3. I like pears.（改成否定句）I __________ pears.4. Can you swim?（作肯定回答）___________, I __________.5. A snake lives in a hole．（对画线部分提问）_________ a snake____?6. I'd like some fruit.（对画线部分提问）_______ you ____?7. There are seven monkeys on the mountain.（对画线部分提问）________ ________ monkeys are ________ on the mountain?8. The cat is yellow.（对画线部分提问）__________________ is the cat?9. It's time to go to school.（改成同义句）It's time ________ school.10. Can you help me?（改成同义句）Please ________ mea ____.
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在线咨询下载客户端关注微信公众号&&&分类：3. I like pears.（改成否定句）I __________ pears.4. Can you swim?（作肯定回答）___________, I __________.5. A snake lives in a hole．（对画线部分提问）_________ a snake____?6. I'd like some fruit.（对画线部分提问）_______ you ____?7. There are seven monkeys on the mountain.（对画线部分提问）________ ________ monkeys are ________ on the mountain?8. The cat is yellow.（对画线部分提问）__________________ is the cat?9. It's time to go to school.（改成同义句）It's time ________ school.10. Can you help me?（改成同义句）Please ________ mea ____. 3. I like pears.（改成否定句）I __________ pears.4. Can you swim?（作肯定回答）___________, I __________.5. A snake lives in a hole．（对画线部分提问）_________ a snake____?6. I'd like some fruit.（对画线部分提问）_______ you ____?7. There are seven monkeys on the mountain.（对画线部分提问）________ ________ monkeys are ________ on the mountain?8. The cat is yellow.（对画线部分提问）__________________ is the cat?9. It's time to go to school.（改成同义句）It's time ________ school.10. Can you help me?（改成同义句）Please ________ mea ____. 科目:最佳答案3. don't; like4. Y can5. W live6. W like7. H there8. W colour9. for10. hand解析
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关注我们官方微信关于跟谁学服务支持帮助中心I think he knows the way to the Lake Park.(改为否定句）
保护黑暗73
I don't think he know the way to the Lake Park 否定句,don't 提前,但不是否定think,而是否定 Know the way
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扫描下载二维码From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
An area of lakes in Germany at
A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a , that is surrounded by land, apart from any
or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the , and therefore are distinct from , and are also larger and deeper than , though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with
or , which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.
Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, , and areas with ongoing . Other lakes are found in
or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.
Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for
generation or domestic water supply, or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .
on the border of
is either the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
The word lake comes from
lake ("lake, pond, waterway"), from
lacu ("pond, pool, stream"), from
*lakō ("pond, ditch, slow moving stream"), from the
root *le?- ("to leak, drain"). Cognates include
laak ("lake, pond, ditch"),
lāke ("water pooled in a riverbed, puddle") as in: , , ,
Lache ("pool, puddle"), and
laekur ("slow flowing stream"). Also related are the English words leak and leach.
There is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and , and no current internationally accepted definition of either term across scientific disciplines or political boundaries exists. For example,
have defined lakes as water bodies which are simply a larger version of a pond, which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind-induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column. None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares (5 acres):331 however, others[] have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares (12 acres) and above,[] or 8 hectares (20 acres) and above
(see also the ). , one of the founders of , regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares (99 acres) or more. The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as , which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. In common usage, many lakes bear names ending with the word pond, and a lesser number of names ending with lake are in quasi-technical fact, ponds. One textbook illustrates this point with the following: "In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, almost every pond is called a lake."
book proposes to define the term "lake" as a body of water with the following five characteristics:
it partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits
has essentially the same water level in all parts (except for relatively short-lived variations caused by wind, varying ice cover, large inflows, etc.)
it does not have regular intrusion of
a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins (for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow-to-volume ratio)
the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold (for instance, one )
With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications.
are a group of glacial lakes in the
mountains.
The majority of lakes on Earth are , and most lie in the
at higher . , with a
has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) and an unknown total number of lakes, but is estimated to be at least 2 million.
has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) or larger, of which 56,000 are large (10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) or larger).
Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a
or , which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed
Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for
power generation, aesthetic purposes,
use or domestic water supply.
Evidence of extraterr "definitive evidence of lakes filled with " was announced by NASA[] as returned by the
observing the moon , which orbits the planet .
Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds: of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare (2.5 acres) or less in area (see definition of ). Small lakes are also much more numerous than large lakes: in terms of area, one-third of the world's standing water is represented by lakes and ponds of 10 hectares (25 acres) or less.[] However, large lakes account for much of the area of standing water with 122 large lakes of 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi, 100,000 , 247,000 ) or more representing about 29% of the total global area of standing inland water.[]
This section does not
any . Please help improve this section by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (July 2013) ()
A portion of the
in , United States
A lake in the Andes Mountains
Since they progressively become filled by sediment, lakes are considered ephemeral over geological time scales, and long-living lakes imply that active processes keep forming the basins in which they form. There are a number of natural processes that can form lakes.
The longest-living lakes on Earth are related to tectonic processes which is created due to a
uplift of a mountain range which create depressions that accumulate water and form lakes.
Lakes can also form by means of landslides or by glacial blockages. An example of the latter occurred during the last ice age in the U.S. state of , when a huge lake formed b when the ice retreated, the result was an immense flood that created the
at , Washington.
(also called
lakes) can form where there is no natural outlet or where the water evaporates rapidly and the drainage surface of the
has a higher-than-normal
content. Examples of salt lakes include , the , and the .
Small, crescent-shaped lakes called
can form in river valleys as a result of meandering. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck. This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up, thus forming a bow-shaped lake.
are formed in
which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via evaporation. Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes, although often no distinction is made. An example is
in , in the caldera of . The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that led to the
of Mount Mazama around 4860 BC.
The advance and retreat of glaciers can scrape depressions in the surface whe such lakes are common in , ,
and Canada. The most notable examples are probably the
of North America. As a particular case,
are basins that have emerged from the sea as a consequence of post-glacial rebound, and are now filled with freshwater.
Some lakes, such as
in , USA, come into existence as a result of
in , possibly the largest in the world. The pressure from the ice atop it and its internal chemical composition mean that, if the lake were drilled into, a fissure could result that would spray somewhat like a .
Most lakes are geologically young and shrinking since the natural results of
will tend to wear away the sides and fill the basin. Exceptions are those such as Lake Baikal and
that lie along continental
and are created by the crust's
as two plates are pulled apart. These lakes are the oldest and deepest in the world. , which is 25-30 million years old, is deepening at a faster rate than it is being filled by erosion and may be destined over millions of years to become attached to the . The , for example, is thought to have originated as a rift-valley lake.
This section does not
any . Please help improve this section by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (July 2013) ()
One of the many artificial lakes in
at sunset.
A naturalized former
lake in northern .
The crater lake of , .
were formed by a retreating glacier.
'Lake Badwater', a lake only noted after heavy winter and spring rainfall, , .
: Part of the lake's margin is formed by an ,
or , the ice having obstructed the natural
of the land.
: A lake which is permanently covered by ice. They can occur under glaciers, ice caps or ice sheets. There are many such lakes, but
is by far the largest. They are kept liquid because the overlying ice acts as a
retaining energy introduced to its underside by , by water percolating through crevasses, by the pressure from the
of the ice sheet above or by
: a lake with origins in a melted glacier, such as a .
: A lake created by flooding land behind a , called an impoundment or , by deliberate human excavation, or by the flooding of an excavation incident to a mineral-extraction operation such as an
or . Some of the world's largest lakes are reservoirs like
, terminal or closed: A lake which has no significant outflow, either through rivers or underground diffusion. Any water within an endorheic basin leaves the system only through
or . These lakes, such as
in central Australia, the
in central Asia, or the
in the Western United States, are most common in deserts.
: A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living .
: A lake in a glacially eroded valley that has been eroded below sea level.
: A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called "oxbow" lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process.
or : A lake which forms as a result of subsidence along a geological fault in the Earth's . Examples include the
of eastern Africa and
: A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth's crust. Such a lake may be associated with ,
: A lake which forms in a volcanic
or crater after the volcano has been inactive for some time. Water in this type of lake may be
or highly , and may contain various dissolved . Some also have
activity, especially if the volcano is merely dormant rather than extinct.
: A pool of molten lava contained in a volcanic crater or other depression. Lava lakes that have partly or completely solidified are also referred to as lava lakes.
: A lake which is no longer in existence. Such lakes include
lakes and lakes which have permanently dried up through
or human intervention.
in , USA, is an example of a former lake. Former lakes are a common feature of the
area of southwestern North America.
, , or : A seasonal lake that exists as a
during part of the year.
: Closely related to former lakes, a shrunken lake is one which has drastically decreased in size over geological time. , which once covered much of central North America, is a good example of a shrunken lake. Two notable remnants of this lake are
: A lake which forms in a depression created by the activity of the winds.
, in South Africa, shallow lakes which vary considerably with seasons.
, unique lakes which exist on top of a dense saltwater body and are surrounded by ice. These are mostly found in the Antarctica.
This section does not
any . Please help improve this section by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (July 2013) ()
Many lakes can have tremendous cultural importance. The
has inspired romantic poets throughout the ages, and has been an important influence on garden designs in China, Japan and Korea.
is one of tens of thousands of lakes in .
, New Zealand
Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type, such as
(also known as catchment area), inflow and outflow,
content, , , , and .
Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake. Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake, runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's
channels and aquifers, and artificial sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake, surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level.
Lakes can be also
on the basis of their richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth. Nutrient-poor lakes are said to be
and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life.
have good clarity and an average level of nutrients.
lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible .
lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Such lakes are of little use to humans and have a poor ecosystem due to decreased dissolved oxygen.
Due to the unusual relationship between water's
and its , lakes form layers called , layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 °F) at sea level. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water, as it does during the cooler months in
climates, the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen-starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round, which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for .
Since the surface water of deep
lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of . Exceptional events, such as earthquakes or landslides, can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake. This is called a . An example is
in . The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure. As deep water surfaces, the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution. Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it, so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass .
The material at the bottom of a lake, or lake bed, may be composed of a wide variety of , such as
or , and , such as decaying plant or animal matter. The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available.
A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are commonly used to track past paleontological events.
Natural lakes provide a
of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments. Therefore, lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake’s surroundings.
Main articles: , , and
Lake Cugun, , .
Lake of Flowers (Liqeni i Lul?ve), one of the
glacial lakes, .
is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems. Limnology divides lakes into three zones: the , a slope the
or open-water zone, where
and the deep-water
or , where little sunlight can reach. The depth to which light can reach in lakes depends on , determined by the density and size of suspended . A particle is in
if its weight is less than the random turbidity
acting upon it. These particles can be sedimentary or
in origin and are responsible for the color of the water. Decaying plant matter, for instance, may be responsible for a yellow or brown color, while algae may cause greenish water. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make water reddish brown. Biological particles include
and . Bottom-dwelling detritivorous
can be responsible for turbid waters, because they stir the mud in search of food.
fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant-eating () fish, thus increasing the amount of algae (see aquatic ). The light depth or transparency is measured by using a , a 20-cm (8 in) disk with alternating white and black . The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the Secchi depth, a measure of transparency. The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication. For a detailed look at these processes, see .
A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and
because water has a very high
(4,186 J·kg-1·K-1). In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, in the night it can warm it with a .
in a 2001 satellite image, with the actual lake in blue, and vegetation on top of the old lake bed in green.
Lake Badwater, February 9, 2005.
satellite photo.
, February 15, 2007.
satellite photo.
The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a
or . Large water plants, typically , accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows. Conversely, peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake. This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century. This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes. Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant-eating fish tend to disappear more slowly. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has extensive plant mats at the water's edge. These become a new habitat for other plants, like
when conditions are right, and animals, many of which are very rare. Gradually the lake closes and young
may form, forming a . In lowland river valleys where a river can , the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical . In the very last stages of , trees can grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest.
Some lakes can disappear seasonally. These are called intermittent lakes, ephemeral lakes, or seasonal lakes and can be found in . A prime example of an intermittent lake is
in . Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above-average precipitation in a closed, or , usually filling dry lake beds. This can occur in some of the driest places on earth, like . This occurred in the spring of 2005, after unusually heavy rains. The lake did not last into the summer, and was quickly evaporated (see photos to right). A more commonly filled lake of this type is
of west-central .
Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly. On 3 June 2005, in , Russia, a lake called
vanished in a matter of minutes. News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the .
The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes. According to research published in the journal Science ("Disappearing Arctic Lakes", June 2005), thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia. The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost, allowing the lakes to drain away into the ground.
Some lakes disappear because of human development factors. The shrinking
is described as being "murdered" by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it.
north polar hydrocarbon
as seen in a false-color
Only one world other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes, Saturn's largest moon, . Photographs and spectroscopic analysis by the
show liquid
on the surface, which is thought to be mixed with liquid . The largest Titanean lake,
at 400,000 km2, is three-times the size of any lake on Earth, and even the second, , is estimated to be slightly larger than Earth's Lake Michigan–Huron.
's large moon
is volcanically active, and as a result
deposits have accumulated on the surface. Some photographs taken during the
appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth.
The planet
is too cold and has too little
to permit the pooling of liquid water. Geologic evidence appears to confirm, however, that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice, creating large temporary lakes.[] This water would quickly freeze and then sublimate, unless insulated in some manner, such as by a coating of volcanic ash.
There are dark basaltic plains on the , similar to
but smaller, that are called lacus (singular lacus,
for "lake") because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water.
Round Tangle Lake, one of the , 2,864 feet (873 m) above sea level in
The largest lake by surface area is , which is hydrologically a single lake. Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi./117,400 km2. For those who consider Lake Michigan-Huron to be separate lakes,
would be the largest at 31,700 sq. mi./82,100 km2.
The deepest lake is
in , with a bottom at 1,637 metres (5,371 ft). Its mean depth is also the greatest in the world (749 metres (2,457 ft)).
It is also the world's largest lake by volume (23,600 cubic kilometres (5,700 cu mi), though smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,800 cu mi)), and the second longest (about 630 kilometres (390 mi) from tip to tip).
The longest lake is , with a length of about 660 kilometres (410 mi) (measured along the lake's center line).
It is also the second largest by volume and second deepest (1,470 metres (4,820 ft)) in the world, after lake Baikal.
The world's oldest lake is , followed by
is considered by some to be the second-oldest lake on Earth, but since it lies at sea level and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea, others consider that it has turned into a small bay.
The world's highest lake, if size is not a criterion, may be the crater lake of , at 6,390 metres (20,965 ft).
The highest large (greater than 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi)) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi)
(Pumuoyong Tso), in the
of China, at 28-34N 90-24E, 5,018 metres (16,463 ft) above sea level.
The world's highest commercially navigable lake is
at 3,812 m (12,507 ft). It is also the largest lake in South America.
The world's lowest lake is the , bordering
at 418 metres (1,371 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the lakes with highest
concentration.
has the longest lake coastline in the world: about 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi), excluding the coastline of its many inner islands. Even if it is considered two lakes,
alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres (1,850 mi).
The largest island in a lake is
in , with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres (1,068 sq mi). , on Manitoulin Island, is the largest lake on an island in a lake.
The largest lake on an island is
on , with an area of 5,542 square kilometres (2,140 sq mi) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres (76 mi).
The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is .
on the island of
is in what is probably the largest resurgent
The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is
in the city of , , Canada. Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001, this status was held by , also in Sudbury.
is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by .
Lake Bernard, Ontario, Canada, claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands.
The largest lake in one country is , in the . However, it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan-Huron, making the record go to , , in , the largest lake within one jurisdiction.
The largest lake on an island in a lake on an island is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in
on the island of , The .
The northernmost named lake on Earth is
at a latitude of 82°28'N. It is 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) southwest of , the northernmost settlement in the world. There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake, but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps.
The largest lakes (surface area) by
Australia –
(salt lake)
Africa – , also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the .
Antarctica –
(subglacial)
is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but is divided between the two geographic continents)
Oceania – the largest permanent (and freshwater) lake in Oceania is .
Europe – , followed by , both in northwestern Russia.
North America – , which is hydrologically a single lake. However, lakes
are usually considered separate lakes, in which case
would be the largest.
South America – , which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres (12,507 ft) above sea level. The much larger
is much older, but perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake for multiple reasons.
, for a description of the difference between exorheic and endorheic lakes
Purcell, Adam. . Basic Biology.
is generally regarded by geographers, biologists and
as a huge inland . However, the Caspian's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea. Geologically, the Caspian,
seas are remnants of the ancient . Politically, the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law.
Esko Kuusisto and Veli Hyv?rinen (2000). "Hydrology of Lakes". In Pertti Heinonen. . John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–5.  .
Williams, P Whitfield, M Biggs, J Bray, S Fox, G Nicolet, P Sear, David (2004).
(PDF). Biological Conservation. 115 (2): 329–341. :.
Moss, B Johnes, P Phillips, Geoffrey (1996). . Biological Reviews. 71 (2): 301–339. :.
. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Archived from
on March 4, .
; Miller, Richard S. (1954). "The Ecological Survey of Animal Communities: With a Practical System of Classifying Habitats by Structural Characters". The Journal of Ecology. British Ecological Society. 42 (2): 460–496. :.  .
Thomas V. Cech (2009). . John Wiley & Sons. p. 83.  .
M. Shahin (2002). . Springer. p. 427.  .
Index Copernicus (2004). . Index Copernicus. p. 381.  .
( April 15, 2012, at the .)
Carreck, Rosalind, ed. (1982). The Family Encyclopedia of Natural History. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 205.  .
Downing, J. A.; Prairie, Y. T.; Cole, J. J.; Duarte, C. M.; Tranvik, L. J.; Striegl, R. G.; McDowell, W. H.; Kortelainen, P.; Caraco, N. F.; Melack, J. M. (2006). "The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments". Limnology and Oceanography. 51 (5): . :.  .
Garcia-Castellanos, D. (2006). "Long-term evolution of tectonic lakes: Climatic controls on the development of internally drained basins". Geological Society of America Special Papers (398): 283–294. :.
Forbes, Stephen. . "Bulletin of the Peoria Scientific Association" vol. 87, 1887. p. 77-87.
The Nine Planets Solar System Tour. .
(PDF). Ramsar Wetlands International. p. 77.
R. Manivanan (2008). . New India Publishing. p. 114.  .
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