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烟草脉带花叶病非翻译区顺式作用元件的解析及马铃薯X病毒超表达及沉默载体的构建.pdf95页
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烟草脉带花叶病非翻译区顺式作用元件的解析及马铃薯X病毒超表达及沉默载体的构建.pdf
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会公众提供信息服务。 保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定。 论文作者签名:―一皇 导师签名:堡丝丝丝圣, 日 万方数据 符号说明 AS:acetosyringone,乙酰丁香酮 CYVV:clovervein yellowvirus,三叶草黄脉病毒 CP:coat protein,外壳蛋白 CVMV:chilliveinal mottle virus,辣椒脉斑驳病毒 LIC:ligationindependent cloning,不依赖于连接酶的克隆 acid,2. N.吗啉 。乙基磺酸 MES:2- N―morpholino ethanesulfonic MP:movement protein,移动蛋白 PABP:poly A -binding protein,poly A 结合蛋白
PPV:plumvirus,李痘病毒 pox virus X,马铃薯X病毒
PVX:potato virus Y-N,马铃薯Y病毒N株系
PVY-N:potato ofcDNA
RACE:rapid ends,cDNA末端快速扩增技术 amplification RNA
RdRp:RNA-dependent polymerase,依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶 block,三基因块
TGB:triplegene
TMV:tobaccomosaic virus,烟草花叶病毒
TVBMV:tobaccovein mosaic bandingvirus,烟草脉带花叶病毒
TVMV:tobaccovein moffie virus,烟草脉斑驳病毒
UTR:untranslated region,非翻译区
正在加载中,请稍后...OnForeigIlizationandDome;Tr柚slation―from;thePerSpectiveofcross―cu;Communication;ado州ng;proper;translationstrategies;can;trallslators;are;reducecultural;connictsand;e丘'ectivelyachie
OnForeigIlizationandDomesticationin
Tr柚slation―from
thePerSpectiveofcross―culturaI
Communication
ado州ng
proper
translationstrategies
trallslators
reducecultural
connictsand
e丘'ectivelyachieVeculturalcommunieation.7I飞ere
argumentsinlfanslationcifcles
wllich仃丑皿slationstrategyisthebenerone
remoVecultumlconfusiona11dpromote
cultII碍1cOmmunication.DomesticationaIldforeigIlization
Tbwards
tllis
question,
Views
of廿a11slators
twopoints
atissue,
quite
di腩rent:
domestication,andsome,forcignization.
2.4.1.DomesticationinCulturalCommunica_tion
Bec甜lseofmecuItuml
di彘rences
betWeenChina,England
maynotdo
atldAmerica,aIl
e伍ciently
communicatiVewayin
culmreinano血er.IftraIlslators
adhe∞toorigidlytome
fo兀noftlleoriginal,memeaIljllgoftheVersionmaybe
causes
irrelev觚t
totllat
of铂eoriginalandseemsobscurc,which
obstaclesincul乱1ral
commllIlic撕on.The
supportersofdomesticationholdt11atitisimpossibleforpeopleto
achievecIdtIImlcommuIlicationiftheycannotunderstalldtlleimpliedmeaningoftlle
originalproperly.Fortllem,仃anslationis
pmcessofexplanation,interpretationand
ofwords.Thecontem
ref0咖maliOn
ofideasmorcthan
a协msfomation
themeaIling
oftheorigiIIalisofprimarymerclyfIlllctiOns
import柚ce,whjle
l血gllistic
formis
second哪Which
avoid
of山econtent.SinceculturalcommuJlicationismutual
衄ders伽ldjng
betweena11d
people
di矗brcm
nations,in
orderto
cultIl|m
misapp嘴he砒ion
recon蛐mcted
advancecultIl】陋1commullicationforward,Ⅱ1efornlhastobe
topreservetlle
impliedmeall抽gofmecontem.
basisofthattheinfonnationtllatis
tobeunderstoodand
wit№people’s
acquisitionaIld
expectationiseasyaccepted,inaccordaIlcewitllsuchtranslators,
domesticationshouldbeadopted,which
repmduce
text廿latcarriesthe
approximatelysimilarmessagebyuSingmenatural
gr锄matical
target
andlexicalexpression
inthe11L.Thfoughdomestication,cultllralconfusioniseitllerreplacedbyitsculturalequivalent
stated
directly
butcorrectly
teXtthatbecomesmore
intelligibleforreaders
apprehend.Actllallyitisfort11is
reason
thatdomesticationis
saidtobeabletoavoidmisrepresentation,toeliminatetllepotentialdifncuItyinreadingaJldtopromotemutualunderStanding
HoweVer,
domestication
be研eenpeople
ofdi丘brentnations.
which
block
cultural
disadvantages
commuIlication.Byadoptingdomestication,readersdounderstaIldtheimpliedmeaning
oftlleoriginalinstantIyand
enjoy
thegreatsimilaritiesbetweencultures,butaljofthesegreatamountofadhering
donewiththesacrificeof
info肌ation
inthe
source
Chapter1、voAnIntroductiontoDomesticationandForejgnizatjon
culture.Iftranslatorsalwaysemploydomesticationtoreplaceculturalotherncsshysomethingmattargetreadersthe
source
quiteintimatewith,targetreadersw川estrangct‘rom
culture如nherandmrther.Inaddition,frequentlyreadingdomcsticatcd
strictsense,isjust
works,in
reViewofta唱etreaders’natiVecuIturc,whichhasIost
thesigni6canceofcuIturalcommunication.
Meantime,domesticationmay
characte而sticsofthe
source
leadtomisrepresentationbecausclte11hcesthe
culturebyadaptingt11emtotlloseofthetargetculturcFor
example,inthedomesticatedVersionofGoHPhesubstitutedtlle“Scarlett
wf曲r舵"々行dtranslated
byFuDon曲ua,
n撕ing
mannerofchinaforthatofAmerica,suchas“郝思佳”f。r
O’Hara,’,aIld‘‘饿狼陀”forc时“Atlan诅I’Because
treatmenthas
twistedt11eoriginaIChincse
share
infomation,some
readerSmaydisregardt|IatAmericansandthe
t11us
causing
naming
m姗er,
failureincultural
communication.
cultllral
equiValem
between
di廊rent
culturesis
relatiVelyspeaking.
Sometimes,eVeniftransIatorsd0丘nd血ecunuralequivalentinthetargetculmre,its
culturalconnotationmaynotbe
accurateaswhattlle
originalinfomation
implies.
viewdomesticationf如mthisperspective,like
smallsecludedcountry,it
presurnesmatitneedsnothingbeyonditsownproduction,whichbiuntstherequisiteforabsorbing
elements丘omforeigncultures.Consequently’targetreadersmay
source
graduallyestrallgefbmthecuIture;hencetlleremaybecommunicatiVebarriers
cause
betweencultures.Evenifdomesticationsometimesdoesdisto九ions.itisunfhir
forpeopIetodefinitelyderlyitsactiveroleinculturalcommunication.
2.4.2.ForeignizationinCuIturalCommunication
Thesupponersofforeignizationh01dthatonlywhenpeoplewithotherculturescultural
comeImocontact
tlleyachieveculturalcommunication.
should
provide
In()rder
promote
commumcation,translators
source
chanccsreaders
approacht11eculture.Throu曲foreignjzation,byintroducingf’0reigncultural
elemems,such
history,religionandcustomsintothetargettext
source
exactly
embodiedinthe
text,readersgetmoreopponunitiestogetintouchwith
theoriginajlyfore;gninf6Hnation.1’henbycompar{ngthedif{毫rencesbetweenVa“ouscuItures,
gaindeeper
anddeeper
understandingand
comprehensionofother
culturesandgraduallyachieVethegoalofcultumlcommunicatlon;hencelbrcigniza“onisalso
emcient
strategy
accelerateculturalcommunication
OnFo旭jgnizatjonand
DDmestjcati帅jn1hnslatiDn―f『om
Communication
tl】ePerspecljveofcross―cuItura】
Forinstance,there
eVery
plentyofexpressionsconcemingplantsandanimalsin
appearances,colors,habitsandcharacteristics,
l雠gllage.According协也eir
people∞tnIst
specificfeelingstot11em.Butdueto山edi行宅rencesbetweencultures,t11e
representedbydiffcrentplams
me锄ingmaybe
1ntlle
aIlimals.Hereis
ex嘲ple.
West,foritsfineappearanceandcourage,thelioniscalled“theKingof
Beasts”蛐d
istlleemblemofpower'majesty,courageandferocity'whichis
nationalsymbolofBritainentitled‘。山eBritishLion”,whileinChjna,itisthetigert11at
called‘蚀e
KingofBeasts”andassociatedwitllt11etokenof
authori咄dignity,
courage鲢d
cruelty’So,也ere
di任毛rent
exp抟ssionsconeemingtllem:When
sitIlation,tlle
native
describiIlgsomebodyisin
dangerous
unpleasantEn91ish
speal【e培啪e“to
throwtothe
lions”(抛掷于狮群之中),wtlile
den);when
Cllinese,“深入虎
tlleriskofdoing
穴”(togo佃therintome
tigcr’s
s乜t啦somebody诅kes
som甜liIlg,tllemtive
somebodyforllis
En91ishspeakerschoose“tobeard协elionmhjs
den”(狮穴捋狮
须),while血eC11inese,“虎口捋须”(tomctiger’swlliskers);Whenpraising
brave
couragc,血En酎jsh
inchineseit
is“lion―heaned”(狮子胆)or“as
lion'’(勇如猛狮),while
is‘‘虎胆’¨ger-heaned)or‘‘虎彪彪”(as
Witll
theirnatiVe
vigorous
m由esty
tiger).InⅡle
processofreadingsuchforeigIlizedexpressions,itis
natll】m
forreadersassociatetllem
expressions.Thmu曲the
comparis∞,t11ey
llllderstandmediffbrentusagesandtlleexactconnotationsoftlle
Itisinthiswaymatta曙etreadefsenrichtheiracquisjtionof
ljon鲫dmo∞oft11etigeL
foreigncllltIl豫salldaccelerateclllturalcommllIlication.
NeVcnheless,itusuallytakespeople
cenainperiodoftime
approachaIld
accept伽eculnlralmodesandexpressions,which
borrowed行omothernations
thmugh
foreigIlization.Atthebeginningofborro、ving,tlleymayberegarded
bizarre
exodcandberejectedbymosttargetrcaders.Astinlegoeson,sincepeople
capableofnew
adjustingthemselVestothemodesofanycul“lrearld
willingtoaccept
original、vaysofexpression,ifsuchforeignimages
symbolsconfoml
targetculnHe,t11eyInme
accepted.Hereis
ex锄ple
which
prove山iscogently
Westem
societywhitemeansp11rityandholiness,soiIltheweddingceremony'
thebrideisaccustomedtodressingjnwhite;inmetraditionalChineseculture,tobeinwhite
tobeinmouHling.Sointheirweddingdays,Chinesebridesarealwaysin
red,ahappyalldluckycolorinChina.Nowadays,withtllecultIlralcommunication,thecustomofdressingin
whitehasbeenwellacceptedbythe
modemChine鸵girls.traditioml
red,andthe
Therefore,tlleyusuallypreparetwoweddinggowns:oneisin
other.inwhite.
ChapterT、vo
AnIntroductionIoDomesticationandFOreignjzation
Althoughforeignizationdoespromoteculturalcommunicatlon,sometimcsltals【)
bringstroublestopeople’sunderstandingofothernations
GeneraUyspeaking,whatn‘anslatorstackle
inthef.oreignizedtranslatIonsisthe
superficial
structure
oftheoriginal,Sof.oreignizationmayresuItinunintelligibleand
awkwardversionsthatdistorttlleoriginalmeaning.
Sometimes,
translators’
giving
mrther
explanation
ofthecultural
coImotaIjon,ifreadersshonofrelevantculturalacquisition,they
inclinedto
no丌ns,
interl)retthecontentinthcli曲t
ofmeiraccumuIationofknowledgeandculturaI
rathermanwhatisconveyediIlmeoriginal,whichgivesrisetomisunderstandingbetweencultures.ForexaInDle:
Theoriginal:
stepping印too毹rmy
handto
verypleasingandwittyfashionable,
thebrillianlandexclusive,~量rs.RawdonCrawley,theyoungpat“cianjnterposedbetweenmea11dthelady,andwtliskedmyHelenofrwithout
wordofapology
(Thackeray
6;ch.49).
ForeignizedVersion:
我走到那位聪明可喜的、口角俏皮的、杰出的、时髦的罗登。克劳莱太太前面,打算扶她到饭厅里去,不料一个年轻的贵族突然插到我和克劳莱太太中间,出其不意的把我的海伦抢走了,而且竟没有向我道歉(By
YanBi,6】5;ch
Helenin山eoriginalis
nameinitsmetaphoricalusage,indicatingMrs.Rawdon
CrawleyHelenoriginallyrefcrsto
ladyinGreekm”hologyItissaidthatHelenis
causc
themostbeautifulandchamlingladyint}leworldandthemajnbetweenGreecea11d
ofthewar
Troy.Wi血thepopularitybe∞mesasymbol
ofGreekmy山ology,Helenisnotmerely
anylonger,but
ofthebeautywhoiscourtedferventlybymen
notgivetheimpliedmeaningofHelen,if
simultaneously.Because山erenderingdoes
readers
ignoranto“hisallusion,theymayfeelperplexedanddisregardMrsRawdon
CrawleyandHelentlley
Iadies,bothofwhom
gotoattendthepany.EVenthough
guessmatHelenrcferstonobodyelsebut
Mrs.Rawdon
Crawlcy.duetonot
sharingtherelevantknowledge,meycannotapprehendtheexactconn()tationofHelen
accurately
posslble.
Hereisanother
example.“醋’’is
kindofo『dina『ycondimentind蕾lylifcbulwith
OnFD他ignizationandDomesticationinTranslation--homthePerspectiveofcross-cultural
Communjcation
di舵rem
figu翰tjveassociationsinChina,Americaa11dEnglalld.InChineseculture,it
tounh。althy
矗gur妇elyrefers
jealousy
jealouspsychologybetweenmaleand
t11econtrary,
fcmalecomact,sotherethefigllrativemeaJling
are“吃醋”,‘‘醋劲”,aIld‘‘醋坛子”inChinese.onof“Vincg一’inEnglish
is“badtemper’’or“beingunhappy”.If
adopting6)reignizatjon
traIlslate“(赵辛嵋)一肚子的酒。几乎全化为酸醋…”(Qian
zhongShu'《围城》101)imo‘‘This、vineinHsin―mei’s
stomacllt啪edtosollrVinegar’,
What山eVersiontendtosay,or
fortIlediffb化ntpsych0109icalresponsestottleimage“Vinegar”betweencultures,the
Westempeoplemaybe
ata10ssaIlddonotknow
noHⅡs,
analy捷thcmeaning
line谢mtheircultural
Never凼eless,<hesupportersofforeigIlizationproposet11atannotations
beused
sIlppIementtoforeigIlization,whichdo
change山e
contentdircctlybutcall
exerci∞collsidembleinnucncescon丘培iOn.For
tllereception
of妇nslations
clari母cenain
ex踟Dle:
rIkorigiml:
宝玉心中想到:“难道这也是个痴丫头,又像颦儿来葬花不成?”因又自笑道:“若真也葬花,可谓‘东施效颦’了”。(caoxueqin166;ch.30)
First,Ⅶlgxi姐yiaIld
咖璐锄em,“if
addcd
Gladys
YhgchoseforeignizationtotrarIslate“into:“CaIl
misbeanotI他rabsurdmaidcometoburynowerslikeTaj―yu?”he
wonderedinsome
so,she’s‘1、mgShmiInitatingHsiShm”’(1:446;ch.30),menmey
t0explainits
fbotIlotehistoricalallusion:HsiShihwas
fhmousbeautyinme
anciemKingdomofYueh,Tung
shih啪s
ugly鲥who订icd
imitateherWays
(1:“6;ch.30).In
thisway,me
probl嘲of“T吼g
cause
shihim“atingShi”,me
cultuml-lOadedexpression,whichmay
bytlleproperanno诅tion.
misunders训ing
inreading,wassolVed
1'venso,fhu止1yspeaking,aImotationscirclesnowadays.First,notalltraIlslatorsthe
t110ughthighlyofintranslation
giVeadequateandaccuratenotes.Dueto
i璐墒ciency
young
oftheiraccomplishmemsandirresponsibleattitIldestowards、vork,
sometrallslators
makeconsiderable
original
mis协kes
in钉彻slation.
Since
t11ey
themselvescannot
understandtlle
accurately,how
meytransfermecommunication?
info哪玳iondelicatelv
toreadersaIldassistreaderStoachievecultural
Second,疗equentIy
referring锄otations
intemlptmereadingactivityof
readersanddeprivesthemofthechanceofmakingt11eiro、Vnjudgment.
usage.
Becauseof
Me柚while,
foreignization
limitations
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 理论中关于归化和异化的讨论运用于翻译理论和实践 之中,有的文章高屋建瓴,从文化的角度对直译和意译作出概括,还有的文章运 用关联理论来寻求归化和异化的最佳关联...  从社会符号学角度浅谈汉语“一”字成语翻译 浅析华兹华斯诗歌中的自然观 英汉日常礼貌用语在跨文化交际中的语用差异 论《傲骨贤妻》字幕翻译中的归化和异化策略 分析...  论归化和异化在电影字幕翻译中的运用_管理学_高等教育_教育专区。最新英语专业全...英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究 从跨文化角度浅析化妆品商标翻译 肯克西《飞越...  一专栏来讨论这一问题,这些文章大大推动了“归化”和“异化”的研究, 但这些文章更多是停留在语言研究的层面, 本文将从跨文化的角度来探讨文学翻译中的异化 现象...  中的理论原则[J];外语教学与研究;1996 年 03 期 中国硕士学位论文全文数据库 1 谭金利;从跨文化角度论翻译中的异化与归化[D];西安电子科技大学;200 李莹;从...  从跨文化角度对商标翻译的研究_文化/宗教_人文社科_专业资料。英语专业全英原创...《小城畸人》里的象征主义手法分析 归化与异化翻译策略在英译汉语菜名中的应用 ...  在对这两个问题以跨文化交 际的角度进行探讨的基础上,进一步指出它们并不是跨文化交际中的归化与异化翻译 摘要:在跨文化交际中,归化和异化作为翻译中文化因素的两...  在跨文化翻译中应用归化与异化策略_广告/传媒_人文社科_专业资料。在跨文化翻译中应用归化与异化策略 摘要 归化翻译策略服务于目标语读者,而异化翻译策略服务于 文化...  “悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析 从跨文化的角度看翻译的归化与异化 旅游标语英语翻译标准研究 论莎士比亚十四行诗的特征 Three Discriminations to Little Black ...

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