RP(research proposal)写法很简单【留学香港】_沪江英语学习网
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RP(research proposal)写法很简单【留学香港】
1、为什么我觉得写RP特别难？
首先，必须承认，申请研究式研究生MPhil/PhD，RP占很大的比重，也是极其难的一项任务。尤其对于本科生来说，大学期间充其量只学了一些课程，即便是专业课也只是这个领域最基本的知识。所以，一般情况下，本科生是很难写出优秀的RP的(不要challenge这句话，如果你是本科毕业生你能写出好RP，OK，你牛呗~)。你可以为RP抓耳挠腮，却无须因RP自惭形秽，更不用觉得自己很挫。其实绝大部分的大家都一样。这也解释了某些大学的某些课程并不要求申请者写RP，只要求写个research plan。因为教授们也知道，你们根本写不出靠谱的RP。
2、怎样才算是好的RP?
我个人认为，一份好的RP甚至相当于一个project的instruction，完全提供了每一步应该怎么做,有step 1，step 2。。。。expected results等等。唯独的两点&不足&就是
1、按照这个RP做，不一定能成功。可能做到哪一步就做不下去了。
2、一些细节问题还有待边做边设计
但这些&不足&不是RP本身的不足，而是RP的一个典型的正常的特点：research本来就有不确定性，你知道一定能做出来就不是RP了。
有些同学，脑袋一拍想出一个新注意，觉得三句话描述一下就是一个RP。事实上这充其量只能算是一个crazy idea，离RP还差很远。因为具体怎么贯彻你这个idea，需要哪些设备，哪些实验条件等，都是RP里必不可少的
3、怎么写好的RP?
再说说怎么写RP。个人认为RP分两类(是我个人的分类方法，而不是说学术界有这么个分类定义)，一类是你先identify一个问题，这个问题有足够的学术意义，会引起这个领域专家学者的好奇心(举个不一定确切但是足够通俗的：为什么人会衰老)。然后写怎么一步步做研究，来解决这个问题(称为第一类RP，同上，也是我自己定义而非学术界公认的叫法)。另一类是，比如说现在做成功某件事的效率是这么多(比如某技术分离红细胞率达到80%，某技术传输数据的速度是100kb/s等)，然后你提出一种新方法，可以改进现有方式的效率(比如分离率可达到90%，或者传输速率可以翻倍等)(称为第二类RP)。其区别是，第一类RP里有一个&问号&在里面(为什么？能不能？会怎样？)，而第二类RP只是提出新技术，以求改进现有的东西。个人认为第一类RP很难，不对这个领域有极其深入的了解，是不可能提出问题的。而第二类RP则相对简单，你甚至可以&异想天开&propose一个新方法，然后说这个方法有什么好处，我预期可以改进现有的performance，然后装模作样的拿出几个数学式子讲一下，只要可以自圆其说即可。个人认为第一类RP是用来拉funding的，是教授或者科研人员等级的人写的，非常难。第二类RP则是我们研究经验有限的申请者可以写的。现在来说说第二类RP的写法。
首先，还是要读一定数量的paper (尤其是近年的review paper)，知道这个领域的热点是神马(但不必及其深入，深入到第一类RP的深度)。注意，如果时间有限，那么你并不是一定要读英文的paper。虽然国外研究起点比较高，但是国内也一小部分有人专门关注这些热点，发一些装神弄鬼的低级paper。尽管这些paper内容很次，但是对于快速了解国际研究热点和走向，对于求扫盲的人，还是很有帮助的(我见过国内的某学校把人家国外2001还是03年发的paper逐字逐句翻译过来，发在国内2010年的某期刊上的。虽然恶心，但是对于想快速了解该领域的读者来说，其实是个价廉物美的快餐)。其次，看完这些paper后，完全没有idea，怎么办？没关系，教你一个简单实用的方法：排列组合法。具体描述为：从读过的x篇paper里面选出y篇paper，将这y种技术合并在一起，看看是否可行。y取值依次从2到x。呃？看不懂，不会吧，都申请研究生的人了=。=|| 举个例子给你看吧：假设你读过3篇paper，分别为A, B, C(貌似看得少了点@@，要继续加油了)。然后，把A里面提到的新技术/新概念和B里面的新技术/新概念结合起来，看看是否有理论上的可行性。然后依次结合AC, BC, ABC。这样一来，你看的paper越多，可列出的排列组合就越多，出来new idea的可能性就越大。当然，paper看多了，不仅仅是idea组合，idea的排列也很重要，比如ABCDEFG的顺序和ABCEFGD的顺序可能出来完全不同的idea。有了idea，怎么表述就看你英语的功底了，这里不赘述了。
4、一个例子
这里以理工科的背景举个例子。读EE/CS的朋友都知道，neural network是Artifical Intelligence的一个重要组成部分。neural network在数据处理和未知数据预测方面有相当广泛的应用。于是，怎么样把neural network用在生物数据的预测就可以是一个很好的topic。这个topic又可以细分成很多实用的RP。比如，用neural network测试基因序列，用neural network预测微生物的生理特性等，都可以作为idea。当然，这只是个例子，关键就是想说明怎么把A领域的技术应用到B领域。一旦定下大方向，就开始有针对性的看paper。
先扯到这儿，住大家RP顺利。
最后加一句，这些方法乃一家之言，仅供参考，有好的方法欢迎分享
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请输入错误的描述和修改建议,非常感谢！
错误的描述：
修改的建议：英文论文的proposal怎么写？
proposal不太了解是什么 感觉像是提纲？好像又不是。。。
大致等同于中文论文的“开题报告”，写于正式研究之前，旨在使读者（论文委员会）认为作者所拟定的研究具有价值。包括并不限于：1
Front Section
Introduction
Motivation
Objectives
Significance of the Research
Literature Review
Background Information2
Methodology 3
Data Description and Preliminary Results (if any)4
Expected Results5
References (1) to (4), excluding tables and graphs, are the content. 通常还会包含a proposed time frame for the research, 以及 a proposal for applying grants list the amount of money to be requested and a budget.推荐Paul T. P. Wong的一篇Research Proposal写作指南，《How to Write a Research Proposal》，原文及译文见网络版权声明：转载请告知作者并标明原始出处。
简单来说就是告诉别人你这份research要研究什么问题，为什么研究，怎么研究。其中包括前人的研究成果，你的方法论，你的方法，你参考的资料，等等因素。多的话还要写研究时间表，资助人之类杂七杂八的。基本的要素是：1. a clear tile2. overall aim3. specific objectives4. key research questions or hypotheses5. review of relevant literature6. methodology (也有人这部分的标题写research methods. 我个人觉得methodology概念更广一点，还包括具体过程，所以这部分的标题写methodology，然后把各种methods都写在这里面，不知道对不对，还在看相关资料)7.any ethical and health& safety issues. 还有考虑你的positionality的影响8. references你可以不拘泥于形式，但是这些基本要素都要有。我感觉楼上写的那个逻辑有点混乱。 Data Description and Preliminary Results还有expected result为什么会和methodology处于平行位置？ 个人认为methodology 和procedure是一起的。所有具体的methods和anlysis都包括在这里面。欢迎讨论 :)
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社交帐号登录教你如何写Presentation主体内容
本篇文章介绍了presentation正文中的结构和需要注意的问题，以及针对各种问题和过渡列出了各种示例。在合适的情况下合理运用示例将会使presentation更加完美。
教你如何写Presentation主体内容
Presentation的主体内容是整个的主要部分，它包括了的中心思想，主要内容，你的解读，你的论据和对你准备好的材料的介绍。在开场白过后，真正决定价值的部分就是主体内容。因此我们整理了一下再主体内容的构成和需要注意的事项，并举出示例来展示如何合适的表达出你的含义。
主题内容结构
1.Announcing the Beginning of the Speech Text表示主体内容开始的语句
在一个精彩的开场白过后，的主题内容要马上跟上，让观众的注意力持续下去，产生更好的演讲效果和共鸣。在这些语句之后，主题内容正式开始介绍。
To begin with, I would like to talk about a principle.
I think it would be best to start out by looking at some pictures.
The first thing I would like to talk about is the definition of the terms which I&ll use in my .
2.Shifting to the Next Main Point要点之间的过渡
当你有两个以上的要点介绍时，一个好的过渡会使观众更加容易的跟上你的思路。
Well, let's move on to the next point.
We will now come to the second problem.
Turning to the next question, I' 11 talk about the stages of the procedure.
As the second topic, I shall stop here. Now let' s turn our attention to the third topic.
So much for the methodology of our experiment. I would now like to shift to the discussion of the results.
Now, let's move away from the first part and switch over to the next part of my .
That's all for the introduction and now we can go on to the literature review.
Next, I would like to turn to a more difficult problem.
The next point I'd like to talk about is the feasibility of this project.
That brings me to my second point.
I am glad that we can now leave this rather boring subject of mathematic deduction and go into a more attractive one, that is the application of the formula.
3.Resuming the Topic重申中心思想
在介绍完一些观点后，趁热打铁提出你的中心思想，并进行详细介绍。这是的核心内容，一定要用最简练合适的词语来表达出中心思想，最好能有一经说出就让人印象深刻的语句。下面是提示观众你要提出中心思想的语句。
Let' s come back to what I said in the first part of my speech.
Getting back to the subject of the problem of theoretical considerations we can find that...
I want to return to the first part of my .
Now, to get back to the effect of temperature, you may be aware that the problems have been solved.
This brings me back to the question of security.
At this point I would like to refer again to the question of methods in the first part of my lecture.
Referring again to the first question, I think...
Referring to the Coming Point
I'll deal with it later.
I' ll touch upon that point in a moment.
I shall tell you in detail shortly.
4. Introducing the Supporting Materials介绍你的论据
在提出中心思想后，你要证明你的观点是正确的，并为它提供证据。在这个部分一定要用最好的证据试图说服观众，让观众感动深受。下面是介绍论据的提示语句。
I think this part is the most difficult, so I'll explain it in greater detail.
I think this part of my paper is most important, so I plan to spend more time on it.
Please allow me to deal with this matter more extensively.
Being the most important part of my , I will elaborate on it with more slides.
I' ll expand this topic with drawings and figures.
Indicating the Points Briefly
Limited by the time available, I can only give you a very brief account of this matter.
I don't think that I should describe the methods in detail, because they are included in the handout.
I will not go into detail on it.
This point has been talked about repeatedly in this symposium, so I am not going to spend too much time on it.
Let's go through the following points very rapidly.
I just want to outline for you what I experienced in using this new drug.
I shall not go over all these explanations. My time is running short. So I'll be brief.
It is sufficient to say that these experiments were poorly designed and without controls.
以上就是主体的结构。一般来说在主体内容中，首先从开场白中过渡过来，然后引入几个观点或现象，再引出的中心思想，最后用事实或者论据来解释自己的中心思想。
下面给大家列出一些在主体时需要注意的问题，以及解决示例。
1.Repairing a Slip of Tone更正口误
当在中有口误时，及时更正，不要让观众对的内容产生误解。
The first of such experiments began in 2000, rather than 1999.
May I have the lights, I mean the slides.
The temperature increased, I shall say decreased.
The population is 13 million, sorry, 31 million.
The exchange rate dropped from 2.5 to 1.8, I beg your pardon, 1.9.
As you can see from the first row, excuse me, the second row, that the output increased two fold.
2.Expressions Concerning Audio-Visual Aids寻求现场人员的帮助
有时，你需要运用现场的视听工具来配合你的。有些事情你可以通过手中的激光笔或者仪器完成，有些时候你需要现场其他人员的配合。下面这些语句应用于向其他人员寻求帮助的语句。
Could we have the lights off? And the first slide, please.
Lights off, first slide, please.
Dim the lights, and first slide, please.
The slide is not so clear. Please darken the room a little more.
Could you please turn on the lights, please?
Now, we can have the lights on.
Please switch on the lights.
Lights on, please.
I apologize that this slide is not so clear, but I hope you can still make out the general idea.
Sorry for the small print.
I'm sorry we left a figure out here.
3.Explaining the Contents on the Slides向观众解释幻灯片上的内容
在做时很有可能会用到幻灯片，这样会使观众有更好的视听感受。下面的语句可以在你介绍幻灯片内容的时候用到。
This slide demonstrates ...
On this slide, you can see...
This curve in this slide shows...
This figure in this slide exhibits...
This table on this slide presents...
This diagram on this slide depicts...
This chart on this slide displaces ...
The picture on this slide shows ...
The photomicrograph on this slide shows ...
The flow-chart on this slide points out...
The circuit diagram on this slide represents...
Indicating the Sources of the Content in a
This figure is taken from.., by Dr. Li.
This diagram is after that of Prof. Wang with some modification
4.Demanding to Change the Slide要求切换幻灯片
如果你不是自己使用激光笔的话，你就需要用语言来和现场其他人员配合，来调整幻灯片的播放，下面是可能会用到的语句。
May I proceed to the next slide, please?
I think we can move on to the next slide.
Let me show you the next slide.
To make a comparison, can we return to the first slide, please?
Let's go back. No, not this one. One back. Back one more. Yes, that&s it. Thank you.
May I go back two slides, please?
Sorry, this one is in the wrong order. May I have the next one?
Oh, this slide is misplaced. Please skip over it. Yes, this is the correct one.
I'm afraid I didn't ask for this slide. Can we go back to the previous one? Please.
Let's go through the following slides rapidly.
The following three slides we will go through quickly without explanation.
Wait a minute, please. I want to say more about this slide.
这些就是主体中需要用到有关演讲顺序、演讲结构和沟通技巧的语句，当然最重要的还是内容。在精彩的内容之上再加上完美的演绎，才会变得完美。
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Presentation PPT (about 11.12) need to do, then to be a do this PPT extended arti...小木虫 --- 500万硕博科研人员喜爱的学术科研平台
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[转][荐]Harvard写作教程：如何写proposal和review
个人觉得不错，所以拿来跟大家分享。
format_proposal
sample_proposal
how to write a review
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随时随地聊科研How to review a proposal
Tutorials and resources for proposal writing and business development
How to review a proposal
Reviewing a proposal involves a lot more than assessing compliance, style, and checking for typos.
Here is a list of questions that reviewers should consider:
Proposed Solution.
Will it work?
Does it fall within risk tolerances?
Is it price-competitive?
Is it best-in-class/best-value? Have all the benefits of the solution or approach been pointed out.
Have all the features been sufficiently tied to the evaluation criteria in order to ensure credit?
RFP Compliance.
Note any ways that the section does not adequately address an RFP requirement.
Make sure all RFP requirements are addressed, especially anything relevant in Sections C, M, and L as well as any other sections that might contract relevant requirements.
Call attention to anything that might contradict an RFP requirement.
Give the section a grade according to the evaluation criteria, as if you were the client.
Bid Strategies.
Does it reflect the correct bid strategies?
Additions.
Note anything missing that should be added to the section or any parts that require additional detail.
Deletions.
Is there anything that really shouldn’t be there or that a client might find patronizing?
Is there anything redundant or superfluous (We disagree with “tell them what you going to tell them” introductions and simply delete them).
Is there anything that can be taken out that will make it easier for the evaluator to get through your proposal?
Changes/corrections.
Note anything that is not accurate or requires changing.
Experience.
Has all relevant corporate experience been mentioned?
A lot of times proposal reviewers are senior managers and may be aware of project experience that didn’t occur to the proposal team.
Are the themes for this section adequately highlighted?
Graphics/Illustrations.
Are there a sufficient number of graphics in the proposal?
Is there anything in the text that could be enhanced through illustration?
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is our professional tool for people who want to win RFPs like their business depends on it.
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