于典型的设计，承包商将通过 实际的施工程序和相关的费用来评估工程的实际成本。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型□ For the owner, a budget estimate must be adopted early enough for planning bong term financing of the facility. □ 业主必须尽早编制概算以便制定项目长期融资计划。 □ Consequently, the detailed estimate is often used at the budget estimate since it is sufficient definitive to reflect the project scope and is available long before the engineer‘s estimate. □ 主语为 the detailed estimate， 谓语为 is often used . □ Since ….long before…为原因状语从句 □ 由于详细预算足以明确反映整个施工范围，并且早在工程师预算前就 可以采用，因此详细概算常被用做概算。 □ A revised estimated cost is necessary either because of change orders initiated by the owner or due to unexpected cost overruns or savings. □ 由于业主引起的订单变更或是意外的成本超支或节约，修订成本预算 是必要的。Unit 6 Types of Cost Estimates 工程费用的估算类型Translate the following into Chinese 1. Screening estimates 2. Preliminary estimates 3. Detailed estimates 4. Subcontractor quotations 5. Quantity takeoffs 6. Budget estimate for financing Translate the following into English 1. 地基，基础 2. 参数，界限 3. 流动资金 4. 超支 5. 设计概算 6. 预算成本 7. 概念预算，概预算My family are very traditionalWarm up 热身练习 Comprehension /Article/985.shtml Complete the sentences with these words: traditional embarrassed rich interested serious worried1 A lot of people are ......................... in the new business. 2 Harry wants to have a more ....................... relationship with Bindyu. 3 Harry thinks Bindyu is .......................... by him. 4 Bindyu tells Olivia she is ........................ about taking Harry home. 5 Harry doesn‘t think he is ................... enough for Binyu‘s family. 6 Bindyu thinks her family is very ...................My family are very traditionalGrammar Match the sentence halves. 从A到F中选择可以填入1到6句 中，每句限用一次 A want him to meet your 1. I want to spend family. ................... B me to meet her parents. 2. I‘d like to take our relationship....................... C was looking for her! 3. She doesn‘t want .......................... D about you, actually. 4. Let her know I ........................ 5. He was talking E more time with Bindyu. ..................... 6. He thinks you don‘t F a bit more seriously. .....................My family are very traditional【Audio script】 Episode 43: My family are very traditional Olivia: Hey Harry! How‘s it going? Harry: Not bad thanks... Olivia: Are you a millionaire yet? Harry: Eh? What? Oh...Fadi‘s DFindLondon‖ business.... Actually it‘s going pretty well C we‘ve set up a website and now we‘re taking lots of enquiries, there‘s a lot of interest. But I‘m only an investor, you know C it‘s not my real job... Olivia: Sounds even better - if you can make money without working! Harry: Yeah! I guess that‘s the plan. That‘s Fadi‘s plan anyhow! But C as your friend Magda says C there‘s more to life than money...My family are very traditionalOlivia: Well, that‘s certainly true... Harry: I mean, I want to spend more time with Bindyu C that‘s what makes me really happy... Olivia: Why don‘t you just go out more together? Harry: Well, we see each other most days...but it‘s not that... Olivia: What is it then? Harry: I‘d like to take our relationship a bit more seriously... Olivia: But? Harry: But she doesn‘t want me to meet her parents... Olivia: Oh. I see. Why not? Harry: That‘s just it C I don‘t know really...I think she‘s embarrassed by me, or ashamed of me...or something... Olivia: No! That can‘t be true! Why do you think that?My family are very traditionalHarry: I don‘t know C perhaps I‘m not rich enough, or successful enough...you know, I‘m just an ordinary London guy...anyhow, I must be off now C if you see Bindyu let her know I was looking for her! Olivia: Will do! Bye! Bindyu: Hey there! Olivia: Hello! Oh…Harry was just in here looking for you... Bindyu: I knew it...I meant to catch him C but just missed him! Olivia: He was talking about you, actually... Bindyu: Oh yeah? All good things I hope... Olivia: Yes...but... Bindyu: But? You mean there‘s a Dbut‖?My family are very traditionalOlivia: Yeah....he thinks you‘re not taking the relationship as seriously as he wants.. Bindyu: Oh no...that‘s not true...why does he think that? Olivia: He thinks you don‘t want him to meet your family... Bindyu: Oh...I see......It‘s not that I don‘t want him to meet my parents, it‘s just that it‘s ... Olivia: What? Bindyu: It‘s just difficult, that‘s all... Olivia: Why? Bindyu: Well...you know...we‘re so different...from different backgrounds...and my family are very traditional.... Olivia: I see...still, perhaps you should try... Bindyu: Yeah C maybe you‘re right. I‘ll try...Unit 7 Approaches of Cost Estimation 成本估算的方法□ A cost estimate at a given stage of project development represents a prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on the basis of available data. □ 在项目开发过程中，某一特定阶段的成本估算就是造价工程师根据现 有的数据进行的预测。 □ According to the American Association of Cost Engineers, cost engineering is defined as that area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to the problem of cost estimation, cost control and profitability. □ 根据美国造价工程师协会定义，工程成本是指在工程实践区域，运用 工程判断和经验，以及科学原理和技术解决成本估算，成本控制和盈 利问题。 □ A production function relates the amount or volume of output to the various input of labor, material and equipment. □ relate sth to sth 把…和…联系起来 □ 产出函数与产出的总量和规模以及各种劳力、材料和设备的投入有关Unit 7 Approaches of Cost Estimation 成本估算的方法□ For example, the amount of output Q may be derived as a function of various input factors X1, X2… Xn by means of mathematical and /or statistical methods. □ 例如，输出量Q可以表示为由各种不同的投入参数X1, X2… Xn通过 数学或统计的方法得出的函数。 □ The relationship between the sizes of building project (expressed in square feet) and the input labor (expressed in labor hours per square foot) is an example of a production function for construction. □ 建设项目的大小（用平方英尺表示）和人力消耗（用劳动时间每平方 英尺表示）之间的关系是施工中产出函数的一个例子。 □ Empirical estimation of cost functions requires statistical techniques which relate the cost of constructing or operating a facility to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system. □ 成本函数的经验估算需要与项目成本或者经营设施系统几个重要特征 和属性有关的统计方法。Unit 7 Approaches of Cost Estimation 成本估算的方法□ Empirical estimation of cost functions requires statistical techniques which relate the cost of constructing or operating a facility to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system. □ 成本函数的经验估算需要统计方法，将建造成本或营运成本与系统的 某些重要特征和属性联系起来。 □ Once these tasks are defined and quantities representing these tasks are assessed, a unit cost is assigned to each and then the total cost is determined by summing the costs incurred in each task. □ 一旦这些工作及其工作量确定下来，每个工作将会被指定一个单价， 然后将每个工作发生的费用相加即可确定总费用。 □ Ideally, the allocation of joint costs should be causally related to the category of basic costs in an allocation process. □ 理想情况是在分配过程中，综合成本的分配应该与基本成本的分类有 因果联系。Unit 7 Approaches of Cost Estimation 成本估算的方法□ These basic costs may then be allocated proportionally to various tasks which are subdivisions of a project. □ 这些基本成本将会被按比例的分配到工程子项目的不同任务中。 □ Construction cost only constitutes a fraction, though a substantial fraction, of the total project cost. □ 尽管是很大一部分，建筑成本只是构成工程成本的一部分。 □ under the control of 在…控制下，受…的管辖 □ The required levels of accuracy and quantities representing cost estimates vary at different stages of project development, ranging from ball park figures in the early stage to fairly reliable figures for budget control before construction. □ 在项目发展的不同阶段, 成本估算要求的精确程度和数量也各不相同 ，从早期的大概数字到施工前预算控制的数字已是相当准确的。How to Stay Awake 如何让自己保持清醒Words and Expressions □ night shift 夜班□ Mad adj. 发疯，发狂 □ Alertness n.警觉度，机警 □ Upright adj. 垂直的，直 立的，竖的 □ Swap vt.交换，与…交换 □ Stimulated vt. 刺激，兴奋 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Easy listening 轻松的音乐 Thrash metal 敲击摇滚乐 Stick to 坚持；忠于 breathing rate 呼吸率 Carbon Dioxide 二氧化碳 Blood stream 血流 Adrenaline 肾上腺素/film/how-to-stay-awakeHow to Stay Awake 如何让自己保持清醒Step 1: Get some sleep 小睡一会儿 □ The first rule of staying awake is: Get some sleep. Don?t worry. We haven‘t gone mad, we‘ve been listening to The Sleep Council. Their research suggests that if you know that you may not get enough sleep, then trying to get extra sleep the day before can improve your alertness, or you could just set your alarm and have a quick 15 minutes‘ nap.How to Stay Awake 如何让自己保持清醒Step 2: Make yourself uncomfortable 让自己不那么舒服 □ The first set of things to think about is your environment. Heat makes people tired, so do anything to make the room as cold as possible. Turn the temperature down. Make sure your chair is as hard and uncomfortable as possible. Adjust the back of your seat, so that it's firm and upright. You might want to swap chairs altogether. Listen to loud music. Anything fast-paced will help keep your brain stimulated, so avoid jazz, classical and easy-listening. Video Jug recommends thrash metal, but you might not feel like that's appropriate for your purposes!How to Stay Awake 如何让自己保持清醒Step 3: Food and drink 工作前不要吃得太饱，不喝热的饮料 □ A full stomach will send you to sleep. Avoid eating a large meal before you start. Don't drink warm, comforting drinks C especially not if they contain milk. If you are hungry, stick to light, sugary snacks like chocolate, sweets and crisps. Stick to cold drinks and things that are high in sugar.How to Stay Awake 如何让自己保持清醒Step 4: Refreshing tips 恢复活力的小意见 □ Good, now you're all ready to start work. There are loads of things you can do to keep yourself going. Wash your face and brush your teeth once an hour. The cool water on your face and minty freshness in your mouth should keep you feeling stimulated and awake. Your body will start switching off if your heart and breathing rate drop too low for too long, so try and take a walk in the fresh air every couple of hours. Increased Carbon Dioxide in the blood stream is known to alert the brain, causing a rush of adrenaline and making you feel more awake. A simple way to achieve this is to breathe in and out of a small paper bag as quickly as possible. Do that for a few minutes. It should make you feel nice and awake for a couple of hours after.Unit 8 The Cost Control Problem 成本控制问题□ These tools serve the dual purpose of recording the financial transactions that occur as well as giving managers an indication of the progress and problems associated with a project. □ 这些工具有双重目的：用于记录发生的财务交易以及为项目经理提供 有关项目进展和问题的指示。 □ The problem of project control are aptly summed up in an old definition of a project as Dany collection of vaguely related activities that are 90 percent complete, over budget and late‖. □ 项目控制的问题可以用项目的一个旧定义恰如其分的总结为“一个已 经完成90%，但预算超支且进度拖延的各种不明确的工作集合”。 □ Interpretation of project accounts is generally not straightforward until a project is completed, and then it is too late to influence project management. □ not…until 指“直到…才” □ 项目会计报告一般只有到项目完成才会有明确的解释，然而这对项目 管理的影响太迟了。Unit 8 The Cost Control Problem 成本控制问题□ In the process of considering management problems, however, we shall discuss some of the common accounting systems and conventions, although our purpose is not to provide a comprehensive survey of accounting procedures. □ 尽管我们的目的不是为了会计程序提供全面的调查，然而 在考虑管理问题的过程中，我们应该讨论一下常用的会计 系统和惯例。 □ This characteristic reflects the advanced stage at which project control becomes important. □ 这一特征在项目控制的主要阶段得以反映，因此很重要。 □ The time at which major cost savings can be achieved is during planning and design for the project. □ 项目的规划和设计是节约成本的主要阶段。Unit 8 The Cost Control Problem 成本控制问题□ It is only when a rescue operation is required that major changes will normally occur in the construction plan. □ 只有需要补救方案的时候才会在施工计划中出现重大变更。 □ Project management activities and functional concerns are intimately linked, yet the techniques used in many instances do not facilitate comprehensive or integrated consideration of project activities. □ 虽然在很多情况下使用的技术并不能帮助我们对项目活动有综合且完 整的认识，但项目管理活动和功能上的考虑是密不可分的，。 □ Communication or integration of various types of information can serve a number of useful purposes, although it does require special attention in the establishment of project control procedures. □ 尽管在项目控制程序的建立中需要特别的关注，但沟通和各类不同信 息的整合能够用于许多有用的目标。Unit 8 The Cost Control Problem 成本控制问题□ To the extent that cost is within the detailed cost estimate, then the project is thought to be under financial control. □ To the extent that 达到这种程度以至…；在这样的范围内…；就…来 说。 be thought to be 被认为… □ 如果实际成本是在详细成本估算内，那么项目则被认为是在有效的财 务控制内。 □ Overruns in particular cost categories signal the possibility of problems and give an indication of exactly what problems are being encountered. □ 个别类别的成本超支标志着问题有可能产生，并指明到底是什么问题 。 □ This focus is particular relevant for projects with few activities and considerable repetition such as grading and paving roadways. □ 对于工序很少并且重复性相当多的项目，如路面的坡度和铺设，这种 关注尤其相关。 □ during the course of 在…期间， 在…过程中TED演讲《美妙生活的三个秘诀》/English/wlgkk/178793/How to Make Egg Fried Rice 如何制作蛋炒饭Listening to the video, and translating the following word into English. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 两瓣蒜 大米 提前解冻 捣碎 搅拌 食谱 冷冻过 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Two cloves of garlic Grain Thawed Minced Stir Recipe chilled/film/how-to-make-egg-fried-riceJapan Tsunami: how it happened 日本海啸是如何发生的/Article/973.shtmlUnit 9 The Design and Construction Process 设计和施工过程□ …construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required to make the design of a physical reality. □ 施工计划是确定所需要的工作和资源并使设计方案变成物质实体的过 程。 □ In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must be performed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks. □ 在设计和施工中,许多的实施工作必须按照各种各样的优先顺序以及 不同工作中的相互关系执行。 □ Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be keep in mind even at the very stage of project life cycle. □ 即使是在项目生命周期的早期阶段,我们也必须牢记建造设施的规划 中特有的一些特征。Unit 9 The Design and Construction Process 设计和施工过程□ In an integrated system, the planning for both design and construction can proceed almost simultaneously, examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thus eliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. □ 在一个整体系统中，设计和施工规划几乎是同时进行的，从各种备选 方案中找出同时满足施工和设计要求的方案，从而消除以价值工程为 幌子而进行广泛修订的必要性。 □ Furthermore, the review of designs with regard to their constructability can be carried out as the project progresses from planning to design. □ 此外，对设计可施工性能的审查可以在项目从规划到设计的进程中实 施。Unit 9 The Design and Construction Process 设计和施工过程□ For example, if the sequence of assembly of a structure and the critical loadings on the partially assembled structure during construction are carefully considered as a part of the overall structural design, the impacts of the design on construction falsework and on assembly details can be anticipated. □ 例如，如果结构的装配顺序和已经部分组装的结构的临界荷载在施工 过程中被当做总结构设计的一部分仔细考虑，那么就能预测出设计对 施工脚手架和安装节点的影响。 □ As long as the owner does not assume the responsibility for resolving this risk-reward dilemma, the concept of a truly integrated system for design and construction cannot be realized. □ 只要业主不承担解决这种风险与回报的难题的责任，一个真正的把设 计与施工集成和一体的观点就不可能实现。Unit 9 The Design and Construction Process 设计和施工过程□ This is a striking difference from U.S. construction practice where changed conditions clauses and claims and the adequacy of prebid site investigations are points of contention. □ 这与美国的施工惯例有显著的不同，在美国，更改的条款条件和索赔 以及投标前的场地勘察是否足够都是争议的焦点。 □ According to the Technical Director of Rodio, the Milan-based contractor which is heavily involved in the grouting job for tunneling in the Model Metro project in Milan, Italy, there are two typical contractual arrangements for specialized subcontractor firms such as theirs. □ Rodio公司是米兰当地的承包商，在意大利米兰地铁模型项目中承包 了大量隧道挖掘灌浆工程，根据该公司的技术总监介绍，对他们这种 专业的分包企业而言，有两种典型的合同方式。 □ At the beginning of the Milan metro project, the Rodio contract ratio was 50/50 unit price and turkey. □ 在米兰地铁项目的开始阶段，Rodio公司的合同比例是50%的单价合 同和50%的交钥匙合同。Unit 10 Total Quality Control 全面质量控制□ Quality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. □ 施工中的质量控制通常包括确保工程施工符合材料与工艺的最低标准 ，以保证建筑设施达到设计要求的功能。 □ Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specification. □ 一个批次的拒绝是因为他们不符合或者违背了相关的设计要求。 □ An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices in the notion of an acceptable quality level which is an allowable fraction of defective items. □ 在这些传统的质量控制实践中有个隐含的假设，即可接受的质量水平 的概念，也就是指有缺陷项目（次品）所允许的比例。Unit 10 Total Quality Control 全面质量控制□ Material obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organisation is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. □ 当估计的缺陷比例在能接受的质量水平以内，由供货商提供的材料和 一个组织的完成的工作将会被检查通过并接受。 □ ISO 9000 emphasizes good documentation, quality goals and a series of cycles of planning, implementation and review. □ ISO 9000 强调文件质量，质量目标和一系列由规划、实施和评审组 成的循环程序。 □ Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. □ 全面质量管理是体现在组织各部分对于质量的一个保证，它通常包含 很多要素。 □ Supplier with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently. □ 随后有良好记录的供应商可以得到认证并可免去全面检查。Unit 10 Total Quality Control 全面质量控制□ The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there is Doptimum‖ proportion of detective items. □ 传统的微观经济认为质量控制就是有缺陷品的最佳比例。 □ The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce， the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. □ 每个设施独特的本质，劳动力的变化性，分包商的多样性以及进行必 要教育和程序投资的开销都使得施工中的全面质量控制计划更为困难 。 □ Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations. □ 然而，一个致力于改善质量甚至没有支持零缺陷的目标也会使组织真 正获利。Unit 11 Organization and Planning 组织与规划□ The tender is an offer from the contractor to carry out the work for a stated sum of money. □ 投标表明指承包商提出将以所声称的报价来实施该项工作 □ The arrangement of the resources will establish the overall plan for the project in constructing terms. □ 各项资源的配置即可形成工程项目在建设时期的总体计划 。 □ The contractor‘s estimation of the project duration may be the competitive edge that it has over other contractors tendering for the same project, even though its bid price is higher. □ 当承包商与其他承包商竞标同一个项目时，尽管他的投标 报价较高，但该承包商对项目工期的估算可能会成为他的 竞争优势。Unit 11 Organization and Planning 组织与规划□ Only by knowing how the materials and parts of building are put together can the contractor effectively sequence the various activities involved in constructing. □ 只有了解了建筑材料和各部分是如何组合在一起，承包商 才能有效的安排各种施工工序的先后顺序。 □ The material and plant procurer is experienced in obtaining supplies and therefore brings a valuable insight into availability. □ 材料和设备采购员在获得物质供应方面是经验丰富的，因 此为供应能力提供有价值的洞察力。【TED演讲】先别急着吃棉花糖/v_show/id_XMzU2NTMwNzcy.html【TED演讲】幸福的价钱/programs/view/iGiIo_d1tWo/Unit 12 Construction Planning 施工计划□ Each activity should be identified by a symbol or an appropriate description or both, and then listed in column form, with the duration of the activity, together with the activities which immediately proceed and follow it, given (This procedure is illustrated in Table 12-1). □ 每道工序都应当用一个符号或一个合适的描述来标记，或者两 者兼顾；然后在柱列表中列出作业时间及其紧前、紧后工作。 □ If the project illustrated in Figure12-1 is modified by eliminating activity C, with the condition that activity E can‘t be started until activities A and B are completed, a method must be used to indicate this requirement in the network. □ 如果将图表12－1所示工程去掉工序C,并且附有前提条件，工 序E只有在工序A、B完成后才能开始，那么网络图中必须使用 某种方法来体现这种需要。Unit 12 Construction Planning 施工计划□ An arrow is drawn to represent each activity included in the network for a project, joining two events. □ 箭线的绘制用来表示某项工程网络图中的一道工序，它将两个 节点连在一起。 □ It is common practice to start with the first arrow or arrows at the left end of the network and to proceed to the right. □ 最常见的做法是从网络图的第一个箭头或者左端的一组箭头开 始，向右执行。 □ This is the amount of time that the finish of an activity can be delayed without delaying the earliest starting time for a following activity. □ 在不影响其紧后工作最早开始时间的前提下，完成该工作可以 延迟的时间。Unit 12 Construction Planning 施工计划□ The critical path is the series of interconnected activities through the network for which each activity has zero float time. □ 关键路径指网络图中一系列相互联系的工作且所有工作间 隔时间为0的路线。【TED演讲】杨澜：我们年轻的一代/programs/view/jW4GpNq-Aa8/Unit 13 Types of Contracts 合同类型□ In recent years the role of many general contractors has evolved from that of master builders, who actually built an entire project by directly hiring the labor and purchasing and installing the materials, to that of manager and coordinator of all the different types of construction work that must go into a project. □ 近年来，许多总承包商的角色已经发生了改变，过去他们做为主要建 筑商，通过直接雇佣劳动力和采购并安装材料完成整个项目；如今， 他们逐步发展成为项目所包含的各类施工工作的管理者与协调者。 □ The general contractor must have an adequate amount of money due and payable at the proper time to enable him to finance the work of each of his subcontractors as well as the work which he will perform directly. □ 总承包商必须有足够的到期应付款，以便他能为每位分包商从事的工 程和自己直接承包的工程适时提供资金。Unit 13 Types of Contracts 合同类型□ In addition, provisions are necessary to establish fair and precise procedures for handling the changes in the work to be performed. □ 此外，还需要设置一些规定（条款）用以确定公平、准确 的程序，用以处理拟实施工程中的变更. □ Other provisions may include a definition of the rights of the parties on a default or termination of the contract. □ 其他规定还应包括在出现违约或终止合同情况下，对双方 的享有权利的规定。Unit 13 Types of Contracts 合同类型□ The owner normally pays lump-sum prices which are guarded to varying degrees doesn't exceed maximum anticipated costs, whether or not the maximum costs are actually incurred. □ 业主支付的一次性价格，应在不同程度上保证不超过最大预期 成本，而不考虑是否最大成本实际上会发生。 □ However, this doesn‘t preclude the contractor from sustaining a claim for equitable adjustment in the event that his costs are increased by changes in the contract requirements, or by other acts of owner and his agents. □ 然而，由于合同要求变化或业主及其代理人的其他行为而导致 的成本增加时，这并不排除承包商享有对合同价格维持公平调 整的要求。 □ in the event that 在……情况下Unit 13 Types of Contracts 合同类型□ The cost-plus-a-fee contract is also useful to owner who doesn't know at the time of contracting whether or not a construction project will be completed in full or who wishes to begin on the construction before the plans and specifications are finally completed. □ 如果业主在签订合同时无法确定施工项目是否能够全部完成， 或者在设计与说明尚未最终完成前开始施工，采用成本加酬金 合同方式对其来说是十分有利的。 □ a maximum guaranteed cost 最高保证成本 □ Using this combination the contractor is paid on completion of the contract a certain percentage of the amount by which the actual cost of performance falls below the guaranteed maximum cost. □ 采用这种组合方式，承包商在合同完成时将获得一定比例的金 额，即实际施工费用与最高保证成本的差额。 □ falls below 降到…水平以下Unit 13 Types of Contracts 合同类型□ The reason (why) such care is necessary becomes apparent upon the examination of cases where the contract covered the matter in general term only, such as Dthe contractor shall be paid the cost of the building plus 10 percent‖.□ 为什么要如此谨慎的原因是显而易见的，因为经审查某些 合同仅用笼统的措辞规定，例如“应支付给承包商建筑成 本另加10%‖。伟大领袖如何激励行动/v_show/id_XMjU2NTM1MTU2.html【TED演讲】史上最卖座演讲/v_show/id_XMzY5OTQ4MDk2.htmlHow to improve personality 如何提升人格魅力Listening to the video and find out what tips and ideas that can improve your personality./film/how-to-improve-personalityHow to study abroad 如何出国留学Words and Expressions□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ decent adj.体面的，合适的 chill 寒冷 Equator n.赤道 adventurous adj.冒险的，大胆的 financial aid n.经济资助，贷款 assimilate into vt.被同化，吸收，消化 immunizations n.免疫 smuggle vt.走私，偷运/videos/151530-How-To-Study-Abroad
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