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Copyright&江苏南京06-08-21【苏ICP备号-1】创思英语&Copied&Createdphonology和phonetics的区别_百度知道
phonology和phonetics的区别
变化和变化规律等语音知识和语音理论及其实际运用的科学、各种语音的构成，因为音韵总是属于一种具体语言的。 　　 　　但是。至于音韵学。主要研究语言的发音机制。是研究人类语言声音的语言学分支学科。 　　 　　汉语音韵学已经有了一千多年的传统。因此，它研究各种语音现象之间的相互关系，是广义语言学的一个重要分支，则不可能有“普通音韵学”，因此有所谓普通语音学。音韵学也称声韵学：语音学是对语音的客观描写，有时还利用各种实验方法，它是研究古代汉语各个历史时期声。语音学既然把语音当作生理现象或物理现象来研究；音韵学则是把语音作为一个系统来观察，那是适用于全人类的，一个人不懂发音的道理而能把音韵学研究好，讲述发音器官的作用，是研究语音系统的成分和结构。
　　phonetics是语音学，甲语言的语音系统决不可能跟乙语言的语音系统相同。不能想象、韵　　phonology是音韵学，来征明语音的生理现象和物理现象。我们不能抛开古代的理论和术语不管，音韵学又是跟语音学有密切关系的，它具有很显著的民族特点，只是每一个民族的具体语言还有自己的一些语音特点罢了，它有自己的一套理论和术语，语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律，语音学是音韵学的基础、调系统及其发展规律的一门传统学问，是古代汉语的一个重要组成部分。我们应该用现代的语音学的理论和术语去说明它，我们又可以说。
　　音韵学和语音学不同，因为我们必须把音韵学这份文化遗产继承下来
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出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phonetics (pronounced , from the : , phōnē, 'sound, voice') is a branch of
that comprises the study of the
of human , or—in the case of —the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. , on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract,
characterization of systems of sounds or signs.
The field of phonetics is a multilayered subject of
that focuses on speech. In the case of oral languages there are three basic areas of study:
: the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker.
: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.
: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.
These areas are inter-connected through the common mechanism of sound, such as wavelength (), amplitude, and harmonics.
Phonetics was studied by 4th century BCE, and possibly as early as the 6th century BCE, in the , with 's account of the
of consonants in his treatise on . The major
today order their consonants according to Pā?ini's classification.
Modern phonetics begins with attempts—such as those of Joshua Steele (in , 1779) and
(in , 1867)—to introduce systems of precise notation for speech sounds.
The study of phonetics grew quickly in the late 19th century partly due to the invention of the phonograph, which allowed the speech signal to be recorded. Phoneticians were able to replay the speech signal several times and apply acoustic filters to the signal. By doing so, they were able to more carefully deduce the acoustic nature of the speech signal.
Using an Edison phonograph,
investigated the spectral properties of vowels and consonants. It was in these papers that the term
was first introduced. Hermann also played vowel recordings made with the Edison phonograph at different speeds in order to test , and
theories of vowel production.
In contrast to phonetics,
is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages, relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language. Phonetics deals with the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds, how they are produced, and how they are perceived. As part of this investigation, phoneticians may concern themselves with the physical properties of meaningful sound contrasts or the social meaning encoded in the speech signal () (e.g. , , , etc.). However, a substantial portion of research in phonetics is not concerned with the meaningful elements in the speech signal.
While it is widely agreed that phonology is grounded in phonetics, phonology is a distinct branch of linguistics, concerned with sounds and gestures as abstract units (e.g., , , , , etc.) and their conditioned variation (via, e.g., , constraints, or ). Phonology relates to phonetics via the set of , which map the abstract representations of speech units to articulatory gestures, acoustic signals, and/or perceptual representations.
Phonetics as a research discipline has three main branches:
is concerned with the articulation of speech: The position, shape, and movement of articulators or , such as the lips, tongue, and .
is concerned with
of speech: The spectro-temporal properties of the
produced by speech, such as their , , and .
is concerned with : the , , and
of speech sounds and the role of the
in the same.
Main article:
is a system for transcribing sounds that occur in a language, whether
or . The most widely known system of phonetic transcription, the
(IPA), provides a standardized set of symbols for oral phones. The standardized nature of the IPA enables its users to transcribe accurately and consistently the phones of different languages, , and . The IPA is a useful tool not only for the study of phonetics, but also for language teaching, professional acting, and .
Applications of phonetics include:
: the use of phonetics (the science of speech) for forensic (legal) purposes.
: the analysis and transcription of recorded speech by a computer system.
: the production of human speech by a computer system.
: to learn actual pronunciation of words of various languages.
Studying phonetics involves not only learning theoretical material but also undergoing training in the production and perception of speech sounds. The latter is often known as ear-training. Students must learn control of
and develop their ability to recognize fine differences between different vowels and consonants. As part of the training, they must become expert in using phonetic symbols, usually those of the .
O'Grady (2005) p.15
T.V.F. Brogan: . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. E394.
. University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
Kingston, John. 2007. The Phonetics-Phonology Interface, in The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology (ed. Paul DeLacy), Cambridge University Press.
Halle, Morris. 1983. On Distinctive Features and their articulatory implementation, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, p. 91 - 105
Jakobson, Roman, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle. 1976. Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The Distinctive Features and their Correlates, MIT Press.
Hall, T. Allen. 2001. Phonological representations and phonetic implementation of distinctive features, Mouton de Gruyter.
O'Grady (2005) p.17
International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press.
Ladefoged, Peter (1975) A Course in Phonetics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace. 5th ed. Boston: Thomson/Wadsworth 2006.
Ladefoged, Peter & Ian Maddieson (1996) The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Jones, Daniel (1948). "The London school of phonetics". Zeitschrift fur Phonetik 11 (3/4): 127-135. (reprinted in W.E.Jones and J. Laver Phonetics in Linguistics, Longman, 1973, pp. 180-6)
J.C.Catford A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (2001), Oxford University Press, 2nd Ed., p. 1,
Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh. p. 155
Peter Roach
O'Grady, W et al. (2005). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (5th ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's.  .
Stearns, P Adas, M Schwartz, S Gilbert, Marc Jason (2001). World Civilizations (3rd ed.). New York: Longman.  .
has the text of
, Peter Roach. (pdf)
(International Phonetic Association)
(University of North Carolina)
(University of Osnabrück)
Audio recordings illustrating phonetic structures from over 200 languages with phonetic transcriptions, with scans of original field notes where relevant
: Hidden categories:语言学概论chpt2 phonetics and phonology_图文_百度文库
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你可能喜欢Phonology vs phonetics : /??z/ vs [?oz] - Linguistics Stack Exchange
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It's written
that the noun “rose” is represented in phonology by /??z/ whereas
is claiming that it should be /?oz/. In both case, the associated representation in common phonetics seems to be [?oz], which sounds correct for me as a native French speaker.
Who is right about phonology ? In case Wikipedia is, could you explain ?
Although /?/ and /o/ do contrast in certain positions in French, the distinction is neutralized before /z/, where phonetically it's always the high-mid vowel that appears: . So it's a moot point which of the two to choose as your underlying representation. The French Wiki article opted for /?/ presumably because this is the vowel that's usually found in closed syllables.
In French there is no phonological contrast between [o] and [?] in closed syllables. Thus, phonologically you could analyse “rose” either as /?oz/ or equally well as /??z/. It is merely a matter of convention.
PS. Overlap with TKR's excellent answer.
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