新视野大学英语unit&1
The days of a “one-size-fits-all” education system have
One-size-fits-all: 通用的
Education system: 教育体系
Preschool education
Kindergarten&
Primary school
Junior high school&
Senior high school
Graduate school
Traditional classrooms no longer provide the only means of meeting
one’s learning needs. Some students are taking courses online and
finding advantages to this new way of learning. The number one
advantage is that online learning is more convenient. Students can
choose when and where they learn. Another advantage is that
students do not feel intimidated by teachers who lack patience or
by students with higher skill levels. Students can take time to
think through answers before making a reply. There are still many
advantages to the traditional classroom, but if a student studies
well independently, he or she might do well to try learning
Section A Learning a foreign language
How important is your native language in the world today?
How long have you been studying English?
Do you think your native language is easier than English? Why?
Can you remember anything interesting about learning English?
Tell me about your experience of learning
Para 1 Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult
yet most rewarding experiences of my life. Although at times
learning a language was frustrating, it was well worth the
1. Learning a foreign language is a Gerund, here it is the
2. One of …..其中之一的&
3. Reward：
Something good that happens or that you receive because of
something you have done
You deserve a day off as a reward for working so hard.
The prize was a just reward for all his hard work.
Reap a reward
v. to give someone something as a reward, for example praise,
success or money
reward sb for sth
reward sb with sth
He always believed that the company would reward him for his
Everyone who reached the summit was rewarded with a magnificent
Rewarding: giving you satisfaction, pleasure, or profit
Do you find your work rewarding?
4. Although引导让步状语从句，
___A___ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they
had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.
(2009湖南卷)
A. Although& & &
B. As long as& &
& C. if only & &
D. As soon as
5. At times有时
6. Frustrating: making you feel annoyed and impatient because you
are prevented from achieving something
It’s frustrating to wait all day for a people who doesn’t show
Frustrate: to make someone feel annoyed and impatient by preventing
them from doing or getting something
Their attitude frustrated all our efforts to introduce
improvements.&
The weather continues to frustrate the builders’
Frustrated: feeling annoyed and impatient because you are prevented
from achieving something
Parents are increasingly frustrated with the local school
Para 2 My experience with learning a foreign language began in
junior middle school, when I took my first English class. I had a
kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students.
Because of this positive method, I eagerly answered all the
questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes. I was
at the top of my class for two years.
because of 后跟动名词短语
a kind and patient teacher先行词，who引导定语从句
all the questions先行词，I could为省略了that定语从句。
Worrying现在分词做状语
Para 3 When I went to senior middle school, I was eager to continue
studying E however, my experience in senior middle school
was very different from before. While my former teacher had been
patient with all of the students, my new teacher quickly punished
those who gave incorrect answers. Whenever we answered incorrectly,
she pointed a long stick at us and, shaking it up and down,
shouted, “No! No! no!” It didn’t take me long to lose my eagerness
to answer questions. Not only did I lose my joy in answering
questions, but I also lost my desire to say anything at all in
when/ while引导时间状语从句，
be eager to do
be patient with sb&
Teachers should be patient with the students.&
those为先行词，who引导先行词为人的定语从句。
shaking作伴随状语
it takes sb sometime/ sth to do
not only….but also….位于句首，要用倒装结构。
I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as
Not only…but also..连接主语时，靠近谓语动词的部分，即but also后面的部分决定谓语动词的单复数。
Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one
examination after another.&
Para 4 However, that state didn’t last long. When I went to
college, I learned that all students were required to take an
English course. Unlike my senior middle school teacher, my college
English teachers were patient and kind, and none of them carried
long, pointed sticks! The situation was far from perfect, though.
As our classes were very large, I was only able to answer a couple
of questions in each class period. Also, after a few weeks of
classes, I noticed there were many students who spoke much better
than I did. I began to feel intimidated. So, has again, although
for different reasons, I was afraid to speak. It seemed my English
was going to stay at the same level forever.&
none即可指人也可指物，强调数量，意为“一点也不，一个也不”，经常与介词of连用。None作主语时，谓语动词根据其含义用单复数皆可。
None of the books are easy enough for us.&
None of us has got a camera.
None在代表不可数的事物时，应被看作单数。
None of the money belongs to me.&
far from远离
as引导原因状语从句，
a couple of 一些，一对 a couple of weeks
notice后宾语从句，many students先行词，who引导定语从句；
6. it seems后跟表语从句，意思“好像，似乎”。
Para 5 That was the situation until a couple of years later when I
was offered an opportunity to study English through an online
course. The communication medium was a computer, a phone line, and
a modem. I soon got access to the necessary equipment, learned how
to use the technology from a friend and participated in the virtual
classroom 5 to 7 days a week.&
That…until…强调句，相当于It is/ was…until…。
Get access to
You need a password to get access to the computer
3. participate v&
Para 6 Online learning is not easier than reg
it requires a lot of time, commitment and discipline to keep up
with the flow of the course. I worked hard to meet the minimum
standards set by the course and to complete assignments on
keep up with:&
to move at the same speed as someone or something
to change or learn at the same speed as other people or
We always try to keep up with our
competitors.&
meet the standard: raise/ improve/ lower/ achieve
a high/ low standard
What can be done to raise the standards in schools?
3. set by the course过去分词短语作后置定语
Para 7. I practiced all the time. I carried a little dictionary
with me everywhere I went, as well as a notebook in which I listed
any new words I heard. I made many, sometimes embarrassing,
mistakes. Once in a while I cried out of frustration, and sometimes
I felt like giving up. But I didn’t feel intimidated by students
who spoke faster than I did because I took all the time I needed to
think out my ideas and wrote a reply before posting it on the
screen. Then, one day I realized I could understand just about
everything I came across, and most importantly, I could “say”
anything I wanted to in English. Although I was still making many
mistakes and was continually learning new ways to say things, I had
finally reaped the benefits of all of my hard work.
1. as well as引导并列主语时，谓语与前面主语保持一致
The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen
river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (2006辽宁卷)
2. in which
“介词＋关系代词(whom, whose,
which)”，介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。在介词后引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
There is nothing like returning to a place that remains unchanged
to finds the ways in which you yourself have altered. (Nelson
Courage and perseverance have a magical talisman, before which
difficulties disappear and obstacles vanish into air. (John Quincy
A friend is one before whom I may think aloud. (Ralph Waldo
3. out of: used to show the reason why sth is done
I asked out of curiosity.&
4. feel like: to want something or want to do something
I feel like a cup of coffee.&
Do you feel like going out tonight?
I felt like I needed a walk.&
5. But I didn’t feel intimidated by students who spoke faster than
I did because I took all the time I needed to think out my ideas
and wrote a reply before posting it on the
四个从句：
who引导定语从句修饰students； because引导原因状语从句；I needed定语从句修饰all the
time；before后面用posting相当于省略了主语的时间状语从句。
6. come across遇见，碰到
come about发生come around/ down/ on/ out/ over/though/ to/ up/ up
Para 8 learning a foreign language has been a most trying
experience for me, but one that I wouldn’t trade for anything. Not
only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work,
but it also gave me insights into another culture, and my mind was
opened to new ways of seeing things. The most wonderful result of
having learned a foreign language was that I could communicate with
many more people than before. Talking with people is one of my
favorite activities, so being able to speak a new language lets me
meet new people, participate in conversations, and form new,
unforgettable friendships. Now that I speak a foreign language,
instead of staring into space when English is being spoken, I can
participate and make friends. I am able to reach out to others and
bridge the gap between my language and culture and
1. trying: difficult to deal with in a way that makes you annoyed
or tired &
You son is turning out to be very trying.&
The most wonderful result of having learned a foreign language
was that I could communicate with many people than
of 介词短语作定语，that后跟表语从句
The reason why…is that….
now that:(原因) used when you are saying that something happens
as a result of something else
Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your
5. instead of＋名词，意思是“代替某人／某物”。后面一定要接名词，代词或动名词。
Can’t we deal with this now instead of waiting until tomorrow?
Text structure analysis&
Why did Gail decide to move out of her parents’ house? What made
you quit a well-paying job? Why are horror movies so popular? Why
has Ben acted so depressed lately?&
Everyday we ask questions like these and look for answers. We
realize that many actions do not occur without causes, and we
realize also that a given action can have a series of
effects---good or&&examining
the causes effects of an action, we seek to understand and explain
things that happen in our lives.&
Developing a cause-and-effect essay
Considering purpose and audience
The main purpose of a cause-and-effect essay is to explain to your
audience (1)the causes of a particula (2)the
effects of an
or, more rarely, (3)a
combination of both.
The type of cause-and-effect essay you write will depend on the
topic you choose and the main point you wish to communicate. If,
for example, your purpose is to tell readers about the impact a
special person had on your life, your essay would focus mainly on
the effects of that person. However, if your purpose is to explain
why you moved out of your family house, your essay would focus on
the causes of your decision.
As with all essays, try to pick a topic that will appeal to your
audience of readers. Development through
prewriting&
The best essays are often those written about a topic that the
author genuinely cares about.
Section B reading skills
contextual clues 上下文线索
it is a good idea to do sth
desalination: the process of removing salt from ocean water so
that the water can be used
ubiquitous: present everywhere&
futile: unsuccessful or useless
common sense: 常识
Keys to successful online learning&
play an important role in&
be aware of: notice&
they’re aware of the dangers.
I was not aware that she had spoken to you.&
Job opportunities/ for students/ are expanding rapidly/ and more
people/ of all ages/ are becoming aware/ of online learning/ that
allows them/ to study at home.&
Online learning作先行词，that引导引导定语从句。
1. many people find that the online method requires them to use
their experiences and that online learning offers them a place to
communicate with each other.&
两个that为并列的宾语从句
2. hinder=to prevent the progress of someone/ to
obstruct or delay someone/ something&
Production was hindered by lack of materials.&
Block=to make the movement or flow in(a passage, pipe, road etc)
difficult or impossible
The narrow roads were blocked by cars.&
Bar=to prevent or forbid the entrance, movement, or progress of
（含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止之意）
All reporters were barred.
Prevent=to make (someone or something) unable to do
something(含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事)
This new legislation effectively prevents us from
it is critical that……极为重要的是……..
arise=to follow as a result of something因某事物而产生，造成，引起
problems arising out of the lack of
communication&
originate=to have a specified beginning 发源，来自
where did the idea originate?&
Result=to have (a specified end or outcome)(注明的结局或结果)导致，造成
Injuries resulting from a fall&
absolutely (spoken)/ absolutely not!
While explaining something to others, students reinforce their
own knowledge about the subject.
While引导时间状语从句时，如果主句和从句主语一致，从句主语可以省略，谓语动词变为－ing形式。
Successful online students, however, see online learning as a
convenient way to receive their education ----not an easier
See…as…把……视为，当作
Regard…as…/ consider… as… / take… as…&
find sb doing sth
find sb/ sth adj.&
find it+adj+to do sth&
based on过去分词作后置定语，be based on/ on the basis of以…… 为依据
it is absolutely necessary for students to assimilate
information and make the right decisions based on critical
It is necessary for sb to do sth
It is necessary for someone who wants to improve their English to
yell English every morning.&
feel valued 感觉到被重视
Para 7 notes
Providing meaningful and quality input into the virtual
classroom is an essential part of online learning.
Providing动名词短语作主语
… is an essential part of…&
Reading is an essential part of my life.
Para 8 notes
Keeping up with the class and completing all the work on time is
It is vital /important that…&
Para 9 notes
If you have these qualities, learning online may be one of the best
discoveries you will ever make.&
If 引导条件状语从句，
真实性条件状语从句的构成：
主将从现，主情从现，主祈从现
the best discoveries先行词，you will ever make作定语从句修饰。
基础语法补充
非限定动词
非限定动词指的是动词的非限定形式，即non－finite
verb，指的是不带“时”的标记，也不因主语人称和数的变化而改变形态的形式。
非限定动词包括不定式(the infinite)，－ing分词和－ed分词(the participle)以及动名词（the
gerund）。
To be successful you must accept all challenges that come your way.
You can’t just accept the ones you like.&
“My life in politics was a joy. I loved campaign and I loved
governing. I always tried to keep things moving in the right
direction, to give more people a chance to live their dreams, to
lift people’s spirits, and to bring them together.” (My Life)
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state
sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of
oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and
justice. &
It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.&
Inspired by what he said, I’m determined to work
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.&
非限定性动词的语法成分
1）不定式作主语，侧重表示某一次具体的行为。
To care for wisdom and truth and improvement of the soul is far
better than to seek money and honor and
reputation.&
To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong romance. (Oscar
不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语，不定式后置。
It is impossible to defeat a person who never gives
It is a great honor to be with you.&
常用句型：
It is+adj+for sb to do sth&
Easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, expensive, impossible
It is not easy for us to master a foreign
language.&
It is+adj.+of sb to do sth&
Good, kind, nice, wise, wrong, clever, stupid, brave, honest
It is kind of you to say so.&
It is stupid of you to make such a mistake.&
2)&ing分词作主语，侧重表示经常性，一般性的动作。
-ing短语在句中作主语。
Living without an aim is like sailing without a
-ing作主语，常用it作形式主语，－ing后置。
It is no use doing what you like, you have got to like what you do.
(Winston Churchil)&
1）不定式作宾语
有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。如：afford, attempt, continue, deserve, desire,
determine, endeavor, expect, hesitate, intend, long, manage, mean,
pretend, threaten , venture, etc.&
We cannot, we must not, refuse to protect the right of every
American to vote in every election that he may desire to
participate in.&
But I pledge you tonight that we intend to fight this battle where
it should be fought---in the courts, and in the Congress and in the
hearts of men.&
不定式在consider，find，make，regard，think等动词后作复合宾语中的宾语时，通常用it作形式宾语。
She considers it important to make friends with
I don’t think it necessary to argue with them on this
2)-ing作宾语
接－ing作宾语的动词有：admit, acknowledge, advocate, appreciate, avoid, can’t
help, can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy,
escape, fancy, finish, give up, mind, postpone, practice, put off,
risk, stop, suggest etc.&
Our greatest glory consists not in never falling but in rising
every time we fall.&
Peace has never come from dropping bombs. Real peace comes from
enlightenment and educating people to behave more in a divine
Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting
all man’s actions.&
1）不定式作表语
To succeed as a team is to hold all of the members accountable for
their expertise.&
My suggestion is to carry out the plan
immediately.&
2) －ing作表语
Generosity is giving more than you can, and pride is taking less
than you need.&
Real integrity is doing the right thing, knowing that nobody’s
going to know whether you did it or not. (Oprah
1）不定式作定语
Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no
loss of enthusiasm.&
Aim for success, not perfection. Never give up your right to be
wrong, because then you will lose the ability to learn new things
and move forward with your life.&
2) &ing作定语
Modest it prepares the mind to receive
knowledge, and the heart for truth.&
If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not
bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man.
(Mark Twain)
Some mothers are kissing mothers and some are scolding mothers, but
it is love just the same.&
& 3) &ed分词作定语
a fashion is nothing but an induced epidemic.&
England and America are two countries separated by a common
language.&
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. (Pride and
Prejudice)&
A friendship founded on business is better than business founded on
friendship.&
1）不定式作状语
不定式作目的状语
a celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well
known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being
recognized.&
And we are met here tonight as Americans---not as Democrats or
Republicans. We are met here as Americans to solve that
I got up early so as to be in time for the morning
exercises.&
Tom kept quiet about the accident in order not to lose his
不定式引导结果状语，在句末表示事先没有预料到的结果，前面常用only表示强调。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
I visited him only to find him out.&
不定式作表语的状语表示原因或者程度。
I am glad to meet you.&
The room is large enough to have meetings in.&
2) &ing分词作状语
Carbon Dioxide and other gases from the burning of fossil fuels
collect in the atmosphere and act like the glass walls of a
greenhouse, trapping heat on the earth’s
3) &ed 分词作状语
lost in deep though, he didn’t hear the
She stamped her foot, wavered a moment, and then, irresistibly
impelled by the naughty spirit within her, slapped me on the cheek:
a stinging blow that filled both eyes with water. (Wuthering
-ed分词作状语，可以直接接在状语从句的连接词when，if，though等词后。
Even when pressed by the demands of inner truth, men do not easily
assume the task of opposing their government’s policy, especially
in time of war.&
Even if invited, I won’t take part in the disgusting party, for
John has already entirely hurt my heart, by revealing all of my
6.作补足语
1）不定式作宾补
动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾补，常跟不定式作宾补的动词有：hold, advise, allow, call,
cause, compel, convince, direct, enable, encourage, expect, force,
forbid, inspire, instruct, order, permit, persuade, remind,
request, teach, urge, warn etc.&
We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
that among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness. (US Declaration of Independence)
Allow men and women to register and vote whatever the color of
their skin.&
I call upon you to be with us when we go out
Never advise anyone to go to war or to marry.&
在feel，have，hear，let，make，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后面，复合宾语中动词不定式的标记to通常被省略。动词help后的不定式可以省去，也可以保留。
Don’t let your sorrow come higher than your
We try to grab pieces of our lives as they speed past us.
Photographs freeze those pieces and help us remember how we
2)-ing作宾补
Friendship makes prosperity more shining and lessens adversity by
dividing and sharing it. (Cicero)
3) &ed作宾补
能用－ed作宾补的动词有三类：
第一类：说明感知的状态，如see，hear，feel，find，think etc.
第二类：使役动词，如make，get，have，keep etc.&
第三类：表达希望，命令等的动词。如like，want，wish，order etc.
laziness is nothing more than the habit of resting before you get
To find yourself jilted is a blow to your pride. Do your best to
forget it and if you don’t succeed, at least pretend
不定式的其它问题
1.不定式的否定形式
not＋to＋do
Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man
of value. (Albert Einstein)&
When it is not necessary to make a decision, it is necessary not to
make a decision.&
To be or not to be, that is the question.&
2. 不定式的省略
如果句子前面已经出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，常常省去不定式动词，只保留不定式符号“to”。
The only people who can change the world are people who want
We do not writ we write because we have
He who allows himself to be insulted, deserves to
3.不定式的主动式和被动式
不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。
Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of
experience.&
Destiny is no matter of chance. It is a matter of choice. It is not
a th it is a thing to be
achieved.&
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be
understood.&
如果不定式作定语和所修饰名词为动宾关系，而句子的逻辑主语和该动词是主谓关系，不定式用主动形式。
It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty
of work to do.&
-ing分词和－ed分词的比较
－ing作定语所修饰的名词和分词一般存在主谓关系，－ed分词所修饰的名词和分词一般存在动宾关系。
The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as
brightly as from the rich man’ the snow melts before its
door as early in the spring.&
It is a dream deeply rooted in the American
－ing分词表示主语和分词中的动词存在主动关系，－ed分词表示主语和分词中的动词存在被动关系。
He tried it again, with the same result. The onlookers laughed
uproariously, and he felt ashamed, he knew not why, for it was his
first snow. (The Call of the Wild)
The red-sweater man appears forbidding, he hits Buck hard with the
big stick, he hits him on the nose and the pain is
terrible.&
－ing分词表示主句主语和分词中的动词存在主动关系，－ed分词表示主句和分词中的动词存在被动关系。
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South
Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the
slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this
situation can and will be changed.&
Viewed from the summit of reason, all life looks like a malignant
disease and the world like a madhouse.&
A bit frightened, he stood motionless.&
Ask and answer&
Do you ever have difficulty talking to your
Is your family important to you? Yes or no, and how
important?
Talk about a member of your family you like
You should say: what he/she does at work and in their free
What is special about his/ why you like him or her
and explain how other families like him/
(living, strict, open-minded, patient, encouraging, friendly, warm,
generous, easy-going, hard-working, reliable, intelligent,
reserved, shy, sensible, optimistic, sociable,
Generation gap refers to the misunderstanding or the lack of
communication between different generations. The most common one
exists between parents and their children.&
1. as a result结果
as a result of＋原因
She died as a result of her injuries.&
&& 2.mean doing sth意味
mean to do打算，故意
I didn’t mean to offend you.
3. make an effort to do sth =to do something even though you do not
want to or you find it difficult
I wish you’d make the effort to get along with her.
Spare no efforts to do不遗余力
Section A deep concern&
Concern n&v&
A feeling of worry about something
There is a lot of public concern about modern farming methods.
There is growing concern about the safety of cell phones.
Main/ major concern
v. to worry someone
it concerns me that these people are not getting the support they
To whom may it concern=used for beginning a very formal letter that
is not written to a particular person&
As far as I’m concerned=used when you are giving your opinion about
something when this may be different from other people’s
A teacher’s chief concern should be the development of the
student’s total personality.&
Be concerned about关心
Be concerned with与某事物相关，关注
Dr. smith was always concerned about the poor and the sick, often
providing them with free medical care.&
This reform is concerned with every part of our education
We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the
full, not just their academic ability.&
Text notes&
1. click v&
1) to make a short high sound like the sound when you press a
2) to make a computer do something by pressing a button on the
Click the ‘save’ and close the document.&
To send the message, simply click on the ‘send’
The alarm clock goes off.&
2. kinds of music&
pop, rock, jazz, folk, country, classical, rap, heavy metal
3. Sandy sang along with the words as she lay listening to her
favorite radio station.&
As引导时间状语从句，listening分词短语作伴随状语。
Para 2 notes&
1. burst into =to suddenly start doing something
the audience burst into wild applause.&
Burst into tears/ laughter/ flames
Terry keeps bursting into tears for no
Para 4 notes&
1. I can’t stand it.&
I’ve had enough.&
I can’t bear it.&
I can’t put up with it.&
2. I’m sure that music is hurting your ears as well as your
Be sure that/ of / to do相信，确信，一定
Para 5 notes&
Including =used for mentioning that someone or something is part of
a particular group or amount
The good news delights everyone, including
Not including不包含
Included＝contained in something as part of the
Other people, myself included, believe that it’s reasonable to have
a minimum wage.&
Including+sth
sth+included
Para 6 notes
As usual, she didn’t know what to have for breakfast, so she
grabbed a glass of milk and ate a piece of toast while standing by
the sink.&
What to phrase is the objective
So引导结果状语从句
While引导时间状语从句，主句从句主语一致，所以用standing。
The sink=a large open container for water, usually attached to a
wall and connected to pipes that bring the water and carry it
Just put the dirty dishes in the sink and I’ll wash them
May I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to
the friendship and cooperation of our two peoples!
May I propose a toast,
To the health of all the Chinese friends,&
To our lasting friendship and cooperation between our two
countries,
To the peace and prosperity of the world,&
Para 7 notes&
It isn’t healthy to eat standing up.
Standing up分词短语作伴随状语
Para 12 notes
Done=finished doing sth or using something
I’m almost done.&
All done.=used for saying that you have finished doing
Used for saying that you will accept the price or offer
How about $100 for the car?
Para 16 notes
Stop bugging me.&
Bug= to annoy someone or to continue asking someone to do something
in a way that annoys them
My wife keeps bugging me to wash the dishes.&
Para 23 notes&
Like it’s full of knots&
Maybe eating breakfast will help me get rid of some of the knots in
my stomach.&
Make one’s blood boil让某人生气
Para 26 notes&
I suppose we should feel lucky because makeup is our biggest
problem with her.&
I suppose我想，我认为，后跟宾语从句
Because引导原因状语从句
Para 27 notes&
What worries me is that music could have a negative influence on
What worries me为主语从句，that引导表语从句
Have an influence on
Smoking has a negative influence on your
The news is full of stories about teenagers in trouble whose
parents hardly know anything about their
problems.&
Teenagers in trouble为先行词，whose引导定语从句，修饰teenagers。
Para 29 notes&
She was so glad that she and Sandy could still talk things
So…that…
Talk sth over=to discuss a problem or a plan&
I know you are still angry, let’s talk it over
Text structure analysis&
A paragraph of sequenced order of events&
Every day we perform many activities that are processes, that is,
series of steps carried out in a definite order. Many of these
processes are familiar and automatic: for example, loading film
into a camera. We are seldom aware of the sequence of steps making
up each activity. In other cases-----for example, when someone asks
us for directions to a particular place, or when we try to read and
follow directions for a new table game that someone has given
us----we may be painfully conscious of the whole series of steps
involved in the process.&
Developing a process essay&
Considering purpose and audience&
In general, the purpose of a process essay is to explain the steps
involved in a particular action, process, or event. Some process
essays focus on giving readers actual instructions, while others
concentrate on giving readers information. The type of essay you
write depends on the specific topic and purpose you
As you prepare to write your process essay, begin by asking
yourself what you want your readers to know. If, for example, you
want your audience to know how to make the ultimate chocolate chip
cookies, your process essay would include directions telling
readers exactly what to do and how to do it. On the other hand, if
you want your audience to know the steps involved in the process of
digesting a chocolate chip cookie, you would instead detail the
events that happen in the body as it turns food into energy. In
this second instance, you would not
be giving information.&
No matter what your main point, keep your audience in mind as you
work. As with any essay, select a topic that will interest readers.
Also, be sure to follow a clear sequence in your essay, putting
events or steps in an order that readers can easily follow.
Typically, steps in a process essay should be presented in time
order, though not always.&
A final consideration for writing a process essay is point of view.
If you are writing specific directions to readers, it is acceptable
to write in second person, directly addressing your audience as
“you”. However, if you are presenting information, it is better to
write in the more formal third person. In all cases, the goal is to
choose the point of view that best suits your audience of readers
and increases the childhood that they will understand your main
Sections B distinguish between facts and
The ability to tell the difference between facts on the one hand
and the writer’s opinions or interpretations on the other is a
crucial reading skill.&
句子主干：The ability is a crucial reading skill.&
Tell the difference between A and B区分，区别
Can you tell the difference between British English and American
On the one hand….. and on the other hand…..一方面……另一方面
On the one hand we should learn some theory, and on the other hand
we should put it into practical exercise.&
Writers may combine fact and opinion in a way that makes it hard to
tell where the facts end and where the opinions begin-----or they
may present opinions as if they were facts:&
Combine A and B连接
In a way that…. 以……的方式
It作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面不定式。
Make＋it＋adj+to do
We will make impossible possible.&
Some readers might say that “Sandy left for school, Jane Finch sat
down in peace and quiet to drink coffee” are all facts. However,
some others might argue that “Jane Finch sat down in peace and
quiet” is an opinion rather than a fact, since “peace and quiet” is
subjective.&
表达观点的句型：
Someone might say that…
However, some others might argue that………
I agree entirely with the idea that…
I believe that…
I advance the opinion that…..我提出的意见就是……
I tend to agree that…我倾向于…
F rom my point of view, ….以我的观点来看，……
I am in basic agreement with…我基本上同意…..
As far as I am concerned, I would like to
prefer……就我个人而言，我愿意认可…..
I don’t think….
I disagree with the idea that…
I cannot agree this point of view….
I’m not in favor of the view that…..
I can’t give my support to…..
I doubt whether the idea will hold water.&
People have different opinions on…
People take different views of/on…
I am in basic agreement with the concept that children have to make
the best of their study time when they are
I am not in favor of the idea that such activities are far from
being a waste of time for the children.&
Personally, I believe/ think that students in school or university
should use whatever learning resources they can access
I can not give support to the idea that national sports teams who
represent their country should be financially supported by the
government.&
I doubt whether the idea of raising the price of fuel is the best
way of solving environmental problems will hold
I would like to prefer that the purpose of museum is educating to
entertaining people as amusement places.&
I don’t advance the opinion that studying in a university is
worthwhile only because you can get a degree.&
Some people are not in favor of the idea that the best way to raise
children is to encourage them to be independent
thinkers.&
Is there a generation gap?
Para 1 notes&
1. coin v. to use a word or phrase that no one has used before
flip/ toss a coin=to throw a coin in the air to decide between two
choices, depending on which side of the coin is on top when it
Every coin has two sides.&
2. As a result, many parents fear that peer opinions will become
more highly valued and that they in turn will lose
influence.&
Fear后跟两个并列的宾语从句
Para 2 notes
1. tap into sth=to understand and express something such as
people’s beliefs or attitudes&
2. get/keep/stay ahead=to react quickly so that you gain/ keep an
ahead of time/schedule=at an earlier time than was planned or
The train had left five minutes ahead of
3. consistency=the ability to remain the same in behavior,
attitudes, or qualities&
There is no consistency in the way they deal with
offenders.&
Consistent=not changing in behavior, attitudes, or qualities
Be consistent in doing sth&
The government has been consistent in taking the side of large
companies against those campaigning for public health and
Be consistent with sth&
These results are consistent with the findings of the previous
Para 3 notes
These studies show that while young people tend to value their
peers’ evaluations over parents’ on things like music, clothing and
what’s cool, they continue to look to parents for basic values and
guidance in the more important areas of life, such as career and
lifetime goals.&
These studies show that…为句子主干，后面that引导宾语从句；
While引导时间状语从句
Tend to/towards趋于，倾向于
The paper says people tend to feel unwell if they sleep less than
six hours a day.
Politically these nations tend to be unstable, with very high birth
rates but poor education and very low levels of
literacy.&
Value=to consider someone or something to be
important&
Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a
society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to
nurture talent.&
Look to sb= to hope or expect to get help, advice, etc. from
Look to sb for sth
As young children, we looked to our parents for
guidance.&
Para 4 notes&
It is natural to feel like there is an uncomfortable “gap” between
our teens and us and that there is a need to bridge
It为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to feel like…, 而to feel like后接的是两个并列的介词宾语从句
But in the way we relate to and communicate with each other
The way先行词，we relate to and communicate with each other为定语从句。
Para 5 notes&
In turn, they gain self-confidence and respect for themselves when
you show that you respect their ability to make decisions and learn
from their mistakes.&
In turn=one after the other in an order that has been agreed or
officially decided
When引导时间状语从句
Show后跟宾语从句
Para 6 notes&
1. sound v to seem good, bad, interesting, exciting, etc based on
what you have heard, read, or know
感官系动词：
sound, taste, feel, smell, look +adj,没有被动语态
2. If your object is only to listen, you should be careful not to
be preparing your response while your teen is still
If引导条件状语从句
Not to be为不定式的否定形式
While引导时间状语从句
Para 7 notes&
1. Ask whether your child wants to hear it before sharing your
point of view.&
Whether引导宾语从句，before引导时间状语从句
2. make sense=to be practical and sensible or to be easy to
understand
it made good sense to continue with the reform
five senses: sense of smell/ taste/ touch&
sense of humor/ direction
in a sense
Para 8 notes&
get across 使……被理解／被接受
Any way you can get across the message “We’re in this together” can
help bridge gaps that conflicts might otherwise
句子主干为any way can help bridge gaps. You can get across the
message作主语any way的定语，而that conflicts might otherwise
create是宾语gaps的定语。
Para 11 notes&
Showing self-acceptance and tolerance for imperfection is very
encouraging to teenagers, (as well as other people around you) and
tends to make you easier to approach with questions, regrets and
challenges.&
Showing self-acceptance and tolerance for
imperfection动名词短语作主语，谓语动词为is和tends。
Para 12 notes&
The humor, energy and sense of possibility teenagers often have can
awaken parents to positive sides of themselves they had forgotten
or neglected.&
The humor, energy and sense of possibility作主语，teenagers often
have为省略which的定语从句作定语修饰主语；can awaken作谓语；hey had forgotten or
neglected定语修饰positive sides of themselves。
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