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3秒自动关闭窗口(Parasuramanetal.,1985).Inthispaper,weextendthisconcepttoCTE,sothatthetrustworthinessofcloudservicescanbeevaluatedfromtheserviceperspectiveratherthanfromthesoftwareproductperspective.Thisapproachisfeasibleascloudserviceshavetheintrinsiccharacteristicsofservices.Theproposedgapevaluationmodelisbasedonthefuzzysettheorysothatitcandealwithvagueness,whichisinherentinhumanevaluation.ItprovidesanovelperspectiveontheprocessofCTE,anditoffersserviceproviderstargetedsuggestionsonhowtoimprovetheirservicedelivery.
Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.InSection2,thecloudservicetrustworthinessconceptandrationalearediscussed.InSection3,thegapevaluationisdescribed,followedbythepresentationofanER-basedCTEmethodincombinationwithfuzzysets.InSection4,wegivetheproblemdefinition,andinSection5,wepresentanewhybridprocessofCTEwithacombinationofthefuzzygapevaluationandERmodels.TwocasestudiesarepresentedinSection6.ThepaperisconcludedinSection7.
2.Backgroundandmainissuesincloudcomputing
Currentresearchonsoftwareandinformationsystemevaluationconcentratesmostlyonthefunctionalityfeaturesofspecificsystemunits.Nevertheless,throughvirtualization,cloudcomputingprovidesresourceservicesratherthansoftwareproducts.Itisservicecapacitythatuserspurchase,andinviewofthis,theirrealconcernisoncloudcomputingservicesystems,ratherthanhardwareresources(Lei,2010).Ontheotherhand,becausephysicalresourcesincloudcomputingarevirtualizedandnotattachedtospecificsystemunits,servicetrustworthinessevaluationcriteriaandinfluencingfactorsinacloudcomputingenvironmentaremuchmorecomplexthanthoseinatraditionalenvironment.Thisisbecausetrustworthinessintheformerisdistinctforeachvirtualenvironmentandseparatefromahostingplatform(Frank,2010).
Intheexistingliteratureontrusttheory,trustisregardedasameasureofuncertaintywithitsvaluerepresentedbyentropy(Yanetal.,2006).Trustanddistrustmattermorewhenconsumersconsidermakingadecisioninanuncertainenvironmentinvolvingriskandvulnerability(Carol,2010).Fromthesetrusttheories,cloudservicetrustworthinesscanberepresentedasafunctionofcloudsystemuncertainty,anditisusedasevidencetodecidewhethertouseaserviceornot.Obviously,thelargertheuncertaintyofacloudservicesystemis,thelowerthetrustworthinessis.
Uncertaintiesinacloudservicesystemareincurredbecauseofdifferentreasons.Forexample,bugs,faults,breakdowns,ormisbehaviour(rangingfromtheunderlyingsysteminfrastructuretotheserviceinterfacelevel)canhavevaryingdegreesofimpactonsystemperformanceandsecurity.Acloudsystemisgenerallyalargecomplexcomputingsystembuiltonagiantnetworkconnectingavastnumberofnodesandalarge-scaleddatacentre,onwhichhugeamountsofserviceinstancesandapplicationsarerunningallthetime.Suchagiantsystemismorepronetoerrorsthantraditionalsystems.Takingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofcloudservicesandvariousuncertainties,cloudservicetrustworthinesscanbedefinedasfollows:
(C)2013WileyPublishingLtdthemeasurementofcloudsystemcapacitythatunderanyuncertainty(includingavarietyofabnormalconditionssuchashardwareandsoftwarefaults,failures,networkattacks,humanfactors,andsoon)thecloudservicesystemcanstillprovideasecuredvirtualenvironmentandquality-guaranteedkeyservicestousers,andatthesametimeensurethedata,services,andtransactionssecurity,nomattertheinferencesduetointernalorexternal,subjectiveorobjective,systematicornon-systematicfactors.
Theprecedingdefinitioncanbefurtherextendedtoadetailedone.
Therearethreemainaspectsofkeyrequirementsforcloudservicetrustworthinessthatshouldbeconsidered:(1)Keyrequirementsforsystemoperationalperformance:
attributesinthiscategoryareusuallyquantitativeandcanbeacquiredfromsystemrecordsorsimulationexperiments.
(2)Keyrequirementsforqualityofservice:inthecontext
ofWebservices,itisrequiredthataprecisedescriptionofthenon-functionalpropertiesoftheservicesbeprovided.Someoftheserviceproperties,suchasthroughput,scalability,andlatency,arecommonlyreferredtoasquality-of-serviceparameters(Ahmad,2011).Therearebothqualitativeandquantitativeattributesinthiscategory,whichshouldbeformalizedintheunifiedframework.
(3)Keysecurityandprivacyrequirementsforcloud
services:theconcernsinthiscategoryarecloudspecificorneedtobeconsideredinthecontextofacloudservice.Acloudcomputingenvironmentismoreuncertainanddynamicthanatraditionalcomputingenvironment,soinviewofthis,securityandprivacyareimportantrequirementsforcloudservices.Table1givesindetailtherequirementsforcloudservicetrustworthinessforthesethreecategories.
Cloudservicetrustworthinessincludesmultipleindicatorsreflectingthevarioustrustworthycharacteristicsofcloudservices.Fromtheprecedinganalysisofthecloudservicetrustworthinessrequirements,athree-layerindicatorfra-meworkisdesigned,whichconsistsoflow-levelindicators,middle-levelindicators,andupper-levelindicators,asshowninFigure1.
Usersalwaysrequireconvenientandtrustworthyservices,buttheirrequirementsmaybeconflictingandhardtoachievesimultaneously.Inviewofthis,thereshouldbetrade-offsamongtheseindicators.Also,theassessmentcanberathersubjectiveastrustworthinessrequirementscomefromserviceusersandstakeholders.Theevaluationprocessshouldinvolveallpartiesrelatedtocloudservicedevelopment,includingskilledusers,applicationdevelopers,cloudexperts,andsoon.
Inthispaper,anewtwo-stageCTEmodelisdevelopedonthebasisoftheaforementionedsetofattributes,inwhichcloudstakeholdersneedtoassessallattributesofacloudservicefromdifferentperspectives.ThenewmodelincludesafuzzygapevaluationandanERmodel,whicharedescribedinthefollowingsection.
ExpertSystems,May2014,Vol.31,No.2
Table1:Requirementsforcloudservicetrustworthiness
Requirement
Definition
Keyoperationalperformancerequirements1AdaptabilityAbilitytoreacttimelyandefficientlyonchangesandeventsintheinfrastructuresandapplications2ResilienceAbilityofacloudservicesystemtomaintainitsfeatures(e.g.serviceability)despiteofsubsystemand
componentfailures
3ScalabilityorAbilitytoenablethevirtualizedinfrastructurestoscaleresourcesupordownonthebasisofdemand
flexibility4AvailabilityPercentoftimeacloudserviceprovidercanprovideitsintendedfunctions5ReliabilityTheextenttowhichaservicefunctionsaccordingtousers’demands(Abbadi,2011)Keyquality-of-servicerequirements6UsabilityNon-functionalpropertiesthroughwhichuserscanacquireapplicableandusefulservicesfromacloud
serviceprovider
7ConsistencyAbilitytoadapttousers’habits.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenusersfirstmigratetheirapplicationsto
acloudorfromonecloudtoanother
8ContinuityAbilitytokeepuser’sapplicationsrunningcontinuouslyaccordingtotheirrequirements,forexample,
uninterruptedbyanyfaults,systemfailures,orattacks
9QuickresponseAbilityofsimultaneousresponsetousers’servicerequestsKeysecurityandprivacyrequirements10OpennessandTherequirementofuserstogetopenaccessandthevisualitytotheirowndata
transparency11ControllabilityUsershavefullcontroloftheirdataandapplications12AccessandaccuracyUserscangetaccesstotheirpersonalinformationandcheckitsaccuracy13SecuritysafeguardsAsetofmechanismstoprotectthesystemfromviruses,attacks,faults,andsoon14LimitinguseThedataofuserscanonlybeusedordisclosedforthepurposeforwhichtheyarecollectedandshould
onlybedivulgedtothosepartiesauthorizedtoreceivethem
15AccountabilityThereshouldbeauditfunctionstomonitorallaccessesandmodificationsofdata(Pearson,2009)
Figure1:Criteriaandindicatorframeworkforcloudservicetrustworthinessevaluation.QoS,qualityofservice.
3.Thefuzzygapevaluationandevidentialreasoningmodel
Thegapevaluationmethodisusedtoevaluateservicequalityandithasbeenappliedinmanyservicedomains.TheERapproachcanhelptohandlehybridqualitativeandquantitativeevaluationinaconsistentmanner(YangandSingh,1994;YangandSen,1996;YangandSen,1997;Yang,2001).Inthissection,thebasicconceptsofthegapevaluationmodelandtheERapproacharediscussed.
3.1.Fuzzygapevaluationmodelandapplications
ThegapevaluationmodelwasfirstproposedbyParasuramanetal.(1985),basedontheSERVQUALinstrumentforservicequalityevaluation.Theydefinedservicequalityasthegapbetweenexpectationandperception,bothprovidedbytheserviceusers.ThisgapisreferredtoastheP–Egap.Gapscoresforeachattributeareobtainedbysubtractingtheaggregateexpectationscoresfromtheaggregateperception
scores.Apositivescorerepresentsgoodquality,andanegativeoneindicatesunsatisfyingquality.Aneutralscoremeansthattheservicequalityisacceptable(Akbaba,2006).However,anumberofstudiesindicatedthatperformancescoresexhibitbetterreliabilityandvaliditythandifferencescores(BabakusandBoller,1992;CroninandTaylor,1992;LandrumandPrybutok,2004),andtheyalsohavetheadvantageofrequiringlesstimebytherespondentstocomplete.Parasuramanetal.(1994)foundthatperformancescoreswereoperationallysuperiortodifferencescores.However,itwasalsoargued(LandrumandPrybutok,2004)thatifmanagerswantricherdatathantheperformancescoresaswellasabilitytoplacescoresinperspective,theimportanceratingsofindividualitemsmayofferanalternativetoexpectationratings.
Inadditiontothebasicgapevaluationmodel,fuzzynumbersareintroducedtocapturelinguisticuncertaintyinasubjectiveevaluationprocess.Fuzzysettheory(Zadeh,1965)canbeusedtoexpresslinguistictermsinadecision-makingprocessbycapturingthevaguenessofhumanjudgment
ExpertSystems,May2014,Vol.31,No.2(C)2013WileyPublishingLtd
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我想问下万达影城牌子旁边那个I MAX是什么意思啊？收藏
苹果怎么设置铃声？
I-MAX（即Image Maximum的缩写）是一种能够放映比传统胶片更大和更高解像度的电影放映系统。
真相帝，给拜了！
好像全广西只有万达有I MAX？
也就是清晰一点...
是苹果iMAX
广西木有IMAX影院吧?
想看IMAX,去东莞,世界上最大的IMAX屏幕在东莞.
一看万达屏幕尺寸就知道不是IMAX
imax 屏幕大很多，效果大有改善，大城市都有，南宁建设中。一般价格是普通的两倍。
成都的洛杉矶140哦
我去旅游时看到变3的I
MAX300一张票
徐州正多兴板栗去皮机去皮率高无破损国内畅销品牌
...我擦,不如不看,反正差不多.
东莞是亚洲最大啊谁说是世界的。其实大部分叫IMAX但是跟本达不到IMAX的大小标准。真正的IMAX中国就有几家而已
广西没有IMAX，一大堆写着IMAX的达不到IMAX的屏幕标准
不值得••••••••
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