4发现相似题新HSK六级阅读第二部分----选词填空
新HSK六级“阅读”的第二部分是选词填空，共10题，这部分的题目一般是一段话，每段话中都留有3--5个空格，每个空有4个选项，考生要根据上下文的意思、语境等要求选出最合适的一组答案。
这部分试题要求考生不仅要掌握好六级大纲中的词语，注意形近词语、同义词语的辨析，还要注意上下文语境、前后连贯以及词语的感情色彩。关于大纲词语的详细讲解，请大家认真学习本课程词汇部分。下面我们将从惯用搭配和感情色彩、量词等解题技巧进行分析、讲解。
一、上下文语境
1、语境，指的是语言的使用环境，它包括上下文、情景、对象等方面。通常我们可以根据一段话的语境来进行一些相关细节的猜测，从而对所要选择的词语的进行确定、验证。语境判断：
A、首先要通读所提供的语段。
B、然后对语段的所要表达的意思进行合理的猜测，从而选择符合的词语。
C、通读语段，进行验证。
2、例如：父母最好不要给孩子强加各种不切实际的目标，增加他们的_________。我们要让他们在自然的_________下，_________到学习的重要性，在_________和赞赏中，激发他们学习的动力。
A、活力&&状况&&感受&&满意&&&&&&
B、动力&&情况&&感觉&&欣赏
C、负担&&条件&&体验&&尊敬&&&&&&
C、压力&&状态&&体会&&尊重
&解题：第一个空中，根据上文“父母不要……”可以推断这个空所填的词语应该不是太正面的，所以A和B中的“活力”和“动力”都不适合。第二空C和D的“在……条件下”和“在……状态下”都是可以的，第三个空“体验”和“体会”其实意思也接近。最后一个空，“尊敬”一般用在长辈或是上级，而对于孩子，应该是“尊重”。所以最后正确的答案是D。
二、惯用搭配
1、词语搭配，包括动宾、介宾、动补、宾补和复句关联词语搭配等内容。而且词语搭配都是固定搭配，不能随意变换。这部分需要同学们日常的积累，如果能较熟练地掌握这些固定搭配，会为解题提供较大的帮助的。
2、下面我们总结了一些常见的搭配，希望大家能认真掌握：
1、据……观察
据我这段时间的观察，发现他没什么工作能力。
2、据……了解
据记者了解，今年液晶电视的销售情况十分喜人。
3、对……有益
&&对……有害
锻炼身体对健康有益。
抽烟对身体有害。
4、对……感兴趣
他对中国文化非常感兴趣。
5、为……担心
我在这儿很好，不用为我担心。
6、向……学习
他学习很认真，我们都应该向他学习。
7、向……问好
请代我向你父亲问好。
8、就……而言
就投篮技术而言，我们队比你们对强得多。
9、就……来说
就他的语言学习能力来说，我们班没有人比得上他。
10、对……来说
对我们来说，汉字不算太难。
11、拿……来说
拿产品质量来说，最近有了很大的提高。
12、以……为……
我们都要以他为学习榜样，努力做好自己的工作。
13、跟……有关
研究表明肥胖跟一个人的吃饭速度有关。
14、与……相比
与去年相比，今年的报名人数增加了20%。
15、依……看（之见）
以我看，没有必要这么做。/以我之见，没有必要这么做。
16、根据……的需要
我们应该根据自己的需要，选择合适的相机。
17、经……批准
经校领导的批准，他又回来工作了。
18、受……欢迎
游乐园非常受孩子的欢迎。
19、所+动词
你所谈到的问题，我们都很感兴趣。
20、动词+于
他1999年毕业于北京大学。
21、动词+自
他来自美国。
三、词语的感情色彩
词语的感情色彩分为三种：褒义词、贬义词、中性词。1、褒义词：含有赞赏、嘉许、褒扬、喜爱、尊崇、美好、吉祥等感情色彩意义的词。如：助人为乐、鞠躬尽瘁、理想、顽强等；&&&2、贬义词：词义带有贬斥、否定、憎恨、轻蔑感情色彩的词。如：遗臭万年、鼠目寸光、狗腿子、怂恿、顽固等；&&&3、中性词：是不带褒义和贬义感情色彩的词语，根据语言表达的需要可以用于好的方面，也可以用于坏的方面。如：无奇不有、无声无息、不由自主、鼓励等。4、词语的褒贬色彩在特定的语言环境中可以发生变化。如“骄傲”的贬褒用法：褒义用法：小雨去市里参加数学竞赛，得了第一名，我真为他骄傲！贬义用法：王凯期末考试得了98分，就骄傲的不得了。
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题号：662152试题类型：填空题 知识点：可数名词及其单复数,名词,形容词,副词&&更新日期：
选词填空。&&&&根据句意,请用方框中词语的适当形式完成下列句子,每词只用一次。1.&I&have&met&him&twice,&but&I&don’t&have&a&good&______________&of&him.& &2.&He&is&experimenting&with&a&new&______________.& &3.&Last&summer&I&worked&for&six&weeks&as&a&_____________&on&a&children’s&TV&show.& 4.&Let’s&have&a&rest&for&a&few&minutes&–&this&work&very&___________.& &5.&__________,&she&got&a&job&and&moved&to&London.& &6.&The&news&that&she&had&won&the&first&prize&caused&great&__________&among&her&friends.& &7.&His&eyes&fell&upon&an&____________&in&the&magazine.&&&8.&The&country&is&making&______________&for&a&war.& &9.&Getting&lost&in&the&forest,&I&felt&lonely&and&_____________.& &10.&I&couldn’t&fall&asleep&because&the&bed&was&so&_______________.&
难易度：中等
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可数名词：
是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式，当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也应用复数形式。&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
可数名词复数的规则变化：&
1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;&
map-maps bag-bags car-cars
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词
bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾 的词　
license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词　　
变y 为i再加es
baby-babies另外： 1）以y 结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：　 如：two Marys　the Henrys&&&&& monkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays　　 比较：层楼：storey---storeys　 story---stories 2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　piano---pianos&b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes　 3）以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs&& safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加ves，如：half---halves　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves& wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves； c. 均可，如：handkerchief:& handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 可数名词复数的不规则变化： 1）child---children　foot---feet　 tooth---teeth&& mouse---mice　 man---men　woman---women　& 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。& 如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形　如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: && a dollar,　 a meter, two meters 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如：staff& people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a staff& a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，&the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。& 如：The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s 结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 　"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 　&&一千零一夜&&是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes&； 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); two pairs of trousers 6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼 复合名词的复数形式： && 名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1）用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会& students reading-room 学生阅览室　& talks table 谈判桌　&&& the foreign languages department 外语系 2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workers　　women teachers　gentlemen officials 3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车)& arms produce　武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)& a ten-mile walk 十里路　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树&&&&&&&&&&& a five-year plan　一个五年计划　　&
可数名词单复数知识体系：
不同国籍人的单复数：
名词的概念：
名词(Nouns）是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词（ProperNouns）和普通名词(CommonNouns），普通名词又可分为不可数名词和可数名词两大类。
名词的数：
1、名词复数的构成方法：(1)在一般情况下，加词尾-s： book/books书 pen/pens钢笔 face/faces脸 (2)以s, x, z, sh, ch等结尾的名词，通常加词尾-es：bus/buses 公共汽车 box/boxes 盒子 dish/dishes 盘子注：有些以ch结尾的名词，由于其发音不是[k]而是[tf]，那么其复数形式应加词尾–s，如stomach/stomachs胃。 (3)以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y改为ies；以“元音字母＋y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾s：city/cities 城市 boy/boys 男孩 key/keys 钥匙注：以y结尾的专有名词，若在某些特殊情况下需要复数，通常加s构成： Mary/Marys玛丽 Germany/Germanys德国 (4)以o结尾的名词，有些加词尾-s，有些加-es，有些加-s或-es均可： piano/pianos钢琴 tomato/tomatoes西红柿 zero/zero(e)s零 注：有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计，一共近200个，其中绝大部分的复数形式通过加词尾-s构成，少数加词尾es。在中学英语范围内，加词尾es的主要有以下4个：tomato西红柿，potato土豆，hero英雄，Negro黑人 (5)以f或fe结尾的名词，也有两种可能：即有些直接加词尾-s，有些则把f/fe改为ves： chief/chiefs首领 roof/roofs屋顶 knife/knives小刀&注：在中学英语范围内，要改f/fe为ves的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词)：wife 妻子，life 生命，knife 小刀，leaf 树叶，thief 贼，half 一半，self 自己，shelf 架子，loaf 面包，wolf 狼。&& 另外，中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式：handkerchiefs/handkerchieves，但在现代英语中，以用handkerchiefs为多见。
2、单数与复数同形式的名词：中学英语中主要的有：sheep绵羊，fish鱼，deer鹿，Chinese中国人，Japanese日本人，Portuguese葡萄牙人，Swiss瑞士人，aircraft飞行器，means方法，series系列，head(牛等的)头数，works工厂，等。注：fish有时也用fishes这样的复数形式，尤其表示种类时；head若不是牲口的“头数”，而是表示“人的头”或“人数”，则要用heads这样的复数形式。
3、不规则的复数名词：有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则：man/men男人 woman/women女人 child/children小孩 tooth/teeth牙齿 foot/feet脚 goose/geese鹅 mouse/mice老鼠 ox/oxen公牛注：(1)一些以man,woman结尾的合成词，在构成复数与man,woman的变化形式相同，如：policeman/policemen警察，gentleman/gentlemen绅士，Englishman/Englishmen英国人，等等。但是human(人)，German(德国人)不是合成词，其复数不能仿man的变化规律，而是按规则变化，即用humans,Germans。&(2)foot表示“英尺”时，其复数可以有两种形式feet/foot，如：He is about six feet/foottall. 他大约6英尺高。
名词可数性的三个易错点：&(1)根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如：汉语中的“面包”，一般认为是可数的，可以说“一个面包”、“两个面包”等，但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的，不能相应地用a bread，two breads表示以上意思。不过有趣的是，loaf 表示“面包”却又是可数的，可说a loaf, two loaves。 (2)想当然地判断名词的可数性。如：有的学生认为news (消息)和paper (纸)都不可数，于是便想当然地认为 newspaper (报纸)就一定不可数，但事实上，newspaper却是可数名词；又如：有的同学认为 tear (眼泪)即“泪水”，并将其与water(水)相联系，认为tear 是不可数的，但事实上，tear却是可数的。&(3)受名词一词多义的影响。有的名词不止一个意思，且用于不同意思时，其可数性也有不同，不要形成思维思势。如：aim表示“目的”时是可数名词，表示“瞄准”时是不可数名词；又如 experience表示“经验”时不可数，表示“经历”时则可数；再如:fortune，当它表示“运气”时，不可数(=luck)，当它表示“命运”时，可数，当它表示“财产”时，不可数，但可与a连用。
可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语： (1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有：these, those, few, a few, many, a good[great] many, agreat[good]number of 等。注：a good[great]many后直接跟名词，没有介词of。&(2)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有：this, that, a few, a little, a bit of, much, no, a great deal of 等。&(3)有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词：all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of等。&(4)有些名词形式上是复数，但却被用作不可数名词，使用much, little等修饰语：He hasn't got much brains.他没什么头脑。 He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。&I said I wouldn't want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。It's high time you were taught a little manners.该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。
单位词与不可数名词数量表示法：单位词是表示事物个体性的词语，不可数名词通常没有复数形式，也不可以用个数计算，要表示不可数名词的个体性需借助单位词： a piece of paper一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议a piece of news一条消息 an article of furniture一件家具 a cake of soap一块香皂 a slice of meat一块a cup of tea一杯茶 a bottle of ink一瓶墨水& 注：不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词，如“一张邮票”只能说a stamp，而不能说a piece of stamp。
名词的可数性：
1、名词根据其可数性，可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来，个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的；而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的，原则性的，并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的。 A：Would you like a cake? 要吃块蛋糕吗? B：No, I don't like cake.不吃，我不喜欢吃蛋糕。以上第一句用a cake，这是把cake视为一块一块的“蛋糕”，所以它是可数的；而第二句只用cake，这是把它当作物质名词看待，所以它成了不可数名词。
2、不同类别名词的可数性。 (1)专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下，专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义，因此它通常没有复数形式，即不可数。但是，专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的，随着范围的扩大，这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内，只有一个星期六(Saturday)，一个星期日(Sunday)等，但是在一个月中甚至一年中，便有多个星期六，多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说：We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。又如，在一个小范围内，可能只有一个Henry，但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个Henry，因此我们有时会见到这样的句子：There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。另外，若专有名词转化成了普通名词，也可以是可数的：Thousands of LeiFengs have emerged in China.中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。 (2)个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体，所以它通常是可数的。 (3)物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体，所以它通常是不可数的。但是，在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等)，有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式： wine酒(不可数)，a wine一种酒(可数)， beer啤酒(不可数)，two beers两杯啤酒(可数)&，glass玻璃(不可数)，some glasses一些玻璃杯(可数) (4)抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的，因此它通常是不可数的。但是，有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数)，表示具有某种性质的人或事物：success成功(不可数)，asuccess成功的人或事(可数) ，pleasure愉快(不可数)，apleasure令人愉快的人或事(可数) (5)集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体，它本身通常是可数的，其复数形式表示多个集合体：a family一个家庭，three families三个家庭 a team一个队，two teams两个队 a crowd一群人，crowds多群人
名词知识体系：
特殊名词的复数形式：
1、复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数：passer-by/passers-by 过路人 shoe-maker/shoe-makers 鞋匠&& looker-on/lookers-on 旁观者 on-looker/on-lookers 旁观者 father-in-law/fathers-in-law 岳父 若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词加s：go-between/go-betweens中间人，媒人 know-all/know-alls 万事通注：由man/woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词，两者均变为复数：man doctor/men doctors男医生&& woman writer/women writers 女作家 2、字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾-'s： There are two i's in the word"skiing". skiing.这个词里有两个字母i。 如：Mind your p's and q's. 要谨言慎行。&&&&&&&& All the–'s should be changed to+'s. 所有的正号应改为负号。注：若不至于发生混淆，也可只加词尾s。如：He was born in the 1930(')s. 他出生在20世纪30年代。 &&&&&&& Your 3(')s look like 8(')s. 你写的3看起来像似8。 3、度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s： m(meter, meters)米 km(kilometer, kilometers)千米 kg(kilogramme, kilogrammes)千克 cm(centimeter, centimeters)厘米；有的缩写词也加s：hr(hours)/hrs(hours)小时 No(number)/Nos(Numbers)号码；有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式：p.10(page10)第10页 pp.10(pages10through15)第10至15页
形容词的概念：
形容词(adjective)，简称adj.或a，形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏与否，形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
形容词的作用与位置：
形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。如：a language difficult to master,&&&&&&& a leaning tower about 180 feet high（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（大小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词。口诀：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。 如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, &&&&&&& the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paintings
形容词的用法：
1、形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面： 1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot热的。 2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid害怕的。（错）Heisanillman. （对）Themanisill. （错）Sheisanafraidgirl. （对）Thegirlisafraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：somethingnice 2、用形容词表示类别和整体： 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poorarelosinghope.穷人失去了希望。 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。如：the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful senseofhumor.
以-ly结尾的形容词： 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：如：（错）She sang lovely. &&&&&&& （错）He spoke to me very friendly. &&&&&&& （对）Her singing was lovely. &&&&&&& （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early .如：The Times is a daily paper.&&&&&&&&&The Times is published daily.
形容词知识体系：
复合形容词的构成：
（1）形容词+名词+ed：&&&&&&&&& 如：kind-hearted 好心的，white-haired 白发的（2）形容词+形容词：&&&&&&&&& 如：red-hot 炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的（3）形容词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：good-looking 好看的，easy-going 随和的（4）副词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：hard-working 勤劳的，fast-moving 快速转动的（5）副词+过去分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：hard-won 得来不易的，newly-made 新建的（6）名词+形容词：&&&&&&&&& 如：life-long 终生的，world-famous 世界闻名的（7）名词+现在分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：peace-loving 爱好和平的，fun-loving 爱开玩笑的（8）名词+过去分词：&&&&&&&&& 如：snow-covered 白雪覆盖的，hand-made 手工的（9）数词+名词+ed：&&&&&&&&& 如：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的（10）数词+名词（名词用单数）：&&&&&&&&& 如：ten-year 10年的,& two-man 两人的
副词的概念：
副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、非谓语动词乃至整个句子，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
副词的位置： 1）在动词之前。 2）在be动词、助动词之后。 3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 如：He speaks English well.
副词的排列顺序： 1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 如：Please write slowly and carefully. 3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：（错）I very like English.&&&&&&&&&&& （对）I like English very much. 注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 如：I don't know him well enough.&&&&&&&& There is enough food for everyone to eat. &&&&&&& There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词：
1）close与closely：&&&& &close意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”。&&&&& 如： He is sitting close to me. &&&&&&&&&&&&&& Watch him closely.2）late与lately： &&&&& late意思是"晚"；lately意思是“最近” 。&&&&& 如：You have come too late.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&What have you been doing lately? 3）deep与deeply： &&&&& deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”&。&&&&& 如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4）high与highly：&&&& &high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。 &&&&& 如：The plane was flying high. &&&&&&&&&&&&& I think highly of your opinion.5）wide与widely：&&&& &wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”。 &&&&& 如：He opened the door wide. &&&&&&&&&&&&& English is widely used in the world. 6）free与freely：&&&& &free的意思是“免费”；freely的意思是“无限制地”。&&&&& 如：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.&&&&&&&&&&&&&& You may speak freely, say what you like.
副词知识体系：
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9、 Reduce, reuse, and recycle. This familiar environmentalist slogan tells us how to reduce the amount of rubbish that ends up in landfills and waterways. The concept is being used to deal with one possibly dangerous form of waste — electronic junk (电子垃圾), such as old computers, cell phones, and televisions. But this process for managing e-waste may be used in an unscrupulous way more often than not used, a recent report suggests.“A lot of these materials are being sent to developing nations under the excuse of reuse — to bridge the digital divide,” said Richard Gutierrez, a policy researcher.One of the problems is that no one proves whether these old machines work before they hit the seaways. Because of this, the report says, e-waste is a growing problem in Lagos, Nigeria, and elsewhere in the developing world. Much of the waste ends up being thrown away along rivers and roads. Often it’s picked apart by poor people, who may face dangerous exposure to poisonous chemicals in the equipment.Businessmen also pay workers a little money to get back materials such as gold and copper. This low-tech recovery process could expose workers and the local environment to many dangerous materials used to build electronics. According to Gutierrez, this shadow economy exists because the excuse of recycling and reusing electronics gives businessmen “a green passport” to ship waste around the globe. “Developing nations must take upon some of the responsibility themselves,” Gutierrez said. But, he added, “A greater portion of this responsibility should fall on the exporting state.”China, for example, has become a dumping place for large amounts of e-waste. The nation is beginning to take action to stop the flow of dangerous materials across its borders. The Chinese government, after many years of denial is finally beginning to take the lead.1、 The passage mainly tells us that _______.A．developing countries are facing serious environmental problemsB．e-waste is sent to developing countries under the excuse of reuseC．developing countries are making full use of e-wasteD．e-waste is a growing problem in developed countries2、What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?A．A lot of e-waste is dumped in developing countries.B．Poor people break up e-waste to collect some valuable materials. C．The problem of e-waste is growing in developing countries.D．Old computers and TVs still work before they are sent abroad.3、The underlined word “unscrupulous” in Paragraph 1 probably means “________”.A．immoralB．wrongC．proudD．unsafe4、From what Gutierrez said we can learn that ________.A．developing countries should be responsible for this problemB．exporting countries should be mainly responsible for this problemC．neither rich nor poor countries should be blamed for this problemD．poor countries should be blamed for this problem
10、 Preparing for the Next Job MarketThe latest spike in the unemployment rate is being felt across the board ?in 98 percent of metropolitan areas, in high-wage and low-wage jobs, among young and old, women and men, but especially men．This landscape means that young Americans who are trying to plan their futures right now have some hard choices．Do they go to college and take on debt without hope of getting a job? And what about high school students? Do they have any chance of securing a job without a college degree? Perhaps the education system needs to react to this rapidly moving economic crisis．In our current economic collapse, the connection between education and employment could not be more different than it was during the Depression．Education must now hold center stage, not because of an enemy abroad but because of the global economy．The jobs of the future will demand levels of education, particularly skills in mathematics, technology and science, which exceed those now taught in high school．A healthy society should strive for full employment．In our times, that goal cannot be realized, or even approximated by creating jobs for the unskilled．The long-term prospect for economic recovery depends on the extent to which we improve our educational system．And this is where America is now at its weakest．##Our high schools produce graduates who do not write well enough, have limited reasoning skills and are unable to use the tools of mathematics．Their command of science is far inferior to that of their counterparts in other nations．And all too many young people drop out．We may still have the best university system, but it benefits only a minority．We will need more engineers, scientists and service providers, particularly in the health professions, with a quality of education that cannot be obtained in the current system．Radical change, not reform, is called for．What should be done? First, high school should be cut short and end when students are 16．Second, a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills that the economy needs should be created．Third, access to four-year colleges should be expanded, giving more Americans the chance to acquire the deep learning that makes breakthroughs in technology possible．Fourth, we need to recruit more public school teachers and train them better, particularly in physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics, so that our children can be prepared to compete．1、Nowadays, students graduating from high school____．A．write well enoughB．have limitless reasoning skillsC．can't use the tools of mathematicsD．command science as much as their counterparts in other nations2、What should we do to improve the quality of education?A．Students shouldn't study in high school until 16．B．We should create a new generation of two-year college programs tied to a wide range of specific skills the economy needs．C．We should limit access to four-year colleges．D．We ought to recruit more private school teachers and train them better．3、What does the word "collapse" in the third paragraph mean?A．successB．failureC．developmentD．booming4、Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Young Americans planning their futures have difficult choices．B．Education must hold center stage due to the global economy．C．The best university system benefits a majority．D．A health society should struggle for full employment．
11、 The food we eat seems to have great effects on our health. Although science has made great steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to diet as well. Different cultures are subject to certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates(硝酸盐) and nitrites(亚硝酸盐), commonly used to keep color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels(标签) of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and chick and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although the FDA has tried repeatedly to control these, the practices continue.1、How has science done a bad service to mankind?A．Diseases caused by food have been done away with.B．It has caused a lack of information about the value of food.C．Some harmful materials have been added to our food.D．Scientists have made food more expensive to eat.2、What are nitrates used for?A．They help process packaged food.B．They keep the color in meats.C．They cure diseases of cows and chickens. D．They cause the animals to become fatter.3、Which of the following statements is NOT true?A．You can find out harmful additives on the packaging labels of food.B．Drugs given to animals are not all for medical reasons.C．Researchers knew about the harm of food additives about 60 years ago.D．Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.4、According to the passage, the FDA might be _________.A．an organization which controls the safety of food B．a producer which makes additivesC．a factory which processes foodD．a hospital which cures cancer
12、 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。During the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States, Christmas was a very different kind of holiday than it is today. There was no set of way of celebrating the day,which was not yet an official holiday.
71 Some observed Christmas as an important Christian religious day honoring the birth of Jesus.Others celebrated the day with parties,music,drinking and eating.
.Calvinist Christians banned the celebration of Christmas.But groups such as Episcopaliansand Moravians honored the day with religious services and seasonal decorations.By mid-century,Christian groups began to ignore their religious diffrences over the meaning of Christmas and honored the day in special ways.Christmas became an important time for families to celebrate at home. More and more Christians Americans also began to follow the European traditions of Christmas trees and giving gifts.Christians believed that the tree represented Jesus and was also a sign of new beginnings. German immigrants brought their tradion of putting lights,sweets and toys on the branches of evergreen trees placed in their homes.This tradition of setting up a Christmas tree soon spread to many American homes.
74 As these traditions increased in popularity,the modern trade and business linked to Christmas also grew.As Christmas became more popular,some states declared the day a state holiday.Louisiana was the first state to make the move in eighteen thirty-seven.
.It was not until eighteen seventy that President Ulysses Grant made Christmas a federal holiday.A．So did the practice of giving people presents.B．By eighteen sixty,fourteen other states had followed.C．And,some communities did not celebrate the day at all.D．Americans seldom gave each other presents on Christmas Day.E. But many new American Christmas songs started to become popular.F. Religion played a big role in how an American might celebrate the holiday.G. Communities around the country honored the day in different ways.
13、 _________, I guess, and you can make it.A．If you make more effortsB．Making more effortsC．A bit more effortsD．To have made more efforts
14、 There was such a long queue for fried chicken at KFC that we_____ gave up. A．eventuallyB．unfortunatelyC．generouslyD．purposely
15、 In Europe people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right throughout the meal, a system that is generally agreed to be more efficient than the American zigzag（曲折的）method. Americans hold both the fork and the knife in their right hands throughout the meal, so they continually change their forks to the left hand when they have to cut their meat. It seems to be funny for the Europeans to see Americans busy changing their dinner sets, making a lot of noises. A few explanations for this American style are as follows:(1)Americans are practical and efficient. Since most of us are right-handed, it is reasonable to keep our working tools at all times in the right hand that can use them most efficiently.?(2)Americans, the master of the New World are rebels（叛逆者）.They use the zigzag method to break the rules in the Old World and in this way they are thumbing their nose at Mother England. Americans are a restless kind. They do not like to sit in one spot for very long when dining.(3)Forced to do so, they respond by “playing” with the silver.?Whatever the reason for the practice, it is now certainly as American as apple pie. Europeans recognize this and are quick to attack it as evidence of American innocence（无知）of form. Arguments against the zigzag method rest not only on grounds of efficiency but also on those of tradition. In Old World dining, the knife is held in the right hand continually because it can serve as an instant defense against the uninvited intruders（入侵者）.However, such alertness（警觉） is out of place in the New World, as every American believes that this is the home of the brave. Americans juggle their silverware, perhaps, to show that they are not afraid and that one of them holding a fork is worth any number of them holding blades（刀）.?1、Americans use _______ to hold their fork to pick up the salad.?A．the right handB．the left hand?C．both handsD．either of the two hands?2、As the masters of the New World, Americans use a different cutting method from that in the Old World to _______.?A．show their independence of Mother England?B．show their disrespect to Mother England?C．add a new tradition to those in Mother England?D．show off their creativeness to Mother England?3、In the sentence, the word “juggle” probably means _______.?A．holdB．play withC．pick upD．lay down??4、Which of the following statements is NOT true? ?A．European people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand.B．The zigzag eating method is related to American characteristics.?C．The zigzag eating method has become an American feature.?D．European people will use the American method because of its efficiency.
16、 In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They found out that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you deal with these events has a great effect on your chances of staying healthy.By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women's magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illnesses”.If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. even if stressful events are dangerous, many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription(处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.?The idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of what we know about people. It is supposed that we're all weak and passive in the face of difficulty. But many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental strength than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental damage.1、The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tells us _______.?A．what should be done to avoid stress?B．the way of dealing with major events may cause stress?C．what kind of event would cause stress?D．how to deal with sudden changes in life?2、The studies on stress in the early 1970's led to_______.?A．great fear about the mental problems it could cause?B．widespread worry over its harmful effects?C．a deep research into illnesses connected with stress?D．popular avoidance of stressful jobs?3、According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become___.A．discouraged when faced with difficultyB．physically and mentally weak?C．more experienced in the face of difficultyD．uninterested in what happens to them4、What’s the purpose of writing the text? ?A．To tell people the discoveries about stress.?B．To tell people how to keep healthy.?C．To help people avoid stressful events.?D．To help people view stress properly.
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