2001年MJ30周年演唱会2（中文字幕）_土豆_高清视频在线观看逝去的爱 日文版 欧阳菲菲_土豆_高清视频在线观看Between 1984 and 1995 the government investigated numerous concepts for the development of a replacement to the shuttle. Each of these concepts focused on the vehicle only and did not address the entire flight and ground systems. Major emphasis was placed on the reduction of flight element production costs and retained the support the design approach, starting with the rocket engines, then the vehicle, and then the ground facilities and support equipment required. It was recognized that operations experience was needed to evolve to a more operable approach for the future.
However, due to priorities at the launch operations center, personnel with hands-on experience were not actively involved in these advanced study efforts. In many cases the concept was targete however, there was no definitive plan to bridge the gap from shuttle until the new program was certified as operational. Additionally, the lack of definition of a mission model in many cases led to the premature termination of each effort.
Shuttle-C was envisioned to fill the gap between shuttle and ALS5. Using an unmanned cargo carrier in place of the orbiter, Shuttle-C was compatible with existing shuttle infrastructure and offered a heavy-lift capability (up to 150K lbs. to low earth orbit) within a four year window. In the spring of 1989 a Shuttle-C Users Conference was sponsored at Huntsville, Alabama to enlighten the user community of system capabilities and determine a preliminary mission model. The then Space Station Freedom was targeted at that time as a potential user in the space station assembly sequence and the logistics resupply missions.
Shuttle-C, a partially reusable cargo vehicle, would capitalize on the existing Space Transportation System infrastructure at KSC and elsewhere to keep costs down. With its heavy lift capability -- anywhere from 100,000 to 170,000 pounds (45,360 to 77,112 kilograms) -- Shuttle-C could reduce by 50 percent the number of launches and length of assembly time for space station elements. It also could be used to carry into orbit scientific spacecraft. Among the candidate missions under study were two of the Great Observatories, AXAF and SIRTF. A cargo Shuttle could serve as a test bed for new Shuttle elements like the ASRM.
Several Shuttle-derived vehicle (SDV) designs have been envisioned for near-term NASA and DOD heavy lift launch vehicle (HLLV) missions into the 21st century. Studies performed at the Marshall Center have included SRB-X, side mount and in-line boostered configurations, each an evolutive concept incorporating STS features to deliver 144,000-195,000 lb payloads into LEO or 10,000 lb into GEO. A three-stage multitank design sporting a cluster of eight 1.757 Mlb thrust engines on the first stage is emerging as a favored HLLV. The second stage would be lofted by four 481,000 lb thrust SSME derivative engines and the third stage would have two of the derivatives. All stages would be drogue-parachuted to water touchdown for reuse.
The technology requiring the greatest advances to realize the design is a reusable, long-life liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon fueled booster. The 5-6 yr development span would require associated selections of launch sites and the construction of launch facilities which would not interfere with STS operations.
In October 1987, NASA selected three contractors to perform the first of a two-phase systems definition study for Shuttle-C. The efforts focused on vehicle configuration details, including the cargo element's length and diameter, the number of liquid-fueled main engines, and an operations concept evaluation that included ground and flight support systems. A major purpose of the study was to determine whether Shuttle-C would be cost effective in supporting the space station. Using Shuttle-C could free the Space Shuttle for STS-unique missions, such as solar system exploration, astronomy, life sciences, space station crew rotation, and logistics and materials processing experiments. Shuttle-C also would be used to launch planetary missions and serve as a test bed for new Shuttle boosters.
The results of the Shuttle-C efforts were to be coordinated with other ongoing advanced launch systems studies to enable a joint steering group, composed of DOD and NASA senior managers. The purpose of the steering group was to formulate a national heavy-lift vehicle strategy that best accommodated both near-term requirements and longer term objectives
for reducing space transportation operational costs.
Due to sharing the development costs, the space station community was not ready to commit to using the Shuttle-C. The message from other potential users was "build it and we will come"; however, no one was willing to step up and commit to Shuttle-C. With no clear definition of annual utilization the program was ultimately terminated.
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21-07-:55 ZULU驸马_百度百科
本词条缺少名片图，补充相关内容使词条更完整，还能快速升级，赶紧来吧！
中国古代帝王女婿的称谓。又称帝婿、主婿、国婿等 。因得名。汉武帝时始置驸（副）马，驸，即副。驸马都尉，掌副车之马。到三国时期，魏国的，以帝婿的身份授官驸马都尉，以后又有晋代娶晋宣帝之女公主，娶（文帝）之女，都授驸马都尉。魏晋以后，帝婿照例都加驸马都尉称号，简称驸马，非实官。以后驸马即用以称帝婿。清代称。
“驸马”一词的原始义是：古代几匹马共同驾一辆车，辕马之外的马都称之为“附”。《说文·马部》中有：“附，副马也。”注：“副者贰也……非正驾车皆为副马。”原来，先秦及两汉时皇帝出行多乘车，从安全角度考虑，为使行踪不让世人知晓，除将自己乘的车称为正车外，还设有许多和正车形式完全一样的副车，同时还特地设一个替身，掩人耳目，借以表明皇帝在“副车”上。时，张良会同大力士在（今）阻击秦始皇，就因其只击中副车，秦始皇才幸免于难。“驸马”一词成为“驸马都尉”官名的简称，始见于汉武帝时（见《·百官公卿表上》）。
当时，近侍中掌管正车的官称为“奉车都尉”，掌管副车的官称为“驸马都尉”。驸马都尉在两汉时多是由皇亲国戚勋臣的子孙担任。到三国魏时，何晏娶金乡公主为妻后担任驸马都尉；晋代王济做文帝的女婿后也拜为驸马都尉，于是后世才以魏、晋这种用法为常规，凡与公主结婚的，都为拜驸马都尉。不仅汉族如此，就是辽、金等国的帝婿也称为“驸马都尉”。
《·》记述：“驸马都尉府掌公主帐宅之事。”不过，明清以前，驸马的官阶并不高，金时驸马都尉仅为正四品。到了清朝，驸马称为“额驸”，地位才显赫起来。清咸丰年间，咸丰帝指派驸马为自己死后“赞襄政务”的顾命八大臣之一。
关于驸马的由来，民间流传着这样一段传说：
相传，时期，祖在与楚霸王转战疆场的岁月里，专门坐在一辆由两人驾驶的马车里，冲锋陷阵，指挥战斗。马车上共有三个座位，前面设两个座位，为车夫所坐，后面为刘邦所坐，驾驶马车的车夫分为“正马”与“副马”，一正一副，轮流驾驶马车。
有一日，刘邦与项羽在丰县与搭界处鏖战，激战三天三夜，最后，刘邦大败，落荒而逃。项羽乘胜追击，穷追不放。此时，刘邦左右只剩下了一个车夫和十几名将士，眼看项羽的兵马就要追赶上，这时，正马不幸被乱箭射中，当场阵亡，副马随即顶替了正马的位子，驾驶马车继续向前奔跑，在这危急关头，副马顿生一计，他把自己的红袍脱下，与刘邦的黄袍对换了一下，马车行至一条拐弯处时，刘邦从马车上跳了下来，副马继续挥舞马鞭，向前方奔去。
项羽的将士，一直把穿黄袍的当作刘邦，拼命追赶，当赶上马车时，车上已空无一人，只留下了一件黄袍。副马在另一处拐弯的地方也跳车逃跑了。
后来，刘邦做了皇帝，为了报答副马的救命之恩，到处张贴皇榜寻找副马。副马找到后，官封都尉，刘邦将小女许配于他，人称“副马都尉”，因“副马”不雅，人们便唤成“”。后来，人们把“都尉”二字也去掉了，简称“驸马”，自此，驸马便成了历代皇婿的代称了。
驸马驸马都尉
从西汉到东汉，“驸马”与帝婿无关，据权威典籍所载，“驸马”一词系由“驸马都尉”演化而来。
驸马都尉一作副马都尉，顾名思义，是掌副车之马的一种官职。什么是副车呢？
其义有二。一是指古代帝王外出时的从车。《·留侯世家》中说张良为给韩国报仇，不惜重金收买了一个壮士，命他用大铁锤“击秦始皇博浪沙中，误中副车。”副车之数有多少呢？的《史记》索引认为有三十六乘，这么多车子需要有一个头领统管，所以，要置副车（马）都尉。副车的另外一个意思是指清代的分试副榜贡生。《称谓录》“今以举人为公车，其以副车称副榜，固其所也。”与驸马有关的“副车”显然用的是其第一种含义。
在西汉时，驸马都尉一职多由宗室、外戚及公侯之子孙担任，鲜有由帝婿担任着。为了说明问题，我们不妨把两汉的公主及丈夫官职罗列如下，以便说明：
鲁元公主，其夫，赵王世子；馆陶公主，其夫，党邑侯陈婴孙；公主，其夫周胜之，绛侯周勃子；，先嫁曹寿（官平阳侯），后嫁卫青（官大将军）；南宫公主，其夫彭申，封张侯；鄂邑公主，其夫，封盖侯；，其夫乐大，封五利将军；、诸邑公主均早夭，无夫；，其夫姓名不可考，封君；江都公主，其夫岑娶，封乌孙王；汉公主（楚主），其夫有三，①岑娶、②翁靡、③狂生，均封乌孙王；阳邑公主，其夫，封博城侯；平阳公主，其夫夏侯颇，无职。
公主，其夫，无职；湖阳公主，其夫，封骑都尉；宁平公主，其夫，封固始侯；，其夫梁松，封延陵侯；馆陶公主，其夫，无职；，其夫，无职；获嘉公主，其夫，无职；，其夫邓乾，封侯；浚仪公主，其夫，封鞅侯；鲁阳、、成安、武德四公主未嫁；，其夫冯由，封；阴安、、共邑三公主未嫁；公主，其夫贾建，封即墨侯；公主未嫁；舞阳公主，其夫邓褒，封少府；阴城公主未嫁；濮阳公主，其夫耿良，封好畴侯；舞阳、冠军、三公主未嫁；，其夫伏完，封不其侯；公主，其夫宝穆，无职。
，名不详，为之妻；　，名不详，何晏之妻；　，名不详，之妻
吴全公主，先嫁，后嫁 ；孙鲁育，字小虎，即朱公主，三国时吴大帝之女，全公主（孙鲁班）之妹，东吴大将之妻，后嫁
襄国公主，生卒不详，女，母不详。公主下嫁之一的孙子河阳郡公、李长雅。李长雅是的堂叔。广平公主，隋文帝女，母不详。公主下嫁之子。兰陵公主，字阿五。隋文帝第五女，母独孤皇后。兰陵公主初嫁仪同王奉孝。王奉孝逝世后，公主再嫁河东。南阳公主，的长女。南阳公主嫁给大文学家。
（下嫁冯少师）；（下嫁窦诞）；平阳公主（谥号“昭”，称，母窦皇后，下嫁）；（下嫁长孙孝政，又嫁）；高阳公主（下嫁房遗爱）；长庆公主（先封为公主，下嫁，又嫁） ；长沙公主（先封为，下嫁豆卢怀让）；（先封为，下嫁窦奉节，又嫁贺兰僧伽）；（下嫁）；（下嫁）；（下嫁）；（下嫁）；李澄霞（下嫁封道言）；（下嫁崔恭礼）；（下嫁）；（下嫁薛万彻）；（下嫁裴律师）；（下嫁崔宣庆）；（先封为，下嫁温挺，又嫁郑敬玄）；（下嫁）。
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