托福阅读做题步骤总结题怎么做之步骤详解

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怎样做好托福阅读文章小结题
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摘要:文章内容小结题,顾名思义,是对全文内容的总结,考察的是对文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。那么文章主旨和段落主旨怎么判断呢,我们可以结合文章标题和题目的引导句来判断文章主旨,段落主旨可以直接看段首句,段首句通常是段落的主旨句。
  文章内容小结题,顾名思义,是对全文内容的总结,考察的是对文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。正确选项是一些总结性的选项,错误选项的特点是:与原文不符,原文没有提到,或者是次要信息。次要信息也就是文中提到的某个细节性的信息,次要信息的选项具有极大的干扰,同学们在做题时应注意识别。那么文章主旨和段落主旨怎么判断呢,我们可以结合文章标题和题目的引导句来判断文章主旨,段落主旨可以直接看段首句,段首句通常是段落的主旨句。非常重要的一点是,我们要充分利用前面做过的题目。我们在前面的做题中已经对各个段落的主旨有了一个大致的了解了。
  下面我们以The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii这篇文章来讲解一下文章内容小结题的做题技巧。
  After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before
conditions were suitable for plant life.
  Answers Choices
  ○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the
process of photosynthesis.
  ○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist
of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.
  ○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growth of
spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.
  ○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but
both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian
  ○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong
chance of survival and growth.
  ○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to
characteristics that increased their seeds& ability to survive and to move to
different areas.
  文章标题是植物生命来到夏威夷,引导句说夏威夷岛出现很久之后,才形成适合植物生存的条件。我们可以看出这篇文章就是在说夏威夷岛上的植物。
  先来看第一个选项,○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy
through the process of
photosynthesis,这个选项提到了海藻和共生关系,第二题问地衣中的真菌如何获益于它们与海藻的共生关系,也提到了海藻和共生关系,我们看看能不能通过这一题来判断这个选项,选项说海藻被认为是共生的是因为它能通过光合作用产生能量,我们做这一题时是定位到文中这句话&&These
are not sing each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga
and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it
in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the
rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish
algae,说地衣是海藻和真菌组成的共生体,
  海藻获取太阳的能量并将它储存起来,所以海藻本身并不能产生能量,而是获取并储存能量,所以这个选项是错误的。再看第二个选项○The first
successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and
fungi living in a symbiotic
relationship,说最早到达夏威夷的植物是地衣,它们是海藻和真菌组成的共生关系,原文也提到说Lichens were probably the
first successful flora,这个选项是正确的,而且对应的第二段的主要内容。
  再看下面一个选项○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growth of
spore-producing plants such as ferns and
mosses.选项提到了地衣与蕨类植物的关系,第六题问的是根据第三段,地衣与蕨类植物的关系是怎样的,所以我们可以利用这一题来判断这个选项。这题的正确答案是○Ferns
were able to grow because lichens created suitable
soil,说蕨类植物能够生长是因为地衣提供了合适的土壤,所以选项是对的,而且对应第三段的主要内容。
  再看下一个选项○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants,
but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian
Islands,说到种子植物的事,说种子植物进化得比孢子植物晚,但是这两种类型都是在夏威夷岛形成之后开始进化的。而通过前面的做题我们知道文章第四段开始说了种子植物的事,看到第四段的段首句Paragraph
4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian
Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the
seed-bearing
plants,说蕨类植物进化了好几百年之后,种子植物开始进化了,并且它们的进化是在夏威夷岛出现很久以前,所以选项的信息是正确的,但不是我们的正确答案,第四段的主要内容是在说种子植物的事,说了种子植物的很多方面,选项只是说了关于种子植物的一个方面,就是进化的时间问题,所以是细节性信息,不是主要信息,不能选。
  还剩两个选项:1.Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a
strong chance of survival and growth.
  2.Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to
characteristics that increased their seeds& ability to survive and to move to
different areas.
  这两个选项都提到了种子植物的生存能力,所以我们一起看,我们注意到第八题问的是根据第四段为什么种子植物比孢子植物的生存几率大,答案给出了两个原因,这两个选项一个说不像孢子植物,种子必须移动到新的地方才能有更大的生存几率,也就是说孢子植物比种子植物生存几率大,由第八题的题干信息我们就可以判断这个选项是错的。另一个选项说由于能够提高种子生存能力的特征以及能移动到不同地方,种子植物在夏威夷迅速传播,对应第四段的主要内容。
  至此,我们就找到了三个正确选项。在文章内容小结题中,结合前面小题的选项和定位到的信息,可以帮助我们快速地找到正确答案。
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托福阅读小结题该怎么做
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  Prose Summary 小结题
  小结题是每一篇文章最后的那一道大题,需要从六个选项中选出三个作为正确答案,每一题两分。我们首先来分析一下这个题目的题干要求:
  An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided
below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are
minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
  (一个总结性句子已经给出。通过选择三个选项来完成这个总结,所选的选项需要表达原文最重要的信息。有些选项不属于总结性选项,因为他们表达了没在原文中出现的信息或者是原文中的细节信息。此题两分。)通过分析题干给出的具体信息,我们能够看出,这道题目的关键要求在于选择重要信息,总结性信息。也就意味着,有的选项虽然正确,但是如果它表达的是原文中的细节信息,那么依然不能作为正确答案,这是这道题目中最难的一个点。
  让我们来看一道例题:
  13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the
passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer
choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer
choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.
  This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of
cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.
  Answer Choices
  1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land
mammals and cetaceans.
  2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that
lived both on land and at sea.
  3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea,
an area rich in fossil evidence.
  4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
  5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and
swimming whales were found.
  6. Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
  这是每篇文章最后的一个大题,基于全文的基础进行提问,所以,我们可以根据文章的关键句,先来判断这篇文章的主要内容。以下摘选了文章的每个自然段的关键句,我们一起来看一下:
  THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
  第一自然段:It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and
dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give
birth to live young. …
  第二自然段:Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to
reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …
  第三自然段:The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct
group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the
Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …
  第四自然段:Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons
of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys
Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …
  第五自然段:An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan.
The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived
in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …
  首先,第一自然段综述关于鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实,到了第二自然段开始揭示鲸类动物起源的具体细节,说到科学家有一些重要发现,到了第三自然段开始交待第一种化石的名称Pakicetus。第四自然段又提到另外一种化石发现,名字为Basilosaurus,最后一自然段提到第三种化石发现Ambulocetus
natans,总结来说,这篇文章通过介绍三个化石来揭示了鲸类的起源。
  以上就是通过题目分析,帮助大家了解小结题的解题方法,希望大家可以借鉴。在平时的备考过程中,要学会分析题目,掌握做题规律,预祝大家都能在考试中取得好成绩。
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