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2015年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案解析
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2015年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案解析
选词填空（一）
&36.& N. swept 原意是“机械织布机取代了手工织布者”，swept aside表示“迅速除去”的意思
37.& B. displaced 与上一句是一个同意结构，displace的意思与sweep aside最为接近！
38.& I.prosperity 首先确定是一个名词，并且是一个正面色彩的，符合条件的有prosperity
39.& H. productive 应该为一个形容词，同样也应该是正面色彩的，productive最为合适
40.& C. employed 工人肯定是“被农场所雇用啊”，所以选employed
41.& F. jobless 根据后面but所接信息可推出该空应该为负面色彩形容词，jobless最合适
42.& M. shrunk 同样根据but以及more，可以推出该空为shrunk
43.& A.benefits& 与dislocatingeffect相对应的应该是一个正面的复数名词，或通过but解题
44.& E. impact 首先确定为名词，能够hit rich world也只有impact了
45.& D. eventually 与前面的first相对应
选词填空（二）
"Thatwhich does not kill us makes us stronger.” But parents can’t handleit when teenagers put this J.philosophy into practice. Andnow technology has become the new field for the age-old battlebetween adults and their freedom-craving kids.
Locked indoors,unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends,teens have turned to social media and their mobile phones togossip, flirt and socialize with their peers. What they do onlineoften I.mirrors what they might otherwise do iftheir mobility weren’t so heavily B.constrainedin the age ofhelicopter parenting. Social media and smartphoneapps have become so popular in recent yearsbecause teens need a place to call their own. They want the freedomtoD. exploretheir identity andthe world around them. Instead of L.sneakingout, they jumponline.
As teens havemoved online, parents have projected their fears onto the Internet,imagining all the K.potentialdangers that youth might face–from O.violent strangers to cruel peers topictures or words that could haunt them on Google for the rest oftheir lives.
Rather thanhelping teens develop strategies for negotiating public life andthe potential risks of F.interactingwith others, fearfulparents have focused on tracking, monitoring and blocking. Thesetactics don’t help teens develop the skills they need to managecomplex social situations, A.assessrisks and get helpwhen they’re in trouble. Banning cell phones won’t stop a teenwho’s in love cope with the messy dynamics of sexting. “Protecting”kids may feel like the right thing to do, but it N.underminesthe learning thatteens need to do as they come of age in a technology-soakedworld.
36. J.philosophy 位于代词this后，介词前，填名词。意为：但当把这种哲学付诸实践时，家长们也无法处理。
37.I.mirrors&&&& 第二空差谓语，且需要单数三人称形式，意为：他们在线上做的反映了他们若非有家长严密监督以使他们机动性受限的话会做的事情。难点在于mirror是做动词哟。
38.B.constrained前面有系动词，后面有状语，这里最好填形容词表语。意为：他们在线上做的反映了他们若非有家长严密监督以使他们机动性受限的话会做的事情。
39.D.explore&& 这里是to do做宾补，需要动词原形，意为：他们想要自由去探索自我和身边的世界。
40.L.sneaking&& of后接ing做介宾。意为：并非溜出去，他们选择线上翻墙~
41.K.potential&& all thedangers结构较完整，缺形容词作定语。意为：想象着所有潜在的危险。
42.O.violent&&& from后有strangers作介宾，所以需要填形容词。意为：从暴力的陌生人到残酷的同龄人。
43.F.interacting of后接动名词，意为与他人互动的潜在危险。
44.A.assess&&& 并列结构表明该填动词原形，意为：这些策略没有帮助年轻人发展他们的处理复杂社会情境、并在困境中得到帮助的能力的需求。
45.N.undermines 缺谓语，且要单数三人称。意为：它破坏了青少年在技术浸泡年代需要做到的学习。
段落匹配题
46. E) The process described byCutting…
47. B) The intuitive answer is thatsome works of art…
48. H) Although many havetried…
49. C) Cutting, a professor atCornell University, …
50. K) The intrinsic quality of awork of art is starting to…
51. D) Cutting believes hisexperiment offers…
52. L) A study in the British Journalof Aesthetics suggests…
53. F) When Watts looked into thehistory of…
54. J) Although the rigid high-lowdistinction…
55. I) "Saying that cultural objectshave value,"
Passage1 56.C.Unemployment
关键词JY。定位到第一段第二三句，意为她作为FRD下届主席热门候选人发现自己处于很重要的位置，而失业是如今的【主要】社会和经济话题。
&57. D.Pour money into the marketthrough asset buying.
关键词08.定位到第二段，解题句为前两句，意为Yellen作为美联储副主席，在3万8千亿美元的救市中是主要设计者。而该就是央行主要是通过资产购买手段。
58.B.Deflation
关键词Generalpublic。定位至第四段But后的morepeople.意为更多人担心的不是通胀，而是紧缩将会激化经济问题。
59.C.Tightenfinacial regulation.
关键词Fedchief。定位到第五段第一行，该段意为她打算慢慢结束这次经济刺激，稳健地去泡沫并且让市场稳定平缓下来。
60.A.She possessesstrong persuasive power.
关键词AB，定位到末端倒数第三行，意为她既像一个有逻辑且善于辩论的党鞭，又是一个好的倾听者，她说服人又不会带去敌意。
参考原文：
Early decision — you apply to oneschool, and admission is binding — seems like a great choice fornervous applicants. Schools let in a higher percentage ofearly-decision applicants, which arguably means that you have abetter chance of getting in. And if you do, you’re done with thewhole agonizing process by December. But what most students andparents don’t realize is that schools have ulterior motives foroffering early decision, and in many cases, it’s better forstudents to use nonbinding options like early action or to simplywait to apply at the regular time.
Early decision, since it’s binding,allows schools to fill their classes wit itallows admissions committees to select the students that are inparticular demand for their college and know those students willcome. It also gives schools a higher yield rate (the percentage ofstudents admitted to attend the school), which is often used as oneof the ways to measure college selectivity and popularity. Inshort, it’s a tremendously useful tool for colleges anduniversities.
The problem is that this processeffectively shortens the window of time students have to make oneof the most important decisions of their lives up to that point.Under regular admissions, seniors have until May 1 to choose w early decision effectively steals six months fromthem, months that could be used to visit more schools, do moreresearch, speak to current students and alumni and arguably make amore informed decision.
There are, frankly, an astonishingnumber of exceptional colleges and universities in America, and forany given student, there are a number of schools that are a greatfit. When students become too fixated on a particular school earlyin the admissions process — especially if that school is a highlycompetitive school — that fixation can lead to severedisappointment if they don’t get in or, if they do, the possibilitythat they are now bound to go to a school that, given time forfurther reflection, may not actually be right for them.
Moreover, the advantage earlydecision seems to give its applicants is probably not so great asthe numbers might imply, since recruited student athletes (whoseadmission is all but guaranteed) and legacies (who have a muchhigher chance of admission) tend to apply through early decision,and the quality of applicants in general tends to be higher. Butinsofar as early decision offers a genuine admissions edge, thatadvantage goes largely to students who already have numerousadvantages. The students who use early decision tend to be thosewho have received higher-quality college guidance, usually a resultof coming from a more privileged background (a private school or ahigher-quality public school that can afford more and betterguidance for its students). In this regard, there’s something of anethical argument against early decision, as students fromlower-income families are far less likely to have the admissionssavvy to navigate the often confusing early deadlines.
Students who have done theirresearch and are confident that there’s one school they would bethrilled to get into should, under the current system, probablyapply under early decision (unless their top-choice school has theoption for early action). But for students who haven’t yet doneenough research, or who are still constantly changing their mindson favorite schools, or who frequently second-guess majordecisions, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurelynarrows the field of possibility just at a time when studentsshould be opening themselves to a whole range of thrillingoptions.
61.& B. Attend the school oncethey are admitted.
迅速根据earlydecision与自然段界定法将解题信息锁定到第一段，第一句的插入语you apply to one school, and admission isbinding就是对earlydecision进行介绍，同学们应该准确理解bind的含义方能解题，选项B是对插入语的同义改写。其他三项都是无关干扰！
62.& A. To make sure they getqualified students.
解题信息来自第二段第一句，early decision可以让学校“充满”了合格的学生，A选项就是对它的同义改写。B、C为无中生有；D为拼凑第一段中的一些细节。
63.& C. It allows them littletime to make informed choice.
根据problem定位到第三段第一句，大意为“early decision缩短了学生作出重要选择的时间”，C选项是对它的同义改写。其他三项都为无关干扰！
64.& D. It places students fromlower-income families at a disadvantage.
根据倒数第二段倒数第一句同义改写。
65.& B. Avoid choosing earlydecision unless they are fully prepared.
&& 最后一段一个很明显的转折词but，前面是给做好准备的学生提供的意见，后面是给为做好准备的学生提供的意见，综合来看，B选项是最后一段的同义改写。A、D都在拼凑无关细节；C看上去合理，其实偏离了文章earlydecision的主旨。
参考原文：
Air pollution is deteriorating inmany places around the world. The fact that public parks in citiesbecome crowded as soon as the sun shines proves that people long tobreathe in green, open spaces. They do not all know what they areseeking but they flock there, nevertheless. And, in thesesurroundings, they are generally both peaceful and peaceable. It israre to see people fighting in a garden. Perhaps struggle unfoldsfirst, not at an economic or social level, but over theappropriation of air, essential to life itself. If human beings canbreathe and share air, they don't need to struggle with oneanother. And consequently, it appears to be a basic crime againsthumanity to contribute to air pollution.
Unfortunately, inour western tradition, neither materialist nor idealisttheoreticians give enough consideration to this basic condition forlife. As for politicians, despite proposing curbs on environmentalpollution, they have not yet called for it to be made a crime.Wealthy countries are even allowed to pollute if they pay forit.
But is our lifeworth anything other than money? Are we, then, still living? Or, dowe only sense what life could be when we enjoy greenspaces?
The plant worldshows us in silence what faithfulness to life consists of. It alsohelps us to a new beginning, urging us to care for our breath, notonly at a vital but also at a spiritual level. We must, in turn,care for it, opposing any sort of pollution that destroys both ourworld and that of plants. The interdependence to which we must paythe closest attention is that which exists between ourselves andthe vegetal world. Often described as "the lungs of the planet",the woods that cover the earth offer us the gift of breathable airby releasing oxygen. But their capacity to renew the air pollutedby industry has long reached its limit. If we lack the airnecessary for a healthy life (or, indeed, for any kind of life), itis because we have filled it with chemicals and undercut theability of plants to regenerate it. As we know, rapid deforestationcombined with the massive burning of fossil fuels, which arelargely the remnants of past plants, is an explosive recipe for anirreversible disaster.
The fight over theappropriation of resources will lead the entire planet to an abyssunless humans learn to share life, both with each other and withplants. This task is simultaneously ethical and political becauseit can be discharged only when each takes it upon her – or himself– and only when it is accomplished together with others. The lessontaught by plants is that sharing life augments and enhances thesphere of the living, while dividing life into so-called natural orhuman resources diminishes it. We must come to view the air, theplants and ourselves as the contributors to the preservation oflife and growth, rather than a mesh of quantifiable objects orproductive potentialities at our disposal. Perhaps then we wouldfinally begin to live, rather than being concerned with baresurvival.
56. A.To get their share of clean air.
根据struggle马上定位到第一段的Perhaps struggle unfolds first, not at an economic orsocial level, but over the appropriation of air, essential to lifeitself，A选项显然是该句话的同义改写。
57. D.Falling to pass laws to curb environmental pollution.
根据politician马上定位到第二段（注意第二段都是在写西方国家哦）的As forpoliticians, despite proposing curbs on environmental pollution,they have not yet called for it to be made acrime，不难看出作者通过让步表达自己对“西方政客立法不作为”的现象表示不满。
58. B.Our relationship to the plant world.
根据closest attention定位到The interdependence to whichwe must pay the closest attention is that which exists betweenourselves and the vegetal world，该句是一个长难句，主干为The interdependence isthat…. 可以看出作者需要我们密切关注我们人类与植物世界之间的依赖关系，注意plant与vegetal对应哦。
59. D.By pooling their efforts together.
&& 根据自然段界定法，解题信息应该出现在倒数第二段后半部分和最后一段前半部分，仔细阅读之后可以确定解题信息为This task issimultaneously ethical and political because it can be dischargedonly when each takes it upon her – or himself – and only when it isaccomplished together withothers，该句话理解难度较大，但是不难看出作者所传达的思想应该是合作（together）。
60. C.Share life with nature.
&& 根据survive定位到文末最后一句由then可知方法肯定在前面有介绍到！而本段的分论点就是sharelife，与C选项符合。其他三项都是细节干扰！
&（本文选自2014年3月份的英国卫报，主题是关于airpollution）
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你可能喜欢外贸汉译英方法与实践（第三章句子翻译&作者朱香奇谢芳）
外贸汉译英句子翻译
汉英两种语言符号系统之所以可以相互转换，是因为人类文化的共性决定的。汉英句法结构有相似性，但同时也存在巨大差别。在外贸汉译英过程中，对汉语句子如何英译，如何做到译文地道流畅，从而达到翻译的目的呢？
1 一般句子翻译
1.1 正确理解
正确理解原文是正确翻译的前提，因此在翻译动笔前一定要读懂原文所表达的含义，不能只停留在字面的理解上，而是要搞清句子和短文的真正含义，搞清原文的主旨，确切理解中文所述事物的本身含义及与之相关的外延联想。抓住原文的中心思想和寓意，分清褒贬，理顺关系，语篇上下逻辑通顺，文理清晰。只有在读懂中文原文的情况下，从中文的句法上分清主谓和各层次修饰语的关系，吃透中文内涵，再根据英语语言特点，采用不同的手段，如词序的排列要有强调、有到装、有省略、有增加、有减少、有转换，肯定还是否定，陈述还是疑问，简单句还是主从复合句…等方法，按英语句法格式安排原文的主谓和各修饰语的顺序，进行有效的翻译转换。使译文做到语法清晰，句法正确，逻辑连贯，层次清楚，简洁而通顺。许多翻译不恰当，问题之一就是缺乏对原文的正确理解。
例1 你方提出产品的毛病是出自一台机械的部件故障，这已经得到解决。
原译：The problem with the product you complaimed
about was due to the improper performance of one of the components
in the machines, which has now been repaired and functions
原文是“一台机械”而译文“machines”,无疑是对“一台”限定词的误解而导致误译。
改译：The problem with the product you complaimed
about was due to the improper performance of components in one
machine, which has now been repaired and functions normally.
例2 如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文本为准。
“解释”，在汉英词典上可译成：“construe”、“explanation”、“exposition”、“interpretation”，但这个句子的“解释”是指对法律条文的正式解释，选择“interpretation”，较为恰当故译成：
In case of any divergence of interpretations. The
English text shall prevail.
例3 合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。
这一条文中的主语是“活动”，汉译英时谓语动词应选择“comply with”，表示“to act in
accordance with a provision, rule, demand”。故译成：
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply
with the provision of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations
of the People’s Republic of China.
1.2 确定主语
翻译的第一步就是要确定句子的主语，因为，只有确定主语才能确定谓语、宾语等其它句子成分。
汉语句子中的主语远不如英语句子中的主语那样容易确定。就句法结构及语言表达特点而言，英语属主语突显的语言(subject—prominent
language)，它所突出的是主语。句子中的主语具有“不可或缺性”。英语句子基本上围绕主语与动词谓语的搭配形成句子主轴。而汉语属主题突显的语言(topic—prominent
language)，它所突出的是主题。主语并非是必要成分，无主谓主轴，存在大量的各种类型的无主句。在许多情况下，汉语的主语具有模糊性、隐蔽性，难以一眼看清楚。中国学生在汉译英时常犯的错误是在没有确定主语的情况下刻意去追求所谓两种语言句子的“对等”转换。结果常无法实现符合英语的表达习惯和英语句法、符合英美人的思维方式、能够准确表达原文意思的英译。因此，汉译英时主语的确定十分重要，一旦主语确定了，句子翻译就有了眉目。确定主语一般采用以下几种方法：
①主语对译
根据原文的主语确定译文的主语，即主语对译。
例2这些年生意不好做。译文：Business is hard these years.
例3河南洛阳以牡丹花闻名于世。
译文：Luoyang,in Henan province,is famous for peonies.
例4有关的装船单据副本连同操作手册已另行空邮寄去。
译文：Copies of the relative shipping documents are being airmailed
to you in a separate cover together with the Operation Manua1．
②名词变体作主语
根据中文的主体情况，将汉语主体中动作意义部分采用名词形式对译。
例5中日两国发展经贸关系，符合两国人民的长远利益。
译文：The development of economy and trade between China and Japan
will benefit the two peoples for long.
例6安全运输既包括谨慎装卸，也包括避免遭偷窃或其它原因造成的损失。
译文：Safe transport involves both care in handling and freedom
from loss by theft or other causes.
例7采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。(动宾短语作主语)
译文：The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of
products．(名词词组作主语)
③补出主语
汉语突出的是主题，主语并不重要，因而在外贸活动中经常使用无主句，但是在翻译时必须把主语补充出来。
例8请从速结帐。译文：We would appreciate your payment without delay.
例9没有调查就没有发言权。译文：He who makes no investigation has no right to
例10弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。
译文：If things are not properly handled，our labor will be totally
④用宾语作主语
根据外贸英语多用被动句的特点，有些中文句子翻译时，可以把汉语动词宾语作英语句子主语，采用英语被动句来翻译整个句子。
例11一般来说，收到贵方信用证后，40天内装运，但一接到贵方正式订单，定会确定具体时间。
译文：Generally, shipment can be effected within 40 days after
receipt of your L/C，but a specific time is to be fixed upon receipt
of your official order．
例12在安排货物运输之前，出口商必须考虑各种不同的影响运输条件的因素，例如费用、安全、速度和便利条件。
　　Before a shipment is made, the exporter has to consider many
different factors influencing his transport considerations such as
cost, safety, speed and conveniencec.
汉语“安排货物”译成英语被动语态“a shipment is made”。
例13热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
译文：Customers from various countries and regions are warmly
welcome to establish and develop business relationships.
⑤形式主语
例14为避免麻烦，报价单上最好写明“如无意外变动，以上报价有效”字样。
译文：To guard against complications, it is advisable to print on
all price lists the words:“ All prices are subject to change
without notice”.
例15由于粗心大意，少发了两箱货。
译文：It was found that two cases of goods were short delivered for
an oversight
例16希望今后我公司能够拥有更多的外国合作伙伴。
译文：It is hoped/anticipated that we will have more foreign
⑥物化主语
西方哲学主张“人物分立”，主客体分明，强调客观，句子常以物或抽象概念作主语，强调主语“物”的重要性。中国人有“天人合一”的观点，强调人与自然的浑然一体，因而汉语句子习惯于以人作主语。这反映了讲汉语的中国人与讲英语的英美人在思维方式上的差异。汉译英时，不能不考虑译文是否符合西方人的思维方式与表达习惯。善于使用非人称主语，可有效地减少“汉语腔”，从而增加英语的味道。
例17你只要仔细比较一下，就可发现我方产品在质量方面与其它公司不同。
译文：Careful comparison will show you differences between our
products and other’s in quality．
例18 长飞公司严格执行自上而下的一条线管理和自下而上的一条线汇报制度，确保公司高效率快节奏的运转。
译文：The strict management and report system has been carefully
enforced,which ensures Changfei Corporation runs efficiently.
例19中世纪期间，手工业都开始专门从事生产，商人则开始专门从事销售，出现了越来越多的店铺，因而贸易活动迅速发展。
译文：The Middle Ages saw a boost in the activity of trading as the
merchants and producers began specializing in making and selling
goods and shops appeared in growing numbers.
例20他没有遵守安全规章，机器才发生了意外。
译文 His failure to observe to the safety regulations brought an
accident to the machine．
1.3谓语选择
句子的主语和谓语是句子的主干，是核心，只要恰当地确定了句子主语和谓语，整个句子的结构就会分明。然而，汉语和英语的谓语的差别很大，汉语谓语范围广泛，搭配形式复杂多变，而英语谓语只能有动词充当，其形态比较稳定。在外贸汉译英时，选择谓语应注意以下几个方面：
⑴在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
例21乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
译文：The prosperity of town enterprises is the inevitable outcome
of the economic reform in the rural areas.
主语是“prosperity”而不是“town enterprises”因而谓语用单数形式的“is”。
⑵保持时态与原文语义相吻合。
汉译英考虑时态时，要把汉语句子当作你自己说的话，切不可认为你在转述别人的话。例如：“他已经走了”这句话要当作你亲口说的，而且说的时间正是你翻译的那一瞬间。只有这样做，时态才容易辨认。至于如何正确选用时态，最主要的是进行汉英对比。从分析汉
语句子入手，来推断出英语译文应采用的时态。具体说来，有下面几点：
①根据汉语句子中的时间状语确定英语译文的时态。
例22这个电冰箱是5年前制造的。译文：This fridge was made five years ago．
例23他每天晚上要到11∶00才离开办公室。
译文：He never leaves the office until eleven o'clock in the
evening everyday．
例24他每星期六下午到工厂去劳动。
译文：Every Saturday afternoon he goes to work in the factory．
②根据汉语中的某些副词或助词来确定英语译文的时态。
例25这个问题下次会上谈论。译文：The question will be talked about at the next
例26外商说：“我想知道的是你们将如何生产产品你的。”
译文：The foreign businessman said：“What I wantto know is how you
are going to make your products．
③根据时态呼应关系，从整个句子意思来考虑选用时态。
在复杂的英文句子中（包括有多个动作的句子），要注意时态的一致性。在一个英文句子或短文中首先要确定一个临界时态，然后根据这个临界时态来考虑别的动作的发生时间与临界时态的关系。
例27昨天，工人们告诉我们他们已经修好了那部机器。
译文：Yesterday the workers told us that they had repaired that
例28该产品市场紧俏，贵公司若有意订购，请从速。
译文：Please make a prompt order of the product, which has been
sold well.
中文“该产品市场紧俏”是指产品已经销售的情况，因而英文用完成时态。
⑶原文是形容词短语、名词性短语、数量词或介词短语作谓语，英文常用系表结构作谓语。
例29这种打字机轻便高效、经久耐用、又经济实惠。
译文：This type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical
and practical.
例30金杯牌汽床垫工艺先进、结构新颖、造型美观、款式繁多、适时大方、携带方便。
译文：The “Golden Cup” brand air-filled bed cushions are made in
advanced technology.With novel structure, beautiful shape and
various patterns, they are comfortable and convenient to carry.
⑷原文是多动谓语（连动式和兼语式）英文可采用一个主动词作谓语，其它用非谓语形式。
例30市政府采取各种措施招商引资。
译文：The city government takes a variety of measures to invite
investment.
例31招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。
译文：The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many
businessmen from south-east Asia to Singapore to hold talks on
different projects.
⑸许多中文句子被动意义不是很明显，但译成英文是要考虑句子暗含的被动意义，译成英文的被动形式。
例32订单可寄给当地中国出版物代理商,或径直寄到北京399信箱中国国际图书贸易总公司。
译文：Orders can be sent to a local agent or Box 399, China
International Book Trading Corporation.
⑹表示与事实相反的中文句子译成英文时谓语多采用虚拟语气形式。
例33要是你们三月份及时备货的话，现在应该赶上销售的旺季了。
译文：Had you prepared goods in March,it would be in the
best-selling season now.
1.4语序调整
由于中西思维角度不同，因而在语言表达语序方面存在一定的差异，在外贸汉译英时，一定要把握这种差异在句子方面的表现，按照西方人表达习惯进行翻译。
①先表态后叙述
西方人一般先表达某件事的态度，然后再具体表达做某件，因中国人则相反，因而在翻译这方面的句子时需要按照英语表达习惯，进行语序调整。
例34若你们能从速发货，以赶上季节开始时的旺季，我们将非常感激。
译文：We shall be very much obliged if you will effect shipment as
soon as possible，thus enabling them to catch the brisk demand at
the start of the season．
例35如果你方报价具有竞争性，交货期可接受的话，我们愿意向你方订货。
译文：We shall be very glad to place our order with you if your
quotation is competitive and delivery date acceptable.
例36如蒙早日寄来样品或产品说明书，不胜感激。
译文：It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon
forwared to us.
②由结果到原因
西方人一般先表达某件事的结果，然后再说明其原因，因中国人则一般相反，因而在翻译这方面的句子时也需要按照英语表达习惯，进行语序调整。
例37我们认为我们有责任再次提醒贵方，由于进口许可证限制的缘故，信用证展期是不可能的。
译文：We feel it our duty to remind you once again that it is
impossible to extend the L/C because of import license
restriction.
③定语从句后置
汉语属于竹竿型结构，语序是按时间先后顺序；而英语属葡萄型结构，主干突出，较短，一般带有从句。与汉语不同的是其定语从句总是后置。因此，汉译英时必须调整语序，把定语部分调到后面，突出主要部分。
例38 1760年，在英国开始的工业革命大大推动了现代贸易的发展。
　　The event which most stimulated the development of modern
trading was the Industrial Revolution, which began in England in
汉语“1760年，在英国开始的”作为定语总是前置，而英语作为定语从句“which began in England in
1760”必须后置。
④重心后移
英语在句子成分排列时，往往按照先短后长的规律组句，也就是头轻脚重，像正三角形，这也是英语句子倒装的主要原因之一。在翻译时如果英文头重脚轻，就需要调整语序。
例39国际推销中的定价工作变得问题越来越多，这是由于国外各市场内的竞争，有关法律和买方行为诸方面的特殊原因，再加上内销定价时的一般复杂性。
译文：Pricing in international marketing becomes even more
problematic because to the normal complexities of domestic pricing
are added the idiosyncrasies of individual foreign markets with
their own competitive, legal and buyer behavior environments.
“the idiosyncrasies of individual foreign markets with their own
competitve, legal and buyer behavior
environments”是状语从句的主语，因为太长，故后置。放在动词added的后面。
在翻译的过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，不可以硬套或逐词死译，否则就不能确切表达原意。有时要把汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句，或者把汉语的否定句译成英语的肯定句，才能使译文自然、流畅，才能准确传达买卖双方的真正用意，这一点在外贸英语中尤为重要，否则就会造成对方的误解，甚至会导致严重的经济后果,在外贸汉译英翻译中要特别注意这种反译法的运用。
1.5.1汉语的否定句译成英语的肯定句
例40毫无疑问你们会喜欢这些精美的工艺品．
译文：I am sure you will like the elegant handicrafts．
例41从参观中可以看出你们厂的机械和设备都是很好的，另外你们的服装设计得也很不错。
译文：From the visiting I Can see that your factory has very good
machinery and equipment，and also the dresses are perfectly
designed．
例42此为人力所无法抗拒的天灾，我方建议贵方向保险公司提出索赔。
译文：As this is beyond our control due to the force majeure，we
suggest that you lodge your claim with the insurance company．
例43我知道您向我国不少服装厂家提供了专门技术。
译文：I know that you have provided your technological know—how to
quite a number of clothing factories in our country．
例44尚未做出决定。译文：The decision is to come．
例45切勿受潮Keep dry／ 切勿倒置Keep top side up
例46信号表明机器没有毛病。
译文：The signal was shown about the machine being in order．
5.2汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句
例47虽然你一再解释，我们的疑团仍然存在。
译文：The doubt was sti11 unsolved after your repeated
explanations．
例48博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。
译文：Al1 the articles are untouchable in the museum
例49如您所知，他们无意向我们让步，我们只有向法院提出诉讼。
译文：As you know that they have no intention to meet us half
way，we have no choice but to lodge a formal complaint before the
例50这些计划的出台引起了我们的重视。
译文：The significance of making these projects wasn’t lost on
例51您能肯定这些破损的包装不是由于粗心大意装卸造成的吗?
译文：Are you sure the broken packages weren’t caused by handling
improperly?
例52我们理解贵方的困难之处。
译文：We understand your inconvenience．
例53所有这些市场调查都是有目的的。
译文：A1l these marketing investigations are not done for
2特殊句子翻译
2.1“是”字句的翻译
“是”字句在汉语中占有相当的比例，但并非所有的”是”都是判断词，因此不能机械地用英语的连系动词be来翻译，必须结合语境含义译之。汉语中的”是”可表示等同、类属、特征、存在等意义；”是……的”含有被动意义；与”才”、”就”、”正”等连用表示强调；”是”还可以表示一种直观表象或结果。
⑴ 译为英语连系动词be
例1改革是振兴中国的唯一出路，是人心所向，大势所趋，不可逆转。
译文：Reform is the only process through which China can be
revitalized, a process which is irreversible and which accords with
the will of the people and the general trend of events.
例2是党和政府的正确方针和政策，促进了广大农村的经济繁荣。
译文：It is the correct principles and policies of our Party and
Government that have promoted the economic prosperity of China’s
vast rural areas.
⑵省略”是”字
例3武汉是长江中下游地区的特大城市，是湖北省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。
译文：Wuhan, a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the
Changjiang River, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific
and technological center of Hubei Province. (译文利用同位语，将第一个”是”省略)
例4中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，社会生产力水平总的还比较低。
译文：As the largest developing country in the world China has a
relatively low level of productive forces on the whole.
例5工业企业效益差是当前许多矛盾的症结所在。
译文：All the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises
today boil down to scanty economic returns.
⑶译为被动语态
例6这些产品是塑料做的。译文：The goods are made of plastic.
例7这种装置在机械表制造工业中是很需要的。
译文：This kind of device is much needed in the mechanical
watch-making industry.
⑷根据”是”的实际意义翻译
例8创新是一个企业发展的灵魂。译文：Innovation sustains the progress of an
enterprise.
这是大势所趋，人心所向。
译文：This represents the general trend of development and the
common aspiration of the people.
例10这份合约的圆满签署，是我们两家公司发展外贸关系的一个重要里程碑。
译文：The successful settlement of the contract marks an important
milestone in developing relationship between our two companies.
例11这个增长速度是指导性的，是就全国来说的。
译文：This growth rate serves as a guide which applies to the
country as a whole.
⑸译为but it is (was)…
例12这个电视机好是好，就是大了点。译文：It is a good TV set all right, but it’s a
bit too big.
⑹ 用there be结构翻译表示”凡是”的”是”字
例13是重活，他都抢着干。译文：Whenever there’s a tough job, he is always the
first to do it.
⑺译成表示条件的从句。
例14是好货，我们都要。译文：Only if the products are good, we will need them
2.2“得”字句的翻译
汉语结构助词”得”一般用在动词或形容词之后，连接补语成分，表示能力、可能性、结果、程度等。汉语的”得”字，可根据其语法功能，利用英语的词法或句法手段翻译。
⑴用情态助动词翻译”得”字
英语的情态助动词can, could, be able to可以表示能力；may, might, can,
could表示可能性，因此可以利用它们来翻译表示能力或可能性的”得”字。
例15她的英语讲得好。译文：She can speak English well.
例16你干得了这件事吗？译文：Can you do it?
例17他看得出两者的差别。译文：He was able to see the difference between the
⑵用词法手段翻译”得”字
英语的后缀-ible, -able构成的词语可以表示能力或可能性，因此也可利用这类词翻译”得”字。
例18有些瑕疵肉眼都看得很清楚。译文：Some flaws are quite visible to the unaided
例19这台机械性能靠得住吗?译文：Is the machine reliable ?
例20这个道理讲得通。译文：The reason is acceptable.
⑶用固定结构翻译”得”字
当”得”字表示结果或程度时，可利用英语中表示相同意义的固定结构如so …that等来翻译。
货物霉烂得有许多地方不能再擦洗了。
译文：The goods were in so rotten a condition that many of them
could not be scrubbed.
例22不要高兴得忘乎所以。译文：Don’t be so happy as to forget everything.
例23这些苹果酸得不能吃。译文：These apples are too sour for eating.
⑷省略”得”字
有时，”得”字无需翻译，只需翻译”得”字位于其中的短语即可。
例24他们俩人很合得来。译文：Both of them got well along with each other.
例25你来得正是时候。译文：You came in the nick of time.
例26游客们玩得很开心。译文：The visitors had a wonderful time.
例27这件事情做得非常出色。译文：It’s exceedingly well done.
2.4“把”字句的翻译
同汉语”是”字句一样，”把”字句也是汉语的一种常见句型。汉语中的”把”字主要起引导受事者的作用，语态形式上表现为主动式，因此使汉语减少了被动句的使用频率，很多被动意义都可借助”把”字句来表达。”把”字”常与表示人的生理或心理状态的词语，如”忙、累、急、气”等搭配，引导表示结果的补语；”把”字可与”一”、”当作”、”给”等连用，构成”把……一……”、”把……当作……”、”把……给……”句型；”把”可用于句首建构祈使句。”把”字的翻译要兼顾其语法及语义功能以及英语的表达习惯。
⑴省略”把”字
例28我错把它当作你的错误了。译文：I mistook it for your fault.
例29他的话几乎把我给气疯了。译文：What he said almost made me go mad.
例30外国商人把仓库的货物全部抢购一空。
译文：The foreign businessmen took up all the goods available in
the stock..
例31今天是什么风把你给吹来的?& 译文：What has brought you here
⑵ 译为被动句
例32他所做的一切把我感动得流下了眼泪。
译文：I was moved to tears by what he had done.
例33把这些货物送到港口是当前的第一要务。
译文：It is currently the first and foremost thing that these goods
should be dispatched to the port
2.4“搞”字句的翻译
现在“搞”字在汉语里非常流行，“搞”字意思之丰富，用得之活，不是汉语的“做”所能望其背项的，如果不考虑风格和情感，倒有点像英语的do，几乎是个“万能”动词。“搞”字的翻译，应当具体问题具体分析，弄清其在具体语境中的具体含义，然后再选择恰当的词语译之。
⑴译为动词或动词短语
“搞”最常见的意义是”做”、”干”、”弄”、”从事”、”进行”等，因此可用do, get, make, work,
practise, engage in, go in for等来翻译。
例34搞字对字的翻译常常是行不通的。
译文：It is often unacceptable to do a word-to-word
translation.
例35这事没啥搞头。译文：There’s no point in doing that.
例36中国现在实行对外开放、对内搞活的政策。
译文：China is now implementing the policy of opening to the
outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.
例37他俩合起来搞我。译文：The two of them joined in making things difficult
例38我们想搞水果蔬菜生意。
译文：We are thinking of starting up in the fruit and vegetable
例39他一心要把对手搞臭。译文：He is bent on discrediting his opponent.
⑵译为其他词类
例40你们在搞什么名堂?& 译文：What are you up to ?
(“搞”译为副词短语up to)
例41我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。
译文：Agricultural advance in so vast a country, with such a large
population and backward economy as in China, requires above all
else mobilizing the initiative of peasants to work hard and
self-reliantly. (“搞”译为名词advance)
⑶省略“搞”字
例42我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。
译文：We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely, to
open up both externally and internally.
例43但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
译文：But there had been too much publicity about my case.
例44我们必须一心一意搞建设。译文：We must concentrate on economic
development.
例45这工作不好搞。译文：This is a difficult job.
⑷译为被动句
例46能不能尽快把科技搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。
译文：Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as
quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist
construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our
3复杂长句翻译
汉语复杂长句是指字数较多、结构复杂、语义层次多的句子。在外贸汉译英过程中，对于复杂长句的翻译一般采取以下几种方法：
因为中国人和英美西方人在思维方式上存一定的共性，在语言表达上也就有一定的共同特点，即语句表达同序性，如果汉语复杂长句与英文复杂长句表达的意义且语序基本一致时，翻译时即可按照汉语原来的句子顺序将原文译成英文，且保持原句的风貌。
例1请你方考虑，今后货物已经订妥，就不可撤销，我们认为，这样才有助于更好的合作。
译文：We would like to have your considerarion that,in the
future,orders once placed are not to be cancelled
afterwards,which,we think, will be conductive to better
cooperation.
例2上海针织公司由37家企业组成，生产规模大，且拥有众多名牌产品，如：“菊花”牌、“鹅”牌和“三枪”牌，公司每年的销售额高达13亿人民币。
译文：Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises
and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known
local brands such as “Mum” “Swan”and “Three Guns”, it has annual
sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.
例3从长远来看，网上购物仅仅是低层次的网络化，未必会成为最主要的趋向。&
From a long-term perspective，internet shopping is but a low
level aspect of the net，and it is not likely to become the most
important trend.&
例4投标人所报的投标价在合同执行期过程中是固定不变的，不得以任何理由予以变更。根据本须知第24条的规定，以可调整的价格提交的投标文件将作为非响应性投标而予以拒绝。
译文：A tender price offered by a tenderer shall remain unchanged
during the performance of the Contract, but shall not be modified
because of any reasons. According to Clause 24 of the Notice,
tender documents containing any adjustable prices will be rejected
as non-responsive tenders.
所谓分译就是把原文长句分译成两句或两句以上，汉语句子子所以要分译，是因为汉语句子结构比较松散，而英语句子比较严谨。分译长句时，首先要透彻理解原文，仔细体会作者思路，分析句子内部之间的关系，然后再根据英语句子表达习惯进行分译。
订货时我们已经强调任何延误无疑增加货物的成本，故此，我们必须索回由此产生的损失费。
译文：While placing our order we emphasized that any delay in
delivery would definitely add to the cost of the goods.That why we
have to raise a claim on refouds for the loss.
原文是一句话，而译文是两句话。
例6我们对已到达的货物感到十分满意，如果你方能满足一下两个条件，我们将向你方大量订货：一是你们必须保证货物高质量，二是我们要求按记帐条款办理。是否同意，请速告知。
译文:We are fully satisfied with the goods having arrived.We shall
place large orders with you if you can meet the following two
conditions.First, you should guarantee the high quality of your
goods.Second,we require open account terms.Please let us know if
you are prepared to grand us these conditions.
例6中日两国是近邻，一衣带水，我们两国的关系已经有一千多年历史。
译文:China and Japan are close neighbors separated by just a strip of
water. The relations between our two countries have a history of
more than 1000 years.
英语的特征之一是句子较长，多用复合句。而汉语则与之相反，多用短句，多用简单句。因此，在翻译的过程中，常需要把若干个汉语的句子合并成一个英语长句。
例7收支平衡定价法是许多公司采用的方法。它在一定意义上是公司将成本加成法延伸，并考虑市场的一种方法，并且是决定公司的收入等于支出时的销售量确定在某一特定价格时的损益平衡点的方法。
译文：Break－even pricing is a method in use by a number of firms
which extends the cost approach somewhat along the road to
considering the market, and also the method of determining the
quantity of sales at which the firm’s revenues will equal its costs
identifying a break－even point at the specific price.
这里译文里用了两个定语从句，“which… ”一个连词“and”，把汉语若干个句子译成一个长句。
合并句子常采用复合句，但有时复合句可能使子变得罗嗦，不如用分词和介词。
例8在需求弹性较高且单位生产和经销成本不变时，公司可采用高价策略，需求弹性较低且单位生产成本下降时，公司可采用低价策略。这样做公司可以最大限度地迅速收取现金。
译文：The firm can maximize immediate cash flow through a high
price strategy because of the presence of a high demand elasticity
and constant unit costs of production and distribution, and through
a low price strategy because of the presence of a low demand
elasticity and declining unit costs.
　　在此介词through非常简洁地译出汉语动词“采取”之意，加上两个“because
of”介词短语的运用，使汉语若干个句子译成英语一个结构严谨的简单句。
例9由于最近原棉涨价，使我产品稍有提价，今后两周内，将由于上述原因，价格会普遍上涨。
译文：The recent advance in the price of raw cotton has compelled
us to make a slight increase in the prices，which，in the course of
the next fortnight，will result in an increase of price all
round.&&&&&&&
把中文的原因“由于最近原棉涨价”译成英文的主语，
“将由于上述原因，价格会普遍上涨”译成英文的定语从句，这样把中文两个句子组成的长句合并翻译成英文一个句子。
例10这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为壮观；而从前筋疲力尽的旅游者都只能到此止步。
译文：This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now
has become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic
and wonder.
译文采用从句与名词短语等手段，把中文的长句合并译成英文一个句子。
例11当前,世界多极化不断发展,经济全球化日益加深,科技进步日新月异, 区域合作更加紧密. 区域合作更加紧密。
译文：The world today is moving towards multi-polarity and economic
globalization is gaining momentum, accompanied by rapid progress in
science and technology and ever closer regional cooperation.
原文由几个分句组成,译文中用了accompanied by这一过去分词形式,行文简练。
例12世界上不安定，不和谐的因素也在增多，表现在传统和非传统安全威胁交织,
全球经济发展不均衡，贫富差距拉大，全球经济发展不均衡，贫富差距拉大。
译文：There is growing instability and discord, as seen in mounting
traditional and non-traditional security treats, unbalanced global
economic development and a widening gap in wealth.
译文中用as引导的过去分词结构引出世界上不安定,不和谐的因素也在增多的表现, 句子精练。
由于汉英表达的差异，比如说汉语习惯按时间先后来表达句子，而英文则强调信息突出原则，根据信息主次来表达，因而，在翻译中文长句是有时需要采取倒置法，就是在翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
例13中国在20世纪80年代实行改革开放，自那以后，中国发生了巨大的变化。
译文：Great changes have taken place in China since 1980’s when the
reform and opening policy was introduced.
例14我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。
译文：I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my
countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic
member of the European Community. （部分倒置）
例15我原计划今年三月去参观贵公司，后来不得不推迟，这使我我感到扫兴。
译文：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit
which I had intended to pay to your company in March.
我们在翻译过程中，单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，应着眼篇章，采用综合法，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。
欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献，使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力，使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响，并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢？
译文：How can the European Union contribute to the development of a
European film and television industry which will be meant to be
competitive in the world market，and capable of radiating the
influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe？
中文是一句比较复杂的长疑问句，由四个短小句子组成，翻译时运用了增词法（增加the development
of），转换法（把后面三个短句转换成英文的定语从句，同时，把中文的动词”发挥”、”创造”转化为英文的动名词）,以及运用了省略法（把
“能够”和“有能力”合译成英文的 “be capable of” ）。
例16由一家在中华人民共和国国内或国外信誉好的银行用招标文件提供的格式或招标机构接受的其他格式出具的银行保函、不可撤销的备用信用证，其有效期应超过投标有效期三十(30)天。
译文：A bank that enjoys a good reputation in or outside the
People’s Republic of China issues a letter of guarantee and an
irrevocable stand-by letter of credit in the form provided by the
tender invitation documents or in a form that is acceptable to
Tenderee, the valid period being thirty (30) days more than the
valid period of the tender.
译文省掉中文的介词“由”，把中文的介词结构转化成英文的主谓宾结构，中间穿插一个定语从句，后面跟一个独立主格结构。
4段落句群翻译
段落句群是由两个以上的句子组成的语义整体，构成段落的各个句子，结构上紧密联系，意义上由向心性，并以一定的语言手段组合起来。在外贸汉译英过程中，对于段落句群的翻译要注意段落的内在逻辑及结构可调整性。具体翻译方法有：
在翻译时，可根据汉语的表达顺序和逻辑关系，逐句翻译。
我方刚刚收到上海商检局的检验报告，证明所有苹果汁每桶少一至五公斤,总共减少三千公斤。由于果汁完好无损，显而易见，苹果汁在装运前就不够重量。在这种情况下，我方不得不向贵方提出八百五十元人民币的索赔，另加检验费用。
译文：We have just received the Survey Report from Shanghai
Commodity Inspection Bureau evidencing that all drums of apple
juice weigh short by 1 to 5 kilogram at least, totaling 300
kilogram. As the drums were intact, it is obvious that apple juice
was short in weight before shipment .Unde we
have to file a claim against you to the amount of RMB 850 plus
inspection fee.
例2一般情况下，我们生产的每支钢笔都要经过单独检验才能进入仓库，因此很难理解为什么这支被漏检。我们已将您的笔送交质量检查部门检验，并要求做出报告。与此同时，我们正安排为您更换新笔。
译文：Normally each of our pens is individually examined before
being passed into store and it is hard to understand why this one
escaped examination. We have passed your pen to our quality control
department for inspection and a report. Meanwhile, we are arranging
to replace your pen with a new one.
这两段句群，在翻译时就按照原文的表达顺序，逐句翻译，并且表逻辑关系的词也采取直译的方法。
相对于中文而言，英文在表达过程中可以广泛使用从句，非谓语，介词短语等多种表达方式，因而，根据英文表达的这些特殊性，在翻译时，可以打破原文句子之间的相对独立而合译成英文的一句或几句。
若质量和价格适宜，你们的雨衣在这里会有较好的销量。但在正式下定单之前，我们希望先试销。如你们能选一批男，女装雨衣寄来，并同意给我们14天的试销期，我们将会感到很高兴。在此期限结束时，任何未销出而我们又不准备库存的产品将退还给你们，退货费用由我方负担。
译文：Provided quality and price are satisfactory there are
prospects of good sales here, but before placing a firm order we
should be glad if you would send us, on fourteen day's approval, a
selection of men's and women's raincoats. Any of the items unsold
at the end of the period, and which we decide not to keep as stock,
would be returned at our expense.
在翻译此段中文时就采取了合译法。将中文的前三句合并翻译成英文的一个复杂长句，使用了三个从句，两个条件句，一个时间状语从句，并且用了一个介词短语。原文第二句是一个长句，翻译时也是利用英文主从句特点翻译。
分译，就是根据英文表达的需要，可以把中文的一个长句当中的某些短句，单独译成一个或几个英文句子。
例4近几个月贵公司销售大幅度下降，我们非常关心。开始，我们以为是市场疲软，但仔细研究问题，我们发现，过去这段时间贸易的总趋势是上升的。有可能你方面临困难，我方还不知道，如是这样，我方想知道能否提供什么帮助。我们期望能收到关于问题的详细报告，及建议我们怎样帮助，才能把销售恢复到原来的水平。
译文：We are much concerned that your sales in recent months have
fallen considerably. At first we thought this might be due to a
slack market, but on looking into the matter more closely, we find
that the general trend of trade during this period has been
upwards. It is possible that you are facing difficulties of which
we are not aware. If so, we would like to know what we could do to
help. We, therefore, look forward to receiving. From you a detailed
report on the situation and suggestions as to how we may help in
restoring our sales to their former level.
翻译此段中文时，就把原文的后两句译成英文的四句。
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