Clinical significance of KISS1 protein expression for brain invasion and metastasis. - Abstract - Europe PMC
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(PMID: PMCID:PMC3674482)
Ilya V Ulasov
The Brain Tumor Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Natalya V Kaverina
Peter Pytel
Bart Thaci
Feifei Liu
Douglas Hurst
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Danny Welch
University of Kansas Medical Center
Husein A Sattar
Olufunmilayo I Olopade
Anatoly Y Baryshnikov
Z.G. Kadagidze
Maciej S Lesniak
The Brain Tumor Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
No matching affiliation detected.
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[16 Sep ):]
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, research-article, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Metastases to the brain represent a feared complication and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Despite improvements in therapy, prognostic factors for development of metastases are lacking. KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor that demonstrates inhibition of metastases formation in several types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of KISS1 expression in breast cancer progression and the development of intracerebral lesions.In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of 47 brain metastases and 165 primary breast cancer specimens by using the antihuman KISS1 antibody. To compare KISS1 expression between different groups, we used a 3-tier score and the automated score computer software (ACIS) evaluation. To reveal association between mRNA and protein expression, we used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Significance of immunohistochemistry stainings was correlated with clinicopathological data.We identified that KISS1 expression is significantly higher in primary breast cancer compared with brain metastases (P & .05). The mRNA analysis performed on 33 selected ductal carcinoma brain metastatic lesions and 36 primary ductal carcinomas revealed a statistically significant down-regulation of KISS1 protein in metastatic cases (P = .04). Finally, we observed a significant correlation between expression of KISS1 and metastasis-free survival (P = .04) along with progression of breast cancer and expression of KISS1 in primary breast cancer specimens (P = .044).In conclusion, our study shows that breast cancer expresses KISS1. Cytoplasmic expression of KISS1 may be used as a prognostic marker for increased risk of breast cancer progression.
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CitePeer Related ArticlesNormal Results
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is normally clear and colorless. Abnormal CSF may appear cloudy, turbid, bloody, viscous, or clotted. Red blood cells (RBCs) should not be present in normal CSF. Typical normal ranges for white blood cells (WBCs) are shown in the table below1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
DemographicNormal Ranges (WBC/uL)Neonates (&1 year)0-30 Ages 1 to 4 years0-20 Ages 5 to puberty (18 years)0-10 Adults (18 years)0-5
Increased WBCs in the CSF may be indicative of meningitis, malignancy, or demyelinating disease. RBCs in the CSF may be indicative of hemorrhage or the result of a traumatic lumbar puncture.11
Traumatic Tap Versus Hemorrhage
When RBCs in CSF are due to a traumatic tap, a visual comparison between the first and last collection tubes will show a significant decrease in color. There will be no color difference in the case of a hemorrhage. Further, a clear and colorless supernatant following centrifugation indicates a traumatic tap since the cells have not yet broken down. A xanthochromic supernatant reveals a hemorrhage.11
Diagnostic Range Guidelines12
WBCs or RBCs*Major cell typeGlucoseProtein*Pressure*Acute bacterial meningitis100-100,000 WBC/uLPMND&100 mg/dLIViral infections100-2,000 WBC/uLLNN or I
N or IGuillain-Barré syndrome0-100 WBC/uLLN&100 mg/dLNMultiple sclerosis0-50 WBC/uLLNN or I
NSpinal cord tumor0-50 WBC/uLLNN or INCerebral hemorrhage&500,000 RBC/uL (bloody)RBCNII
*Figures given for pressure, cell counts, and protei exceptions are common.
L = N= PMN = polymor I = increased, D = decreased.
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9McPherson, R.A., Matthew, R., Pincus, M.R. (2011). Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Elsevier S 2545.
10 Wallach, J. (1996). Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests (Sixth ed.). New York, New York. Little B 71.
11Brunzel, N.A. (2013). Fundamentals of Urine & Body Fluid Analysis (Third ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier S 314, 316, 318-320.
12Levin, M.C. (2012, August). Neurologic Diagnostics Procedures. Retrieved from Merck Manual: /professional/neurologic-disorders/approach-to-the-neurologic-patient/neurologic-diagnostic-procedures
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