英语句子顺序
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英语句子顺序
第一篇:英语句子顺序动词与状语在中英文句子中的不同位置
标题中的话题是一个非常庞大的话题，很难在篇幅中介绍得清楚。之所以 想简要地写几句， 是因为看到几个小学生在英语写话中的错误句子后，有一种必 须要讲一讲的念头。按道理，小朋友学英语是不宜讲什么语法的，可是我发现， 有些小朋友通过多听多说等自然方式学习英语挺长时间后， 还是会犯一些非常基 本的致命错误。于是就想，低年龄的孩子学英语，语法确实处于从属位置，但由 于他们都是在非英语环境中学习英语，无法自然习得，所以，我还是认为学习一 些关键语法还是无法避免的。先说下我看到的错误句子： 1. He ran was very fast. 2. He in the 100m race can compete with his classmates. 3. Is the sun often shine in summer in your city? 4. Does he happy everyday in the school? 根据上面的错误，我暂时想到简要地先写下如下的小结。这个小结是比较一 刀切的、是有漏洞的，经不起学术上的仔细推敲与检验，但对于小朋友避免犯上 述错误应该还是管用的。而且如果讲得过于复杂和完整，小孩子根本无法理解和 接受。一、完整的句子必须有实义动词 英语最基本上的句型就是主语+谓语， 其中谓语由实义动词承担。也就是说， 英语句子=主语+实义动词。除了口语和简化的回答，完整的英语句子中必有实 义动词。由于在书面考试中，无论是翻译、填空、选择、改错还是写作等各种题 型中，我们面对的大多是完整的英语句子，所以牢记这一点很重要。理解这点， 加上对英语中实义动词和助动词的理解， 就不会犯类似&Does he happy everyday in the school&的错误了。二、主语和动词的相互位置 1、在英语中， 动词一般情况下都是和主语紧挨在一起的,并且经常是动词紧跟在 主语后面。2、但是，在汉语中，在很多情况下动词并不和主语紧挨在一起，而且各种词语
在句子中的顺序比较灵活。3、状语在中英文中的不同位置 状语种类很多，包括用来说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、 程度、 方式和伴随状况等。我们现在主要学习了解时间状语和地点状语在中英文 中的不同位置，也会举几个其他状语的例子。（1） 、汉语中，时间状语、地点状语和其他状语往往都是夹在主语和动词之间 （有时候也放在句首，但几乎没有放在句末的） 。（2） 、在英语中，由于动词往往是紧跟在主语后面，所以时间状语、地点状语 以及其他状语往往是放在句尾（有时也可放在句首或句中） 。4、时间状语 （1）他经常早上 7 点钟起床。错：He often in the morning at 7 o'clock gets up. 对 He often gets up at 7:00 o’clock in the morning. （2）我明天晚上要去电影院。错：I willI tomorrow evening go to the cinema. 对：I will go to the cinema tomorrow evening. （3）他晚上八点之前就完成了所有作业。错：He in the evening before 8:00 o'clock finished all the homework. 对：He finished all the homework before 8:00 o'clock in the evening. 5、地点状语 （1）我在学校门口看到了格林先生。错：I at the school gate saw Mr. Green. 对：I saw Mr. Green at the school gate. （2）我们明天早上 9 点钟在中山公园见面。错：We tomorrow morning 9 o'clock in the Zhongshan Park meet. 对：We will meet at 9:00 o'clock tomorrow morning in the Zhongshan Park. （3）我能够在马拉松比赛中跟他们竞争。错：I can in the Marathon race compete with them. 对：I can compete with them in the Marathon race.
（4）他在奥数比赛中得了金牌。（won 是 win 的过去式，赢得、得到的意思） 错：He in the Maths Olympic games won a gold medal. 三、关于英语的动词 英语的动词很复杂， 是初学者最难掌握和最容易出错的内容之一。根据对大 家目前容易出错知识点的分析，对英语动词的分类和使用进行简单总结。（一） 、实义动词（行为动词） 实义动词，又叫行为动词，具有完整的实际意义，可单独作谓语，主要表示 行为、动作的动词，有时候也表示状态。They played basketball in the morning. I ate lots of ice cream.
He runs very fast. Please open the window. （二） 、助动词 助动词本身没有实际词义， 不能单独作谓语。在一个完整的句子中不能只有 助动词，助动词只能与实义动词一起使用。表示时态、语态以及疑问和否定。(1)所有使用助动词的句子，疑问句都是直接把助动词放于句首。(2)所有使用助动词的句子，否定句都是在助动词后面加 not。(3)我们学习四组助动词（含否定式） ： Do 和 does； don't 和 doesn't; did、didn't; will 和 won't。
be (am,is,are；I'm not, isn't, aren't)； 1、一般现在时：疑问句和否定句才使用助动词
肯定句不需要使用助动词，但疑问句和否定句必须使用助动词 do 和 does， 助动词形式跟人称、主语单复数有关，实义动词必须变为原形。错：Does he English well? 错：Lucy doesn’t vegetables. 对：Does he speak English well? 对：Lucy doesn’t like vegetables.
错：Does Lucy and Karen come from England? 对：Do Lucy and Karen come from England? 2、一般过去式：疑问句和否定句才使用助动词 肯定句不需要使用助动词，但疑问句和否定句必须使用助动词 did 和 didn’t， 助动词形式跟人称、主语的单复数无关，实义动词必须变为原形。错：Did you all the homework?
对：Did you finish all the homework? 错：I didn't went to the seaside last weekend. 对：I didn't go to the seaside last weekend. 3、现在进行时：肯定句、疑问句和否定句都要用助动词 be 肯定句、疑问句和否定句都必须使用助动词 be，助动词形式跟人称、主语 单复数有关（要根据实际情况变为 am, is, are） ，同时实义动词要使用 ing 形式. I am doing Maths homework. I'm not doing Maths homework. You are watching TV. You aren't watching TV. Are you watching TV?
He is playing football. He isn't playing football. Is he playing football? They are dancing. They aren't dancing. Are they dancing? 4、一般将来时：肯定句、疑问句和否定句都要用主动词 will 肯定句、疑问句和否定句都必须使用主动词 will，助动词形式跟人称、主语 单复数无关，实义动词必须使用原形。否定式缩写为 won't。He will see the doctor tomorrow. He won't see the doctor tomorrow. Will he see the doctor tomorrow? They will take part in the sports meeting next week. They won't take part in the sports meeting next week. Will they take part in the sports meeting next week? （三）最特殊的动词：be 1、除了在情态动词和不定式后面以及被动语态的进行时（暂时都还没学） ，才用 原形 be，其他情况都要根据人称、主语单复数变为 am,is,are 或 was,were。2、动词 be 只有在进行时（比如上面讲到的现在进行时）和被动语态中才是助 动词（助动词没有实际意义） ，其他情况下它是具有实际意义的系动词。作为有实际意义的系动词， 动词 be 在疑问句、 否定句中不需要加其他助动词。I am a student. I'm not a student. He is an actor. He isn't an actor. Are you a student? Is he an actor? Are they very happy?
They are very happy. They aren't very happy. (这三句都是错的：Do they happy?
Did they happy? Will they happy?)
对：He won a gold medal in the Maths Olympic Games 6、其他状语 （1）我们是走路去学校的。（方式） 错：We are on food go to school. 对：We go to school on food. （2）我和我的朋友今年夏季去了湄洲岛。（伴随，时间） 或：今年夏季，我和我的朋友去了湄洲岛。错：I and my friend this year summer went to the Meizhou Island. 对：I went to the Meizhou Island with my friend this summer.第一篇:英语句子顺序A. 1 He is busy. 2 He is learning English. 3 He has a new book. 4 He lives in the country. 5 He will see you tomorrow. 6 He can understand you. 7 He must write a letter. 8 He may come next week. 9 He does a lot of work every day. 10 He did a lot of work yesterday. 11 He played football yesterday. 12 He bought a new coat last week. 13 He has had a letter from Tom. 14 He was busy this morning. 15 He could play football very well when he was younger. 16 He always tries to get up early. 17 He might see you next week. 18 He always enjoys a good film. 19 He had finished his work before you came. 20 He watches television every night. B. 1 some 2 a 3 some 4 any 5 a 6 some 7 a 8 any 9 any 10 any
C. 1 I haven`t got much butter. 2 You haven`t got many cigarettes. 3 We haven`t got much milk. 4 She hasn`t got many biscuits. 5 They haven`t got much stationery. D. 1 bought 2 aired 3 lost 4 listened 5 emptied E. 1 Did he bought a new car? What did he bought? He didn`t bought a new car. 2 Can she come tomorrow? When can she come? She can`t come tomorrow. 3 Were they here yesterday?When were they here?They weren`t here yesterday. 4 Must he leave early? Why must he leave early?He mustn`t leave early. 5 Did he give you a pen? What did he give you?He didn`t give you a pen. 6 Does he live next door?Where does he live?He doesn`t live next door. 7 Do you know him well?How well do you konw him?You don`t konw him well. 8 Has he found his pen?What has he found?He hasn`t found his pen. 9 Did you see that film?When did you see that film?You didn`t see that film. 10 Did he arrive at two o`clock?When did he arrive?He didn`t arrive at two o`clock. F. 1 slowly 2 lazily 3 badly 4 carefully 5 suddenly
G. 1 He`ll... 2 She`ll... 3 I`ll... 4 He won`t... 5 We shan`t... H. 1 his 2 mine 3 hers 4 theirs 5 yours I. 1 cooler 2 wetter 3 later 4 easier 5 more expensive 6 larger 7 more interesting 8 prettier 9 more beautiful 10 more intelligent J. 1 yesterday 2 tomorrow 3 today 4 this afternoon 5 the day after tomorrow 6 the day before yesterday 7 last night 8 next morning 9 this morning 10 yesterday afternoon K. 1 at 2 on 3 in 4 in 5 on L. 1 over 2 under 3 across 4 along 5 on 6 in 7 off 8 between 9 into 10 out of M. 1 Which 2 Who 3 Which 4 Who 5 Which N. 1 This is the car which the machinic repaired yesterday. 2 He is the man whom I invited to the party. 3 These are the things which I bought yesterday. 4 He is the man who came here last week. 5 He is the policeman who caught the thives.
6 She is the nurse who looked after me. 7 She is the woman whom I met yesterday. 8 I am the person who wrote to you. 9 They are the people whom I saw yesterday. 10 They are the trees which we cut down yesterday. O. 1 knives 2 boxes 3 shelves 4 wives 5 dishes P. 1 No. 2 Yes. 3 She sat near the window. 4 A middle-aged lady. 5 She was middle-aged. 6 She sat opposite Sally. 7 She said &Hello& to Sally. 8 To make her beautiful. 9 No. 10 She said that she was still ugly to the lady.第一篇:英语句子顺序第三讲 （二） 笔译 技 巧――句子的翻译
? 长句的翻译 ? 从句的翻译 ? 分词短语的翻译 ? 语态转换
长 句 的 翻 译
? 长句的翻译要注意的三个方面:
1. 理解 2. 表达方法的采用 3. 语言的润饰
? 长句的翻译是一个抽象思维的综合过程，因此不 可将三个方面割裂开来。? 首先，找出长句的句子主干，分析长句各部分的 关系是做好翻译的前提，是采取必要表达方法的 依据，而各种表达方法则要为体现长句的思想要 义服务，至于文字的润饰则是要体现原文的文体 和行文风格，不能完全等到最后才来完成。原文 风格在翻译前就要分析，一旦开始翻译，就应融 入篇章之中。
常用长句翻译方法
拆分法 顺序法 变序法
逆序法/倒置法
? 英语中大量使用后置定语、各种短语和复杂包孕 结构（complex embedding）,形成常见的长句 结构。英语的一句话可以表达几层意思，而汉语 习惯用一个短句来表达一层意思，多层意思要通 过几个短句来表达，体现汉语特有的节奏。汉译英时，经常要将原句拆散，变更原句的语句 顺序，再按汉语表达习惯重新组句。
一，削去枝蔓，找出主干； 二，条分缕析，理清关系； 三，确定单位，各个击破； 四，调整搭配，重新组合； 五，核对原句，润饰译句
? Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Weltzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told that her state pension would be cut by $12.30 a month
? 有一点是不足为奇的，即对于像67岁的退 休银行出纳员莎碧? 韦策尔这样的老年人来 说，这一变化是不得人心的，因为她被告 知，她的养老金每个月要减少12.30美元。
A friendly correspondence as neighbors and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs. Read’s family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodging in their house.
从我第一次入住他们家开始，里德太太一家人 就一直对我很关心，我们像是友好的邻居，又 像是相识多年的老朋友那样，书信来往始终未 断。常用长句翻译方法
? 顺序法及大体保持英语原文的组句顺序。它一般 使用与英语句子的逻辑思维顺序和表达法与汉语 类似的情况。
通常情况下，英语中的宾语从句、同位语从句和并列 句绝大多数可以顺译成汉语的句子。C The statement declared that the international economic order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen.
In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himse lf and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.
为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行， 人类和大自然不断争。
常用长句翻译方法
? 原句若结构复杂，某些成分的排序与 汉语习惯不同，应改变其表达顺序。
? 1）定语的语序变化：英语中后置定语 短语和定语从句译成汉语是经常放在 中心词的前面。
? As she turned the corner a new idea occurred to her, which made her stop dead. ? 走到拐弯处，她突然想出了一个主意，立刻停了 下来。
? 2）状语位置发生变化
? The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the UN Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends, not its enemies, that engineered the defeat. ? 常用长句翻译方法
逆序法/倒置法 ? 英汉句子的逻辑表达顺序常有不同，遇到与 汉语逻辑顺序相反的英语长句时，应该考虑 采用逆序法。
He was dumbfounded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his allowance had gone．
她非要他讲清楚他津贴中的每一分钱都到 哪儿去了，他哑口无言。
Any man on the street scarcely realizes that whereas the disappearance, or even what we see in some quarters, the continuous neglect and degradation of the teaching profession, must mean a disaster to the entire nation.
如果没有教师这一职业，或者像在某些地区那样，教 育事业长期不受重视并且每况愈下，那么就整个国家 而言，这必将是一场灾难。这一点一般人很少认识到。
常用长句翻译方法
? 如果一个英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种译法都 不能奏效，就必须根据汉语的逻辑顺序和表达习 惯，综合采用各种方法，该分则分，该合则合， 有顺有逆，有主有次的对全局进行综合处理。
? While the government is turning a blind eye to the increasingly serious problems of air pollution, an unlikely coalition of university professors, civil engineers, and environmental activists has embarked on dozens of experimental projects aimed at repairing environmental damage.
? 当政府对日益严重的空气污染问题睁一只 眼闭一只眼时，大学教授、土木工程师与 环境保护活动分子出人意料地联合起来， 着手进行几十项旨在修复遭到破坏的环境 的实验工程。
? 从以上例子可以看出，在长句翻译的实践 中，必须根据实际需要灵活地采用翻译方 法。但总的来说，不管采用何种翻译方法， 长句翻译都必须很好地实现译文的功能， 准确地传达原文的意思。
从 句 的 翻 译
从句的翻译
? 名词性从句
C 主语从句 C 宾语从句 C 表语从句 C 同位语从句
? 状语从句 ? 定语从句
由代词what, whatever, whoever等引 导的主语从句 “It” 作为形式主语
由代词what, whatever, whoever等 引导的主语从句， 一般按原句顺序翻译
? What he told me was a sheer lie.
C他对我说的全是谎言。
? Whatever I saw and heard on my trip left me a very deep impression.
C一路上所见所闻给我留下了十分深刻的印象。
? Whoever has made a trip to Mt. Huangshan must remember the clouds there.
凡是去过黄山的人都不会忘记那里的云。
“It” 作为形式主语翻译时可以 提前，也可以不提前。
? It doesn?t make much difference to me whether you come or not.
C你来不来我不在乎。
? It seemed incredible that she should have lied to us.
她居然对我们说谎，这真是不可思议。
? It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.
真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。C 从句的翻译
? 以that, what, how引导的宾语从句
? 以it作形式宾语的宾语从句
1.以that, what, how引导的宾语从句 一般按原句顺序翻译
? I told him that I had to turn him down.
C我告诉他我不得不拒绝他。
? I told him how appealing I found the offer.
C我告诉他，这个机会对我有着多么大的吸引力。
? He would never let the history books say of him that he had been content to sit on the sidelines, to be a gentle, leisurely president, letting events take their course. 他决不肯让将来的史书说他甘当一个袖手旁观、 温和懒散、听任事情发展的总统。
2.以it作形式宾语的宾语从句一 般按原句顺序翻译，it可不译出
? I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.
我明确地告诉他们，论文必须在上午十点之前交。
? Anyhow, old chap, I owe it to you that I am here.
不管怎么说，老伙计，我现在还能站在这儿，全靠你。
C 从句的翻译
表语从句，一般按原句顺序翻译
? This is where the shoe pinches.
C这正是问题的症结所在。
? What he emphasized again and again was that no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch. 他再三强调的就是，不管多困难，决不后退半步。
? One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格 特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。C 从句的翻译
? 并列句、主语从句、宾语从句和表 语从句一般都按原语原来的顺序翻 译。
同位语从句
? 1. 保持原本的语序 ? 2. 译为类似定语的结构或独成一句 ? 3. 加入冒号、破折号和“这样”、“这一”、“即” 等字眼 ? 4. 改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他 方式译出
同位语从句
1.保持原本的语序
? He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再来中国访问。? As an obedient son, he had accepted his father’s decision that he was to be a doctor, though the prospect didn’t interest him at all.
C作为一个孝顺儿子，他接受了父亲的决定，去当医生，虽 然他对这样的前途毫无兴趣可言。
同位语从句
2. 译为类似定语的结构或独立句
? But I knew I couldn’t trust him. There was the possibility that he was a political swindler. 但我知道不能轻信他。他是政治骗子这种可能性还是存在的。? It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.
迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的。
同位语从句
3. 加入冒号、破折号和“这样”、 “这一”、“即”等字眼
? But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.
但在实事求是地考虑一番之后，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。
? Influenced by these ethics, the new generation live under the delusion that money does not stink.
受这种道德观念的影响，青年一代生活在这样一种错觉中，以为金钱总是香喷喷的。
同位语从句
4. 改变原文的同位语结构，用汉 语的无主句或其他方式译出
? Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the result can be obtained without any error.
即使是最精确的实验，也没有希望获得无任何误差的 实验结果。
C从句的翻译
状语和状语从句的翻译
C 时间 C 原因 C 条件 C 让步 C 目的
时间状语从句的译法
? 译成相应的表示时间的状语 ? 译成“刚……就……”的句式 ? 译成并列分句
时间状语从句的译法
? 译成相应的表示时间的状语 1. While she spoke, the tears were running down.
她说话时，泪水直流。
2.Pleasae turn off the lights when you leave the room.
离屋时请关灯。
? 译成“刚……就……”的句式 1. He had hardly rushed into the room when he shouted, “Fire! Fire！”
他刚跑进屋里就大声喊：“着火了！着火了！”
2.He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.
他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。
译成并列分句 1. He shouted as he ran. 2. They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。
原因状语从句
? 译成表“因”的分句 ? 译成因果偏正复句中的主句 ? 译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句
原因状语从句
? 译成表“因”的分句 1. The crops failed because the season was dry. 因为气候干旱，农作物歉收。2. We have to put the meeting off since so many people were absent. 因很多人缺席，我们推迟了会议。
译成因果偏正复句中的主句
Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.
他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。
译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句 ? 1.After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.
反正关系不大，二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。（语气）
? 2. He was not only surprised but, to start with, extremely suspicious, as he had every reason to be.
他不但惊讶而且首先是十分怀疑，他这样感觉是完全有理 由的。
表示条件的状语从句
? 译成表“条件”的分句 ? 译成表“假设”的分句 ? 译成表补充说明情况的分句
? 译成表“条件”的分句 It was better in case they were captured.
要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。
?译成表“假设”的分句
If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.
如果其中一个人垮了，这种事时常在他们中间发生，向导 就要背着他过山。
? 译成表补充说明情况的分句―后置 You can drive tonight if you are ready.
你今晚可以出车，如果你愿意的话。
表示让步的状语从句
? 译成表“让步”的分句 ? 译成表“无条件”的分句
? 译成表“让步”的分句
C Although he seems hearty and outgoing in public, Mr. Cooks is a withdrawn, introverted man.
虽然库克先生在公共场合中是热情而开朗的，但他却 是一个孤僻的、性格内向的人。
? 译成表“无条件”的分句
C No matter what misfortune befell him, he always squared his shoulders and said: “Never mind, I’ll work harder.” C 不管他遭受什么不幸事儿，他总是把胸一挺， 说“没关系，我再加把劲儿。”
表示目的的状语从句
? 译成表“目的”的前置分句 ? 译成表“目的”的后置分句
? 译成表“目的”的前置分句
C He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her. C 为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了 出去。为了，省得，免得，以免，以便，生怕等等
? 译成表“目的”的后置分句
C The murderer ran away as fast as he could, so that he might not be caught red-handed. C 凶手飞快地跑开了，以免被人当场抓获。
C从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译
英汉定语的比较
模式一 单词定语+中心词 模式二 中心词+短语or从句
模式一 定语+中心词
模式一 单词定语+中心词
? A stone building ? Faded flowers ? Boiling water ? Boiled water ? A gone case ? The risen sun 一座石头砌的大厦 萎谢的花 开着的水 开水 无可挽救的事 升起了的太阳
模式二 中心词+短语or从句
以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词
? This is the only reference book available here on the subject. ?This is the earliest edition obtainable.
修饰some, any, no, every 等词构成的不定代词 和名词things, matters 的adj. There is nothing unexpected about it.
模式二 中心词+短语or从句
副词 They live in the room above. 具有表语力量的形容词 I am the happiest man alive. All the people present began to shout: “Welcome!”
定语从句的翻译方法
? 1. 译成定语――前置法 ? 2. 译成并列分句――后置法 ? 3. 融合法―译成谓语, 表语和主语合并译成主语 ? 4. 译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条件状语从句
译成并列分句――后置法
? 当定语从句较长时,将其译成并列分句, 放置于原来它 所修饰词的后面。先行词可保留并在第二个分句中重 复；亦可省略。
C He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two ponds each. 他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两傍。C It is he who received the letter that announced
the death of your uncle.
C 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
译成定语――前置法
? 译成带“的”的定语词置于被修饰词之前，复合句译 成汉语的简单句。
C The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.
在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死
融合法―译成谓语, 表语和主语合 并译成主语 ?系表结构
?“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist. 一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下 去。” ?There be 句型 ?There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条 件状语从句
?He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old ?（原因） 他不记得他父亲了, 因为他父亲死时他才三岁。
?In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories 在办公室里, 工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编, 以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生 的情况。（目的）
? They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个
中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为 了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
分词短语的翻译
分词短语作定语
1） Sixty million people living in rural areas are moving to cities every year. 改写：Sixty million people who live in rural areas are moving to cities every year. .
2）To the north, on clear days passengers may see the five Great Lakes located between the United States and Canada. 改写：To the north, on clear days passengers may see the five Great Lakes which are located between the United States and Canada
分词短语作状语
1）Not knowing the language, she failed to understand what they were talking about. 改写：Because she didn’t know the language, she failed to understand what they were talking about.（表原因）
2）Used economically, one tin will last for at least two months. 改写：if it is used economically, one tin will last for at least two months.（表条件）
分词短语的翻译
总结：和定语、状语从句翻译一样。1、The man leaning against the door is Alice s boyfriend. 倚在门口的那个男子是爱丽思的男友。2、I walked down the hill into town,ignoring the flashes of lightning all round me.
我顾不上一路的电闪雷鸣，沿着山路向市区走去。
3、Having been trained twice, he is a safe efficient driver. 由于受过两次训练他开车又快又安全。4、Defeated, he remains a popular athlete. 尽管比赛输了，他仍然是个讨人喜欢的运 动员。
被动与主动
? 汉语和英语都有主动语态和被动语态之分， 可是对于两种语态的运用不尽相同。一般 来说，英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高 于汉语。从句法角度看。英语重形合，注 重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于 表达时，出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑， 往往采用被动式，除此之外，从文体的角 度看，某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合 其表达的需要。
常用被动语态的文体
? 这类信息性的文体主要指科技文体、新闻 文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注 重事理和活动的客观叙述(impersonal activity seen objectively)，力戒作者的主 观臆断，因而常常避免提及施事。新闻报 道注重口气客观、间接，叙事翔实、冷静 (calm fact-teller)，施事往往难以言明，也 不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私， 口气客观、正式。英语有过分使用被动语 态的倾向。正式文体尤其如此。
这儿讲的是英语。? English is spoken here. ? 这本书已经翻译成中文了。This book has already been translated into Chinese.
关于汉语的一些习惯用语的译法
? 汉语中有许多习惯用语。其中有的是用 “人们”、“有人”、“大家”等作主语； 有的看来是无主语句，有的则是句子里的 独立结构，如“据悉”、“应该说”、 “必须指出”、“已经证明”，等等。汉 语中的这类习惯用语，从语态上来说是主 动语态，但英译时通常都用被动语态，在 表达方式上，则可充分利用英语中it做形式 主语的句型。
It is considered that women tell lies more often than men. 有人认为女人比男人更爱说谎。很明显，这项计划应该取消。? It is obvious that the plan should be scrapped.
习惯用语极其常见译法
? 人们（有人、大家）认为…… ? It is considered (or: thought) that… ? 普遍（一般、通常）认为…… ? It is generally (usually) accepted (or: agreed, recognized) that… ? 有人（人们、大家）相信…… ? It is believed that … ? 大家知道（众所周知）…… ? It is well-known that…
据说（有人说）…… It is said that … 据悉（说）…… It is learned that … ? 据推测…… It is supposed that … ? 据估计（预计）…… ? It is estimated (predicted, calculated) that … ? 据报道（告）…… It is reported that … ? 必须指出…… It must be pointed out that …
? 必须（应该）承认…… ? It must (should) be admitted that … ? 可见（可以看出）…… ? It will be seen that… ? 由此可见…… ? It will be seen from this that … ? 不用说（谁都知道）…… ? It is understood that … ? 无可否认…… ? It cannot be denied that … ? 已经证明…… ? It has been proved (or: demonstrated) that…
? 可以肯定…… ? It may be confirmed that … ? 可以有把握地说…… ? It may be safely said that… ? 人们有时会问…… ? It is sometimes asked that … ? 人们希望…… ? It is expected (hoped) that…
Relevant materials
? P27 被动语态的翻译 ? P65 定语从句的翻译 ? P69 充当定语的分词短语的翻译 ? P129 充当状语的分词短语的翻译 ? P151 视角转换 ? P173 句子翻译：句子的分解和重组 ? P248 无主句的翻译 ? P280 换一种说法 ? P297 长句的处理：拆分 ? P313 偏正复句的翻译
? Homework
1. It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not, how can it survive?
2. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no
by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 3. The American confessed to feeling what I believe most Americans would feel if a next-door neighbor passed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence-snubbed
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