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英语二课件1()
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《英语二》考试题型及备考建议
英语二要求掌握的词汇量为4500。考纲对听、说、读、写都有基本要求。（见教材第四页）.
命题按照标准化测试要求设计，命题难度和广度根据大纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定。
部分命题素材取自《英语二自学教程》，统考以阅读和写作为主，听、说不做统考要求。
考试题型分为客观性和主观性试题，试卷由七部分组成：阅读判断、阅读选择、概括段落大意和补全句子、填句补充、填词补文、完型补文短文写作。The power of language
Language is the dress of thought
语言是思维的外衣
Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson，英国作家、文学评论家和诗人。1728年进入牛津大学学习。因家贫而中途辍学。1737年开始为《绅士杂志》撰写文章。以后自编周刊《漫步者》()。经九年的奋斗，终于编成《英语大辞典》(1755)。约翰逊从此扬名。1764年协助雷诺兹成立文学俱乐部，参加者有鲍斯韦尔、哥尔德斯密斯、伯克等人，对当时的文化发展起了推动作用。一生重要作品有长诗《伦敦》(1738)、《人类欲望的虚幻》(1749)、《阿比西尼亚王子》(1759)等。还编注了《莎士比亚集》(1765)Samuel Johnson ，British man of letters, one of the most outstanding figures of the 18th century in England, He made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been described as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history”.
man of letters
n.学者，作家；文人biographer[英][bai??ɡr?f?] [美][ba??ɑɡr?f?, bi-] n.传记作者 复数：biographers；
lexicographer[英][?leks??k?gr?f?] [美][?l?ks??kɑɡr?f?] n.词典编纂者
Critical Reading
批判性阅读
Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. 【注 1 】
批判性阅读适用于纪实文学作品，作者会在这类作品中提出立场或试图表明观点。
本句话是由in which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词writing；
apply to 是固定搭配，意思是“使用与、适用于”
put forth 固定搭配，意思为“提出，产生”
non-fiction（n. 非小说；非小说类文学作品）
critical[英][?kritik?l] [美][?kr?t?k?l] adj.批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的，危急的；决定性的；[物]临界的
关于英语中的从句，我们做如下的学习：句子的各个组成部分句子的主要组成部分有：主语、谓语、宾语、补语、表语、定语、状语和同位语等。　　主语：句子所叙述的主体。　　谓语：陈述主语的动作、状态和性质等。　　宾语：动作的承受者，位于及物动词后。　　补语：补充宾语，使句子意义完整。　　表语：描述主语的特征、身份、状态等，位于系动词后。　　定语：修饰名词或代词，说明其特性。　　状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。　　同位语：用于解释或说明句子的某一成分。Jane became beautiful　　2.基本句型英语的基本句型有五种，即：　　1 主语 + 谓语动词。 SV　　2 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语。 SVOI beat him　　3 主语 + 连系动词 + 表语。 SVC? I　　4 主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 SVO间 O 直 （双宾语）　　5 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。 SVOC（复合宾语）　　熟悉以上几种基本句型可以增强分析千变万化句型的能力。　　3.句子分类按照结构分为：简单句、并列句和复合句，重点是复合句。由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫复合句，也叫主从复合句。从句由关联词引导，将从句与主
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3秒自动关闭窗口听力 一. 应试技巧 以 WHAT 为提问词引导的问句 1. 问”什么含义” What does the man imply? What does the woman’s answer suggest? What does the woman say about..(共出现 32 次) 2. 问”从对话中能获得什么信息或结论” What can we learn/know about the man? What do we know from the woman’s reply? What can be inferred about…(共出现 37 次) 3. 问”做什么” What does the man promise to do? (共出现 14 次) 4. 问”对某人或某事有什么看法’ How does the man feel about… (出现 4 次) 小结:在短对话部分,考查最多的是 WHAT 类的提问,其中细节的考查相对较少,推断型的相对较多一些. 二:常见考题类型 1 原因与结果题 特征:1.至少有一个选项暗示出该事实能导致某种结果,通常有好几个选项的事实能导致同一结果 2.选项中可能出现 can’t, not be able to, too….to, have to 等词或词组. 3.文章承上启下的作用的信息句 a.表示文章顺序与层次的句子,一 般由 first, second, in the end, in addition, furthermore, finally 引导. b.表示意思转折的句子,一般由 but, however, on the contrary, instead, unfortunately, however, yet, although, nevertheless 等词引导 c.表示因果关系的句子,一般由 because, since, for, thus, as a result 等引导 2.职业与身份题 特征:大部分情况下,选择项是有固定格式的,要么是 4 个不同的职业,要么是 4 个不同身份的人 短语:a little out of the way 有点远 三. 长对话应试技巧 注意:问答形式的对话是考试重点,往往落在其答语上.并且不是每一组问答都是重点,作为考试重点的几组问题之间的 关联性是不大的.换句话说,第一个问题考查了文章的主旨,第二个问题开始分别考查对话中所呈现的几方面问题.其中 每一个方面选择一个最重要的问题来考查.并且部分长对话还秉承了短文理解的一个重要的考查方式,就是在对话的 开头部分一定会出题目 方法:1.话题与场景的判断----第一句话中的核心词汇揭示答案 在长对话中,寒暄过后的第一句话一般起到引出话题的作用,很可能是对话的主题所在,也是回答主旨,话题以及场 景题的依据,正确的答案往往是核心词汇的重现,同义词,或者是由该单词所得出的自然的推论. 2.细节题---听到什么选什么 与短对话的区别就在于,短对话中一般采用的原则是听到什么就不选什么,而长对话恰恰相反,它考查的重点是那 些含有实际意义的问答内容,尤其是特殊疑问句 3.根据结尾处的核心词汇锁定答案 长对话中一个出题规律就是在结尾处,针对将要做什么.或者提出什么建议进行提问.因此答题的关键就在于锁定 结尾处的核心词 四. 场景分析 1. 教务场景 解题思路:教务人员描述各项事务的细节问题,时间,地点,计划推迟或变更的原因等往往是考查的重点 2. 选课场景 解题思路:学生觉得课程太难,负荷太重 3. 补课场景 解题思路:场景人物一般是同学之间的补课,在补课过程中,一方会有一些问题,而另外一方将一一给予澄清 4. 论文场景 解题思路:场景人物一般是教授与学生,或者学生之间进行讨论.论文的题目难以确定,资料太难找,题目太偏,查不到资 料,题目太大,要找的资料太多,太杂. 5. 体育场景 解题思路:目的不在于比赛,而是好玩,健身,交友.一些运动,如 CYCLING,往往是以 TEAM,CLUB 或者 ASSOCIATION 的 形式存在的 6. 租房场景 解题思路:学生一般倾向与找价格地的房子,所以房子的条件一般比较差.经常会出现一些毛病,由于房子紧张.找房子, 租房子的过程往往很不容易7. 吃饭场景 解题思路:往往在吃饭过程中,遇到等待时间过长,饭菜不如意等提出投诉,得到赔偿等 8. 工作相关类 解题思路:应聘者介绍自己的情况,如:教育背景,特长等,聘方人员一般要介绍工作的性质,工资待遇以及上下班时间 9. 采访座谈类 解题思路:被访者在某一方面或几方面比较成功,访问者就其某一方面的成就提出问题.并由被访问者谈体会或经验,提 出以后的计划等. 应试技巧:注意重复的词语,他们通常会给你一些线索,还会帮助你回忆你在题目中听过的名称,注意各个选项中的不同 点,注意一些不同的名字,地点,以及不同的动词 五:命题研究 方法:注意集中精力听好短文开头.因为 4 级喜欢把中心置于文章的开头.文中反复出现同一单词或同一类单词,也值得 注意,包含与这类单词的选项能较好的体现中心,通常是正确答案.文中一旦出现以因果连词(because, so, due to,等)和转 折连词(如 but, however, though 等)引导的句子也要格外留心,这些地方往往是考点. 抓数字时间 1. 出现年代,时间,数字中的任何一种,文章中的数字时间肯定是考试重点 2. 文章中出现 2 个以上的数字时间,该句肯定含有答案 3. 数字时间定位包括年代定位和过去现在对比定位 2 种形式 4. 数字时间和比较级最高级组合在一起的时候,或是数字时间出现在文章的开始和结束时,答案肯定在附近. 注意:推理判断题的问法有:What does the speaker most concerned about? 六.复合式听写应试技巧 特点:名词的单复数问题一直是复合式听写考查名词的一个重点 方法:第一遍:全文朗读,填空处无停顿,以听为主,借助文字材料理解和把握全篇内容和脉络,:顺便填写有把握的单词,记 一点笔记 第二遍:尽量记住所听的句子的各个意群,并快速记下. 第三遍:着重弥补为听清的部分,并检查有无错误,要写完整的句子,而不是单个词或短语 注意:1.某个单词为听清,或拼写不出,没有把握,可换词或改变表达方式.要尽量忠实的表达文章的意思而不出现语言错 误.句子较长而无法准确抓住每个词,应力争听懂句意,记下要点和关键词语,然后试着用自己的话表达,关键词一般为实 词,如名词,动词,形容词,副词等. 2.转折引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化 回答通常是:Sounds great, Sounds a lot of fun, but….. 3.尾词对于解题起着很大的干扰作用,答题时应多加小心 听力的提问方式的常见 4 种类型 1.主题思想题 例如：what is the best title for this passage? 方法：听好短文的开头和文中反复出现的同一词汇或同一类词汇，因为包含这类词汇的选项能较好的体现中心思想， 其通常为正确答案。 2.事实细节题 考查细节包括：具体时间，地点，主要人物或事件，各种数字等。 方法：出现时间，数字时要特别敏感，因果连词（because, so, due to 等）和转折连词（如 but, however, though 等）引 导的句子也要格外注意。 3.对错判断题 一般情况下，not 一词会重读。 4.推理推测题 例如：what does the speaker most concerned about? 方法：要注意与短文内容一样的不是推断，而且一定要根据短文的观点而不是根据自己的观点来推断。 听力组成部分 第一部分:8 个小对话,2 个长对话.每个长对话后有 3-4 个题. 第二部分:3 篇小文章. 第三部分:复合式听写 方法:9:55—10:00 之间收答题卡一和最后试音时间时可以预览听力部分的选项,充分利用这段时间扫描 Passage 部分的选项,弄清三篇文章的主题,短文对话的第一题的 4 个选项在播音前 6 秒看还来得及. 注意:听力测试 3 个 Section 前没有指令,直接播放题目 Section A 长对话部分:重点一般都是在问答的答语上,通常,出题的顺序和文章的一致 Section B 短文部分:抓住文章的开头和结尾,文章出现的时间,数字,地点信息,原因和转折句特别容易考到. Section C 以听为主,以记为辅.遇到一些冠词,助动词时可先省略不记,比如遇到一些较长的词组,可先记下每个单词 的头一个字母,或者较长的单词只记前 3 个字母等. 听力常考十大场景:学习,天气,医院,打工,租房,娱乐,餐馆,选课,论文,图书馆场景. 快速阅读 方法:先略读,目的在于快速了解文章的中心思想.首先看下标题,接着读第一段,抓住中心思想,在浏览一下其他段落的 首句和末句.最后读完结尾段.接着进行寻读,重点在于有目标的去找出文中某些特定的信息. 注意:1.快速阅读如果没有小标题,就需要快速浏览第一段的第一句话和最后一句话,以及后面每个段落的第一句来了 解文章主要内容. 2.命题点包括:时间.人物,地点,因果关系,比较关系,条件关系,目的,方式等. 3.时间关系的词或者短语:meanwhile, prior to 等 目的关系的词或者短语:so as to 等 方式,条件关系的词或者短语:through, though 等 比较关系的词或者短语:be like, contrary to, by contrast 以及形容词和副词的比较级与最高级等 因果关系的词或者短语:owing to, result from, be responsible for 等 4.对于句子填空,在准确定位后,仔细对照原文与提干所缺的部分来概括组织答案,注意内容和形式的准确性. 5.一般设置答案都为 3 个 Y,3 个 N,一个 NG. 理解:NG 题:NOT GIVEN,即文章中给予的信息不够充分,无法作出判断. N 题:与原文信息不符,根据原文信息可以判断出题干的表述与原文不一致,而 NG 是原文根本没有相关信息的支持. (注意:作题时要判断提干是对原文的同义替换还是透换概念,或者与原文根本不相干.) 方法:常见的是非判断标准 1. 与文章主题相符的陈述,判断一定为 Y,反之一定为 N,不可能为 NG 2. 偏离文章话题的句子,判断为 NG 3. 符合常识的陈述,只能判断其不是 N,仍需要进一步判断文章是否谈及,如谈及则 Y,否则 NG 4. 不符合常识的陈述,只能判断其不是 Y,如果文章提及则是 N,否则为 NG 5. 原文所涉及的范围概括广泛,题目中则将其具体化,判断为 NG 6. 现实与观点 2 者不可混合,如果原文和题目分别对应的是观点和事实,则只能判断为 NG 篇章词汇理解 形容词的选择和使用 1.在 BE 动词或系动词后，可以选择使用形容词做表语，即 be/link v. adj. 2.副词可以修饰形容词，如果空格前是副词，也可以考虑空格处是否应为形容词。 例如：however, weather experts are still not completely ----- what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be. 解释：本句缺少的是 ARE 的表语，因为空格前有副词 completely，可排除空格处为名词的可能性，空格处应为形容 词或动词的分词形式。 副词的选择和使用 如果空格处所在的句子有完整的主语和谓语，这时应该考虑此处是否需要一个副词，可以被用来修饰该动词的一种 程度状态。如果空格处所在的句子结构完整（不缺少必要成分） ，所需的只会是定语或者状语之类的辅助成分。例如 副词可以作为辅助成分。 分词的选择和使用 1．过去分词可以用作形容词，表示其修饰的那个名词是一种被动发生或者已经发生的事情。 2．现在分词可以被用作形容词，表示其修饰的名词为一种主动的或者正在发生的事情。 上下文语境巧记活用 1．利用篇章主题确定词义范围与色彩 例如：after intensive research, scientists have concluded that politicians lie. In a study described in Britain’s Observer newspaper, Glen Newey, a political scientist at Britain’s University of Strathclyde, concluded that lying is an important part of ------in the modern democracy.解释：根据上文提到的内容与 politician, political, democracy 等词，可推断本话题是“政治”“政治制度“等。如果词 ， 库提供的名词有 politics, journalists, affairs, mechanism, risk 等，很明显，与主题密切相关的应为 politics. 2.利用各句之间的逻辑关系确定词义范围与色彩 并列关系:and also, likewise, similarly 递进关系:additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition 因果关系:since, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, due to, now that, such….that 转折关系:otherwise, whereas, nevertheless, by contrast, unfortunately 让步关系:nevertheless 条件关系:in case (of) 四步解题 1.浏览全文,抓住中心 2.阅读选项,词性分类 例如：动词：participate, illustrate, donate 捐献 reject 拒绝，反对，否定 作文 1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了， “我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？” ，很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是 8，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理 呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that? 2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写 就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中 78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的 70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： A recent statistics shows that ? 结尾万能公式： 1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话， 我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮， 这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之” ，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！ 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that?, Therefore, we can find that?2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话， 但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？ 更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 写作绝招 写作的“七项基本原则” ： 一、 长 短 句原则 工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而 且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！ 强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然 后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二、 主 题 句原则 国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把 主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保 险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！ 特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三、 一 二 三原则 领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点? 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们 看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下 面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况） 建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！ 四、 短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文 章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章 定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。 五、 多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所 说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说 nice 这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如 generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general 的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！ 六、 多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句 子之间加 and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角） 批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点， 可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就 够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding 3）因果（so, so, so） 昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友?可 见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的 是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就 必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句， 表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away? 5）附加（多此一举） 如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某 某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成 一个句子插入其中，但是 whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 6）排比（排山倒海句）文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一 个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. （气势恢宏） 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！ 七、 挑战极限原则 既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！ 原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上 5 分钟的时间看看就可以领会， 它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！ 文章主体段落三大杀手锏： 一、举实例 思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式， 任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her. 更多句型： To take ? as an example, One example is?, Another example is?, for example 二、做比较 方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的； 世界上没有同样的指纹， 没有相同的树叶， 文章亦同， 只有通过比较， 你才会发现二者的相同点 （through comparison） 和不同点（through contrast） 。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with ?, ? 三、换言之 没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. 因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it. 更多短语：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply短语side by side 并排, 并肩 learn ... by heart 用心学习 combine ... with ... 与...结合 in that circumstances 如果是那样的话 replace ... with ... 用...代替... keep a record of 记录 comments on ... 关 于...的意见 at least 至少来源： speak about 谈及 expect of/from... 从...当中期待 in return 作为回报 the survey on ... 关于...的调查 differ in... 在...不同 emerge from... 从...出现 be satisfied with... play ... roles 扮演...的角色 lean over... 弯下身子 俯身于...之上 turn out 结果是，证明是 in silence 在沉默中 burst into laughter 突 然 笑 出 声 来 concentrate on ... 全 神 贯 注 于 ... be replaced by 被 ... 所 取 代 for the purpose of... 为了..., 因...起见 distinguish ... from ... 区分...与... communicate with... 与...交流one another 彼此，相互 by means of... 用...的方法 at the approach of... 在...快到的时候 differ from... 与...不同 for instance 举例来说 divide ... into ... 把...分成... enable sb. to do ... 使某人能够做某事 wave goodbye 挥别 in sympathy with 同情 赞成 和...一致 look over 察看, 检查 a lack of... 缺少... check with... 与...协商 tend to do... 趋向于做...，喜欢做... call after 追喊, 以...命名 call for 要求, 提倡 fight against 与...作战 （敌人之间） fight with 与...作战 （战友之间） agreement on ... 关于...达成的协议 add up 合 计 add to 增加 take ... for example in price 在价格上 in the long run 从长远来看，最后 on offer 在出售 中 choose from... 从...中挑选 be curious about... 对...感到好奇 confront with... 使面临, 使面对 with interest 有兴趣地 an average of ... 平均是... at high altitudes 在很高的地方 draw one’s attention 吸引某人的 注意 focus on 集中考试大论坛 in years to come 在未来的几年内 as a matter of fact 实际上 adopt a positive approach 采取一种正确的方法 wait for 等待 pass through 经过, 通过 a sequence of 一系列的 set apart from 把...区分开 take ... for granted 以...为骄傲 be aware of/that 注意到 translate into 翻译成 set in 开始 intend to do 想要做 looking forward to 期望 be built from... 用...去建造 a wide variety of 很多的 at advanced levels 在高级范围内 carry out 完成，实施 according to 根据 aim to do 指望做某事 make sacrifices to do 做出牺牲而做 in depth 深入地新整理的有用词组~ a series of 一系列,一连串 above all 首先,尤其是 after all 毕竟,究竟 ahead of 在...之前 ahead of time 提前 all at once 突然,同时 all but 几乎;除 了...都 all of a sudden 突然 all over 遍及 all over again 再一次,重新 all the time 一直,始终 all the same 仍然,照样的 as regards 关于,至于 anything but 根本不 as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由 于 as far as ...be concerned 就...而言 as far as 远至,到...程度 as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下 as if 好像, 仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样 as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于 all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同 样,也,还 as well as 除...外(也),即...又 aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次 at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价 at all events 不管怎样,无论如何 at all times 随时,总是 at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多 at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上 at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少 at last 终于 at length 最终,终于 at most 至多,不超过 at no time 从不,决不 by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时 at present 目前,现在 at sb's disposal 任... 处理 at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布 at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速 度 at times 有时,间或 back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面 before long 不久以后 beside point 离 题的,不相干的 beyond question 毫无疑问 by air 通过航空途径 by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不 久,迟早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far 最,...得多 by hand 用手,用体力 by itself 自动地,独自地 by means of 用, 依靠 by mistake 错误地,无意地 by no means 决不,并没有 by oneself 单独地独自地 by reason of 由于 by the way 顺便说说 by virtue of 借助,由于 by way of 经由,通过...方法 each other 互相 even if/though 即使,虽然 ever so 非常,极其 every now and then 时而,偶尔 every other 每隔一个的 except for 除了...外 face to face 面对 面地 far from 远非,远离 for ever 永远 for good 永久地 for the better 好转 for the moment 暂时,目前 for the present 暂时,目前 for the sake of 为了,为了...的利益 for the time being 暂时,眼下 from time to time 有时, 不时 hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切关联 head on 迎面地,正面的 heart and soul 全心全意地 how about ...怎么样 in a hurry 匆忙,急于 in case of 假如,防备 in a moment 立刻,一会儿 in a sense 从某种意义上说 in a way 在某种程 度上 in a word 简言之,总之 in accordance with 与...一致,按照 in addition 另外,加之 in addition to 除...之外(还) in advance 预先,事先 in all 总共,合计 in any case 无论如何 in any event 无论如何 in brief 简单地说 in charge of 负责,总管 in common 共用的,共有的 in consequence(of) 因此;由于 in debt 欠债,欠情 in detail 详细地 in difficulty 处境困难 in effect 实际上,事实上 in general 一般来说,大体上 in favor of 支持,赞成 in front of 面对, 在...前 in half 成两半 in hand 在进行中,待办理 in honor of 为庆祝,为纪念 in itself 本质上,就其本身而言 in line with 与...一致 in memory of 纪念 in no case 决不 in no time 立即,马上 in no way 决不 in order 按顺序,按次 序 in other words 换句话说 in part 部分地 in particular 特别,尤其 in person 亲自,本人 in place 在合适的位置 in place of 代替,取代,交换 in practice 在实践中,实际上 in proportion to 与...成比例 in public 公开地,当众 in quantity 大量 in question 正在谈论的 in regard to 关于,至于 in relation to 关于,涉及 in return 作为报答/回报 /交换 in return for 作为对...报答 in short 简言之,总之 in sight 被见到;在望 in spite of 尽管 in step 齐步,合拍 in step with 与...一致/协调 in tears 流着泪,在哭着 in the course of 在...期间/过程中 in the distance 在远处 in the end 最后,终于 in the event of 如果...发生,万一 in the face of 即使;在...面前 in the first place 首先 in the future 在未来 in the least 丝毫,一点 in (the)light of 鉴于,由于 in the way 挡道 in the world 究竟,到底 in time 及时 intouch 联系,接触 in turn 依次,轮流;转而 in vain 徒劳,白费力 instead of 代替,而不是 just now 眼下;刚才 little by little 逐渐地 lots of 许多 many a 许多 more or less 或多或少,有点 next door 隔壁的,在隔壁 no doubt 无疑地 no less than 不少于...;不亚于... no longer 不再 no more 不再 no more than 至多,同...一样 不 none other than 不是别的,正是 on one's guard 警惕,提防 nothing but 只有,只不过 now and then 时 而,偶尔 off and on 断断续续,间歇地 off duty 下班 on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 on account of 由于 on(an/the) average 平均,通常 on behalf of 代表 on board 在船(车/飞机)上 on business 因公 on condition that 如果 on duty 上班,值班 on earth 究竟,到底 on fire 起火着火 on foot 步行, on guard 站岗,值 班 on hand 在场,在手边 on occasion(s) 有时,间或 on one's own 独立,独自 on purpose 故意地 on sale 出售, 廉价出售 on schedule 按时间表,准时 on second thoughts 经重新考虑 on the contrary 正相反 on the grounds of 根据,以...为由 on (the) one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the point of 即将...的时 刻 on the road 在旅途中 on the side 作为兼职/副 业 on the spot 在场;马上 on the whole 总的来说,大体上 on time 准时 once again 再一次 once(and)for all 一劳永逸地 once in a while 偶尔 once more 再一次 once upon a time 从前 one another 相互 or else 否则,要不然 or so 大约,左右 other than 非;除了 out of 从... 中;由于;缺乏 out of breath 喘不过气来 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的 out of doors 在户外 out of order 出故障的 out of place 不适当的 out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,在视野外 out of the question 毫无可能的 out of touch 不联系,不接触 over and over(again) 一再地,再三地 prior at 在...之 前 quite a few 相当多,不少 rather than 不是...(而是) regardless of 不顾,不惜 right away 立即,马上 side by side 肩并肩,一起 so far 迄今为止 sooner or later 迟早,早晚 step by step 逐步地 such as 例如,诸如 thanks to 由 于,多亏 that is (to say) 就是说,即 to the point 切中要害,切题 under control 处于控制之下 under the circumstances 这种情况下 up to date 在进行中 up to 多达;直到;胜任;取决于 what if 切合目前情况的 what about 怎么样 with respect to 如果...将怎么样 with regard to 关于,至于 without question 关于,至于 ,with the exception of 除...之外 without question 毫无疑问 word for word 逐字的 英语核心词汇 abide 遵循（…by） ；容忍 The one thing she cannot abide is lying. abnormal 反常的 abnormal behavior abolish 彻底废除（法律、制度、习俗等）abolish old custom abrupt 突然的，意外的 an abrupt departure absolute 纯粹的，完全的 have absolute trust in sb. absorb 吸收，吸进 A sponge absorbs water. abstract 抽象的 A flower is beautiful, but beauty itself is abstract. absurd 荒谬的，荒唐的 The idea that number 14 brings bad luck is absurd. abuse 滥用 abuse one's authority(office) aaccelerate 加速，增速 accelerate one’s steps access 接近（或进入）的机会 have regular and immediate access to the President accommodate 使适应，使符合一致 accommodate oneself to changed circumstances accompany 陪伴，伴随 She was accompanied to a dinner by her friend. accomplish 达到（目的） ，完成（任务） ，实现（计划，诺言等） accomplish one's purpose accord 使符合，相一致(with) His violent action do not accord with his peaceful words. account 记述，叙述 give a brief account of what has happened accumulate 积累，积攒，积聚 accumulate wisdom accurate 准确的，精确的 an accurate estimate accuse 指控，指责 They accused her publicly of stealing their books. accustom 使习惯于 accustom oneself to rising (to rise) early acquaint 使认识，使了解 activate 使活动起来，使开始起作用，启动 They have planted secret agents in many countries who could be activated whenever needed. acute 尖锐的，敏锐的 an acute thinker adapt （使）适应 adapt oneself to new conditions address 演说 a television address adhere 黏附，附着 Paste is used to make one surface adhere to another.adjacent 临近的，毗邻的(to) a city and its adjacent suburbs adjoin 贴近，与...毗邻 His house adjoins the lake. administrate 掌管，料理...的事务 In many Japanese homes, the funds are administrated by the wife. adolescent （尤指 16 岁以下的）青少年 a film aimed at adolescents advance 使向前移动 advance a chessman advantage 有利条件，优点 Sitting Presidents hold built-in advantages when seeking another term. adverse 不友好的，敌对的 She felt adverse to her husband's friends. advocate 拥护，提倡，主张 advocate self-defence aesthetic 美学的，艺术的，审美 an aesthetic theory affliliate 使隶属（或附属）于，使成为会员 a government affiliated company affirm 断言，申明 affirm the truth of a statement aggravate 加重，加剧，恶化 aggravate the declining economy aggressive 侵犯的，侵略的 an aggressive weapon agitate 搅动（液体等） The machine agitated the mixture. alarm 惊恐，忧虑 The bandits scattered in alarm. alert 警惕的，留神的 In our reading we should always be alert for new usages. alien 外国的 adjust to an alien culture allege 断言，宣称 The newspaper alleges the mayor's guilt. allocate 分配，分派，把...拨给 allocate funds for new projects allied 结盟的，有关联的 allied nations allow 允给，准许，允许 He missed her more than he would allow himself to admit. allowance 津贴，补贴，零用钱 a housing allowance alter 改变，更改 alter an attitude alternate 交替，轮流 Night and day alternate. amateur （艺术，科学等的）业余爱好者 an amateur golfer amaze 使惊愕，使惊异 I am amazed that he should get the post. ambiguous 含糊不清的，模棱两可的 an ambiguous answer ambition （对名利等的）强烈欲望，野心 His political ambitions still burn. amend 修改，修订 amend the spelling in sb.'s paper amuse 逗乐，逗笑，给...提供娱乐（或消遣） The clown at the circus amused the children. anchor 锚 The anchor catches (drags). announce 宣布，声称 It is officially announced that he will not run for reelection. annoy 使恼怒，使生气 She was annoyed at (with) his lightheard attitude. annual 每年的，年度的 the annual output of steel anonymous 匿名的，无名的 an anonymous letter (phone call) answer 回答，响应 Henry took ages to answer the door. anticipate 预期，预料 The directors anticipated a fall in demand (that demand would fall). anxious 焦虑的，发愁的(about, at) They become anxious at her delay. apart 成零碎 Such cheap clothes come apart after a few washings. apparent 显然的，明明白白的 It was apparent that they all understood. appeal 呼吁，恳求 I appealed to the children to make less noise. applaud 鼓掌，喝彩，叫好 The audience applauds the performers for three minutes. apply 涂，敷 He applied two coats of paint to the table. appoint 任命，委派 They appointed his father (to be 或 as) postmaster. appraise 估量，估计 appraise the infant's weight appreciate 感激 I appreciated your help much. apprehend 对...担心 Do you apprehend that there will be any difficulty? approach 靠近，接近 John is approaching manhood. appropriate 恰当的，相称的 Plain, simple clothes are appropriate for school wear. approve 赞成，同意 I couldn't approve his conduct.approximate 大概的，大约的，近似的 The approximate time is 10 o'clock. apt （习性）易于......的，有......倾向的 A careless person is apt to make mistakes. arbitrary 随心所欲的，个人武断的，任意的 an arbitrary choice arise 起立，起身 arise from one's seat arouse 使......奋发 A man like Tom will be aroused. Don’t worry. array 排列，队形 The troops were formed in battle array. articulate 发音清晰的，善于表达的 He is articulate about everything in the field of economics. artificial 人工的，人造的，人为的 artificial price controls ascend 登高， （渐渐）上升，升高 The airplane ascended into the cloud. ascertain 查明，弄清，确定 I ascertained that he was dead. ashamed 惭愧的，羞耻的 I am ashamed for being so stupid. ashore 向岸，向陆地 He swam ashore. aside 在旁边 We stood aside to let her pass. assault 攻击，袭击 We made an assault on the enemy fort. assemble 集合，召集 assemble the members of Parliament for a special meeting. assert 肯定地说（出） ，坚定地断言 He asserted his innocence. assess 估价，评价，评论 assess the present state of the economy assign 分配，布置（作业） The teacher assigned (us) a new lesson. assimilate 吸收，消化 He is quick to assimilate new ideas. associate （使）联系， （使）结合 We naturally associated the name of Darwin with the doctrine of evolution. assume 假定，假设 Farmers will have a bumper harvest, assuming (that) the weather si favarable. assure 深信不疑地对......说，向......保证 assurance 保证，把握，信心 He gave me his assurance that he would help. astonish 使惊讶 I was astonished at his sudden appearance. attach 系，贴，连接 attach a label to a suitcase attain 达到，获得 attain one’s goal attend 出席，参加（会议等） attend a wedding attendance 出席，参加，出席人数，出席率 Our class has perfect attendance today. attentive 注意的，专心的 an attentive audience attribute 把归因于，把......（过错的责任等）归于(to) He attributed his success to hard work. auxiliary 辅助的 an auxiliary rocket avail 有利于，有助于 Will force alone avail us? average 平均数，平均 The paper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day. avert 挡开，防止，避免 Many traffic accidents can be averted by courtesy. awake 醒，觉醒 awake from sleep award 授予（奖品等） The university awarded him an honorary degree. ban （以官方明令）禁止，取缔 He was banned from entering the city. bang （突发的） sudden loud bang bar 条，块，杆，棒 a bar of gold bare 赤裸的，光秃的，空无内容的 walk in bare feet beforehand 预先，事先 If you wanted soup for lunch you should have told me beforehand. behave 举止端正，听话 Do behave. bewilder 使迷惑，使糊涂 I’m bewildered as to which one to buy. bias 偏见，偏心 have a bias against sb.(或 sth.) blame 责备，责怪 Public opinion blames Mrs Smith for leading the girl astray. blast 一阵（风） ，一股（气流） a blast of wind blaze 火焰 The fire sprang into a blaze. blunt 钝的 The sun was blazing down and the heat was oppressive. blush （因害羞、激动、窘困）脸红 blush with(或 for) joy boast 自吹自擂，自夸的话 He is full of boasts.bolt 螺栓， （门，窗的）插销 a small bag of nuts and bolts boom 低沉有回响的声音 The great bell tolled with a deep boom. border 边界，边境，边沿 a district on the Kampuchean side of the border with Thailand bore 钻孔，挖（通道） bore through a wall bounce 弹起，反弹 The ball doesn’t bounce well. bound 跳跃，弹回 She bounded to her feet and waved her right hand triumphantly. boycott （联合起来）抑制，拒绝参加 boycott uncooperative manufactures brace 托架，支架 He braced his muscles and lifted the weight. breed （使）繁殖 Rabbits breed families rapidly. bribe 贿赂 accept(或 take)a bribe from sb. brief 短暂的，简短的，简洁的 a brief holiday brisk 轻快的，生气勃勃的 a brisk pace brittle 易碎的，一碰就破的 brittle glass brush 刷子，毛刷 a laundry brush bump 碰，撞(against, into) The truck bumped against the wall in the dark. burst 爆炸，爆裂 The boiler burst. calculate 计算，推算 calculate the distance between New York and Chicago call 喊，叫 Please call the names of all the people who are present. cancel 取消，废除，删去 cancel a trip capture 俘虏，捕获 capture butterflies case 事例，事实，事情 This is a case of poor judgment. cast 投，扔，抛，撒，掷 cast doubt(s) on the feasibility of a scheme casual 偶然的，无计划的，随便的，非正式的 a casual meeting cease 停止，终止，结束 The music ceased suddenly. certify 证明，证实 The accounts were certified (as) correct. challenge 向...挑战 Our school challenged the local champion team to a football match. character （事物的）性质，特质 The furniture in Tom’s apartment was pretentious and without character. charge 要（价） ，收（费） The airlines charge half price for students. charm 魅力，魔力 This thriving resort town has retained its village charm. chase 追逐，追求 The police chased the escaping thief and caught him at last. check 使突然停止，制止 check one’s steps cherish 珍爱，珍视 cherish one’s native land chew 嚼，咀嚼 He chewed a mouthful of meat. choke 窒息，噎住 be choked by smoke chorus 合唱队 chronic （疾病）慢性的， （人）久病的 chronic indigestion clarity 澄清，阐明 clarify an issue cling 粘着 The frightened child clung to her mother. clumsy 笨拙的 a clumsy boy cluster （果实，花等的）串，束，簇; (人或物)的群，组 a cluster of tourists clutch 紧抓，紧握 clutch at an opportunity coherent 一致的，协调的 lack coherent political goals coin 硬币，钱币，金属货币 a silver coin coincide 相符，相一致 100 Centigrade coincides with 212 Fahrenheit. collaborate （尤指在文艺、科学等方面）合作，协作 He and I collaborated in writing plays. collapse 倒坍，崩溃，瓦解 The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow. collide 碰撞，互撞 The car collided with the truck. come 来，来到 Will you come to the dance tonight? commemorate 纪念，庆祝 commemorate a holiday commend 表扬，称赞 commend a soldier for braverycompact 紧密的，坚实的 a compact piece of luggage compare 比较，对照(with, to) compare the body to a finely tuned machine compatible 能和睦相处的，合的来的 You should choose a roommate more compatible to your tastes. compile 汇编，编制 compile an anthology of poems comply 遵从，顺从，服从 comply with rules(safety regulations) compose 组成，构成 England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. compress 压缩 He compresses a lifetime as a soldier into a few sentences comprise 包含，包括 The shipyard comprises three docks. compromise 妥协，折衷 compromise over the hard-fought next. compulsory 必须做的，义务的 a compulsory subject conceal 隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 He concealed his disappointment from his friends. conceive 构想出，设想 conceive an idea concentrate 集中，专心 concentrate one’s attention condemn 谴责 We all condemn cruelty to children. condense （使）压缩， （使）凝结，使简洁 condense a speech to half confer 商谈，商议 confer with sb. Over (on, about, concerning) sth. confess 坦白，供认，承认，忏悔 confess one’s crime confidence 信任 break sb.’s confidence confine 限制，使局限 They succeeded in confining the fire to a small area. confirm 证实，肯定 confirm a rumour conflict （尤指长期的）战争，战斗 The conflict between Greece and Troy lasted ten years. conform 遵照，适应 confirm to(或 with) the rules(the law) confront （使）面临， （使）遭遇 The war confronted him with hardships. confuse 使混乱，混淆 He confused the arrangements by arriving late. connect 连接，连接 The bridge connects the island with(或 to) the mainland. conscious 意识到的，自觉地 They were conscious that he disapproved. consent 同意，赞同，准许 The people will never consent to another war. conserve 保护，保藏，保存 conserve natural resources consider 考虑，细想 Consider carefully before doing anything. consist 组成，构成(of) The house consists of six rooms. consolidate 巩固，加强 consolidate one’s position conspicuous 显眼的，明显的，引人瞩目的 He felt as conspicuous as if he had stood on a stage. constant 经常的，不断的 a constant noise constitute 组成，构成 constitute a threat to sb. consult 请教，与......商量 consult a doctor about one’s illness consume 消费,花费: consume much of one’s time in reading contact 接触,联系,交往: be in contact with sb contain 包括,容纳, a list containing twelve items contaminate 弄脏,污染,玷污,毒害: Fumes contaminate the air contempt 轻视,轻蔑:show a contempt for sb contest 竞赛,比赛,竞争:the contest between the two powers for the control of the region contract 合同,契约:enter into(make)a contact with contradict 反驳,同….相矛盾,同….相抵触:The facts contradict his theory contrary 相反的,对抗的:take the contrary view contrast 对照,对比,(对比之下显出的)差异:the contrast between the two forms of government contribute 捐(款等),捐献:He contributed 5dollars to the charity every payday contrive 设计,想出:contrive a new method controversy(尤之以文字形式进行的争论),辨证:a point of controversy convention(正式)会议,(定期)大会:draft a new constitution at a convention convert 转变,转化:convert coal to (into) pipeline gasconvey 运送,输送,传送:a wire conveys an electric current convict(经审讯)证明…有罪,宣判…有罪:He was convicted of smuggling coordinate 调节,协调:coordinate the functions of government agencies cordial 热情友好的,热诚的,真心的:a cordial hello(smile, invitation) correspond 相符合相称(to,with):Fulfillment seldom corresponds to anticipation correspondent 通信者,通讯员,记者:a good(bad)correspondent corresponding 符合的,一致的:corresponding fingerprints corrode(渐渐)损害,(一点一点地)损伤:Bribery corrodes the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller corrupt 堕落的,腐败的,贪赃舞弊的:lead a corrupt life count 数,计算: count the money course 课程,科目:an English course courtesy 谦恭有礼。有礼的举止（或）言辞：come in without courtesy credit 信任，可信性：I have full credit in your ability to do the job。 crucial 决定性的，关键性的：a crucial decision cue 提示，暗号，信号：throw cues to sb cultivate 耕作，栽培，养殖：cultivate vegetables cure 治愈，医治：this medicine cured him of his pains。 cut 切，割，剪，砍，削; The Mayor cut the ribbon to open a trade exhibition. D dawn 黎明，拂晓 work from dawn to dark dazzle （强光等）使目眩，耀眼：He was dazzled by his sudden success. deceive 欺骗，蒙蔽：deceive oneself decent 体面的，像样的:She didn’t have a decent dress for the ball. decline 拒绝，谢绝：We sent him an invitation but he declined. decompose 分解，腐烂，腐败：decompose a compound into its elements. dedicate 奉献，把。。用在（to）: The doctor dedicated himself to finding a cure. 。 deduce 演绎，推论：From her conversation, I deduced that she had a large family. define 解释，给。。下定义: People define him as a genius. 。 deform(使)变形：Heat deforms plastic. defy 公然违抗，反抗：He was going ahead defying all difficulties. degenerate 衰退，堕落，变坏（into）: Her eyesight degenerated with the years. deliberate 慎重的，深思熟虑的：The government is taking deliberate action to lower prices. delight 高兴，快乐：To the teacher’s great delight , all his students passed the examination. deliver 投递，传送，运输：deliver the mail demonstrate 论证，证明 ：demonstrate a philosophical principle denote 表示，是。。的标志，意思是：A frown often denotes displeasure. 。 dense 稠密的，密集的:a dense forest deposit 存放： She deposited her bag in the cloakroom. depress 使沮丧，使消沉：That movie depressed me. deprive 剥夺，使丧失：deprive sb. of his property derive 取得，得到：He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. descend 下来，下降：Darkness descended too soon. deserve 应得，值得：The question deserves consideration. designate 指明，表明：designate boundaries desolate 荒芜的，不毛的：desolate land despise 蔑视，鄙视：He despises flattery. detach 拆卸：They detached their trailer and set up camp. detain 留住，担搁：be detained by business. detect （当场）发现（某人在干坏事）:detect a student cheating deteriorate （使）恶化,(使)变坏,(使)退化: Relations between the two countries began to deteriorate.deviate 背离，偏离：deviate from the rule devote 将...献给（to）:Mary devoted her life to caring for the sick. diagnose 诊断，判断：The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza. dictate 口授，使听写：dictate a letter to a secretary differentiate 使不同，使有差别，区分，区别：differentiate varieties of plants diffuse 扩散（气体，液体等） ：The colors of the sunset were diffused across the sky. diminish 减少，降低：His illness diminished his strength. diplomat 外交家，外交官，圆滑的人：a career diplomat discard 丢弃，抛弃：discard an old pair of shoes discern 看出，觉察出：We could discern from his appearance that he was upset. disclose 揭露，透露，使公开：disclose information to sb. discharge 释放：The judge found him not guilty and discharged him. discount 把（价格，费用等）打折扣，削价出售：The store discounts 3 per cent on all bills paid when due. discriminate 区别，辨别：It’s difficult to discriminate between the twin brothers. disgrace 丢脸，耻辱：bring disgrace on oneself disgust 厌恶，恶心：feel disgust for bad odors disperse 分散，驱散，散去：Police dispersed the rioters with tear gas displace 移动。。的位置：Many of the inhabitants were displaced by the rising floodwaters 。 dispose 布置，整理:The stores disposed the jewellery in an attractive display disregard 不理会，不顾：Disregard the noise and keep working distinct 有区别的，不同的：Three distinct types of people distort 扭歪，扭曲：a face distorted by (或 with)pain distract 使转向：be distracted from one’s original purpose distribute 分配，分发：distribute the prizes among the winners divorce 离婚，分离，脱离：sue for a divorce dominate 分配，统治：a white dominated society donate 捐赠，赠送：They donate to the Red Cross every year. doom 命运，厄运，劫数：His doom was to be poverty. doze 打瞌睡，打盹儿：The old lady dozed in her armchair. drain 慢慢排去：drain water from a pool dread 怕，畏惧:I dread to think of what may happen. drift 漂流，漂泊：The sounds of music drifted up to us. dubious 引起怀疑的，不确定的：a dubious reply due 欠款的，应支付的：A great deal of money is due to you. dump 倾倒，倾卸：He opened his bag and dumped its contents on the desk. duplicate 完全一样的，复制的：a duplicate key durable 耐用的：a durable fabric dwell （dwelt 或 dwelled ） （尤指作为常住居民）居住: dwell on an island E economical 节约的,节俭的,经济的: an economical stove edge 边,棱: At the edge of the lake women were doing their washing edible 可以吃的,可食用的:edible oil elaborate 精心计划(或制作)的,详尽的:an elaborate plot elevate 举起,提高,抬起:elevate the living standards of the people eliminate 排除,消除:eliminate the exploitation of man by man elite 出类拔萃的人(或物),精华:the elite of the society eloquent 雄辩的,口才流利的,有说服力的:an eloquent spokesman embark 上船(或飞机,汽车等):embark for Europe at New York harbor embody 使具体化,表现:embody principles in actions embrace 拥抱:She embraced her son tenderlyemigrate 移居外国(或外地区):emigrate from Canada to Australia emit 发出,散发(光,热,电度,声音,液体,气味等),发射电子:The chimney emitted a cloud of smoke enclose (从四面八方)围住,包围:enclose a porch with glass encounter 意外的遇见,遭遇:encounter an old friend in the theatre endeavor (为达到某一目的而)努力,尝试:How much he endeavored, goal stayed unattained energy 活力,精力:a man of energy enforce 实施,使生效:The principal enforced the rules of the school engage (用契约诺言等)约束,使订婚:He engaged himself as an apprentice to a printer enhance 提高(价格,质量,吸引力等),增加,增强:enhance one’s reputation enlighten 启发,使摆脱偏见(或迷信)Would you enlighten me on your plans for the future? enroll 吸收(成员),招生:The school enrolled about 300 pupils last year ensure 保证,担保:His industriousness and ability will ensure his success entertain 给。。娱乐,使有兴趣:The child is entertaining himself with his building blocks 。 entitle 给。。权利,给。。资格(to):Robert was entitled to see the documents 。 。 equivalent 相等的,相同的:The misery of such a position is equivalent to its happiness erase 擦掉,抹掉,消除:erase the chalk marks erect 竖直的,垂直的,竖起的:an erect tree erupt (火山,喷泉等)喷发:The volcano is due to erupt any day essence 本质,实质,要素:Being thoughtful of others is the essence of politeness eternal 永恒的,永存的,永久的:eternal truths evaluate 估价,评价:evaluate property evaporate (使)蒸发,(使)挥发:Heats evaporate water exaggerate 夸张,夸大,对…言过其实:keep to the facts and don’t exaggerate exceed 超出,胜过:Her performance exceeded all the others excess 超越,超过:an excess of supply over demand execute 实行,实施,执行,履行:execute a plan exemplify 例示,举例证明,是…的例证(或榜样等):The teacher exemplified the use of the word exert 用力,尽力:exert all one’s strength exhaust 汲空,抽完:exhaust a well expand 扩大,扩展,膨胀:Reading(travel)expands one’s mind expel 驱逐,赶走:expel an invader from a country expend 花费,消费(on, in):They expended all their strength in (on) trying to climb out expire 满期,届期,(期限)终止:His term of office expires this year explicit 详尽的,明确的:give explicit directions exploit 英勇的或冒险的行为或事迹:The daring of exploit of the parachutists were much admired exterior 外部的,外面的,外表的:exterior decorations external 外面的,外部的:external signs of a disease extinct (火等)熄灭了的:an extinct cigarette(fire) extinguish 熄灭,扑灭:extinguish a cigarette(candle) extract 取出,提取:extract a confession extravagant 奢侈的,浪费的:be extravagant in one’s way of living F fabricate 建造,制造:The finest craftsmen fabricated this clock facilitate 使变得(更)容易,使便利:Such a port would facilitate the passage of oil from the Middle East to Japan fade (颜色)褪去:The color in this material will not fade faint 不清楚的,模糊的,微弱的:a faint idea fancy 想象力:Children usually have a lively fancy fare 车费,船费,飞机票价:full (half) fare fascinate 强烈的吸引,迷住,使神魂颠倒:be fascinated with history fashion 方式,样子:She speaks in a very strange fashionfavor 恩惠,善意的行为:We would esteem it a great favor if you would reply at once feasible 可行的:a feasible plan(idea) feeble 虚弱的,无力的:His pulse was very feeble feed 喂养,饲养:feed a baby at the breast figure 数字:according to official figures finance 财政,金融:skill in finance finite 有限的,有限制的:a finite number of facts flare (火焰)闪耀,(摇曳不定地)燃烧:candle flaring in the wind flash 闪光,闪烁:a flash of lighting flat 平坦的,扁平的:a flat land flatter 奉承,使高兴:I feel greatly flattered by your invitation flavor 味,味道,风味:drama with a European flavor flee 逃走,逃掉:The enemy troops fled in utter confusion flexible 柔韧易,弯曲的:flexible cord fling(用力)扔,掷,抛,丢:fling sb into prison flourish 茂盛,繁荣,兴旺:Painting flourished in Italy in the fifteenth century fluctuate 波动,起伏:You can’t march in a straight line to the victory, you fluctuate it flush 脸红:Her cheeks flushed red forbid 不许,禁止:Wine is absolutely forbidden to all the children forge 锻炼:forge a horse-shoe out of an iron bar formulate 规划(制度等),构想出(计划方法等)formulate a policy fracture 裂缝,裂痕: a fracture in the pipe frequent 时常发生的,频繁的:His trips to France are less frequent now frown 皱眉:frown at sb frustrate 挫败,阻挠,使灰心,使无效:frustrate a plan fulfill (fulfilled, fulfilling)履行,实现,完成: fulfill a contract furnish 供应，提供：furnish blankets for the refugees fury 狂怒，暴怒：fly into a fury fuss 大惊小怪，乱忙，小题大做：make much fuss over losing a penny G gallop (马等的)飞跑，疾驰：The horse did a fine gallop during the race gamble 赌博：gamble at cards gasp 喘气，喘息：speak between gasps gear 齿轮，传动装置，(排)档：interlock cogs and gears generalize 归纳，概括:I don’t think you can generalize about what voters will do generate 产生，发生(电、热、光、力、摩擦力等)：generate electricity genuine 真的，非人造的，名副其实的：genuine leather gesture 手势，示意动作：raise one’s hands in a gesture of despair glance 一瞥，扫视：take a glance at the newspaper headlines glare 怒视，瞪眼：give the jury a glare glimpse 一瞥，一看：have a glimpse of (into)sth glitter 闪闪发亮(或发光)，光彩夺目，闪耀：His language glitters with marvelous words glory 光荣，荣誉：The soldiers hoped to win glory on the battle field glow 发热，发光，发红：the fire glowing in the darkness gossip 流言蜚语：give rise to gossip govern 统治，管理：govern a nation grace 优美：She ran well, grace in every movement graduate (使)大学毕业：graduate from college grant 同意，准予：grant a request grease 油脂，动物脂：the grease spot on the envelopegreet 问候，招呼：greet sb with a nod grieve 使悲伤，使伤心：The little girl grieved over her kitten’s death grind (ground)磨，磨碎，碾碎：grind wheat into flour grip 抓紧，紧握：Fear gripped his heart gross 总的，毛的：gross income guarantee 保证，保证书，保单：Wealth is no guarantee of happiness H hail 欢呼，喝彩：The crowd hailed the actress with joy halt (行进中的)暂停前进，中止，终止：The car came to a sudden halt hamper 妨碍，阻碍：hamper sb from getting elected handicap 障碍，不利条件：Poor eyesight is a handicap to a student haste 急速，急忙，仓促，草率： Why all this haste? hatch 孵，孵出：hatch (out) chickens hazard 危险，危害物，危险之源：a life full of hazards heal 治愈，愈合：heal the sick heap (一)堆：a big heap of books hedge (矮树)树篱：a quickset hedge highlight 使显著，使突出：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output hinder 妨碍，阻止：Bad weather hindered travel hint 暗示：drop(give ,throw out)a hint hoist 举起，升起，吊起：The war hoisted prices hold 拿着，抓住：The girl is holding the baby in her arms homogeneous 同种类的，同性质的，有相同特征的：homogeneous parts horizon 地平(线)：The sun has sunk below the horizon hospital 好客的，殷勤的，热情友好的：be hospital to the homeless hostile 敌人的，敌方的：a hostile army humble 地位(或身份)低下的，卑贱的：a humble job hysterical 情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里的 an hysterical outburst of fury I identical 同一的：the same (very)identical menu identify 识别，鉴别：He identified the coat as his brother’s idle 闲散的，闲置的：idle money ignite 点燃，使燃烧：ignite a stove fire with scraps of paper ignore 不顾，不理，忽视：He who ignores history is doomed to repeat it illuminate 照明，照亮，解释，启发，启迪：The room was poorly illuminated by one candle illustrate (用图或例子)说明，阐明：A complicated rule can be illustrated by a simple example immerse 使浸没：He immersed himself in the pool immune 免除的，豁免的：Nobody is immune from criticism impact 冲击，撞击：the impact of light on the eye impair 削弱，减少：The output of produce was impaired by the bad weather impartial 公正的，无偏见的：A judge should be impartial implement 工具，器具，用具：new types of farm implements impose 征(税)，加(负担，惩罚等)于(on, upon)：impose additional tax on business expansion impulse 推动，驱动：give an impulse to the development of the friendly relations between the two countries inaccessible 达不到的：The two rocks at the top of the steep hill is at first sight inaccessible incline 倾斜：The shaft inclines almost thirty degree incorporate 包含，吸收：His book incorporates his earlier essays incur 招致，引起，遭受：incur sb’s displeasure(envy) indignant 愤怒的，愤慨的：The actress was at the columnist’s personal questions indispensable 必不可少的，必需的(to. for)： Oxygen is indispensable to lifeinduce 引诱，劝使：Nothing will induce me to do that infer (根据已知事实等)推断，推定(from)：From his grades I inferred that he was a good student ingenious (人,头脑等)灵巧的，足智多谋的：an ingenious designer initiate 开始，发起：initiate a conversation innovate 革新，改革，创新(in,on/upon)：innovate on another’s creation inquire 询问，打听：He inquired what the weather was likely to be insert 插入，嵌入：In the pause he managed to inquire a question inspire 鼓舞，激起：His speech inspires the crowd instant 紧急的，急迫的，立即的，即刻的：be in instant need of help institute 学会，协会，学院，研究院：an institute for the blind insulate 隔音，使隔绝(以免受到影响)：We are not insulated from the real world the way we were insult 侮辱，辱骂：She insulted him by calling him a coward insure 保险，给。。保险：Every father should insure his life for the sake of his wife and children 。 intact 完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的：an intact family integrate 使成一体，使合并(with, into)：integrate traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine interfere 妨碍，冲突(with)：Misty weather interfered with the contact intermittent 间歇的，断断续续的，周期性的：suffer from intermittent headaches intervene 插入，介入：A week intervenes between Christmas and New Year’s Day intricate 错综复杂的，复杂精细的：A detective story usually has an intricate plot invert 使反向，使倒转，使颠倒：The magician inverted the bag to show it was empty irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的(of) ：irrespective of consequences irritate 激怒，使恼怒，使烦躁：be irritated by sb’s insolence J justify 证明。。正当或有理,正确：Such behavior is justified on these grounds 。 K knit 编织，编结：She’s knitting her husband a sweater L label 标签，标记，标号：put labels on your luggage lag 走得慢，落后，滞留：Some of the runners began to lag latent 潜在的，隐伏的，不易觉察的：a latent infection leak 漏洞，裂缝：The pipe has got a leak lean 斜，倾斜 the Leaning tower of Pisa lend 借给，贷款 Could you lend me your car length 长，长度 What is the length of the street? liable 会??的，有??倾向的 We are all liable to make mistakes liberal 慷慨的，大方的 a liberal donation light 光，光亮，光线 The house blazed with light limp 软的，松沓的 a young man in a limp gray sweater linger 逗留，徘徊 The children lingered at the zoo until closing time long 长的，远的，久的 a long journey lubricate 使润滑 lubricate the skin with cold cream lump 块，小方块 a lump of coal M macroscopic 肉眼可见的 magnet 磁铁，磁铁石 The pin was extracted with a magnet magnify 放大，扩大 I want to magnify this picture maintain 维持，保持 maintain law and order malfunction 发生功能障碍，发生障碍 If the computer malfunctions it fails to work properly maltreat 粗暴地对待，虐待 We’ll not intervene unless the children are being physically maltreated manifest 显然的，明了的 manifest superioritymanipulate (熟练地)操作 Mr. Smith manipulated the ivory chopsticks with great dexterity mature 熟的，成熟的 a mature fruit meet 遇见，碰到 He met her there by chance melt 使融化，使熔化 The sun melted the snow mend 修理，修补 mend clothes merit 长处，优点，价值，功绩 merits and demerits migrate 移居(尤指移居国外)，迁移 migrate to another country minimum 最低限度，最少量，最低点 minor 较小的，较少的，较不重要的 mislead 把??引错方向，把??引入歧途 moan 呻吟声，呜咽声 Each time she moved her leg she let out a ～ . mobilize 动员 Our country’s in great danger, we must ～ the army. mock 嘲笑，嘲弄 He had ～ed her modest ambitions. model 模型，原形 build airplane ～s modify 修改，更改 ～a law momentary 片刻的，瞬息的 a ～ feeling of fear monitor （学校的）班长 a ～ in class 5. mortgage 抵押（借款）He will have to ～ his land for a loan. motion 动，运动 the ～ of the planets motive 动机，目的 be proper in～ mount 登上， 爬上～ the steps multiply 乘，相乘～ 7 and 8 muscle 肌肉 facial ～s mutual 相互的， 彼此的 ～ aid N narrate 叙述，讲述 ～ the story of sb’s life nasty 龌龊的，肮脏的 a～ room necessitate 使成为必须，需要 The emergency ～d a change in plans. necessity 必要（性）（迫切）需要 There is no ～ for disappointment. ， neglect 忽视，忽略 ～ one’s health negligent 疏忽的，大意的 be ～ about traffic regulations nominal 名义的，有名无实的 a ～ leader nominate 提名 a ～ leader noteworthy 值得注意的，显著的 a ～ day notorious 臭名昭著的 a ～ thief notwithstanding 虽然，尽管 They traveled on,～ the storm nourish 养育 Milk is all we need to ～our small baby numb 麻木的，失去感觉的 fingers ～ with cold O object 物体，事物 cultural ～s objective 目的，宗旨 political ～s oblige 强迫，迫使 In certain countries the law ～s parents to send their children to school obscure 晦涩的，费解的 an ～ text obsolete 废弃的，淘汰的 Wooden warships are ～. obstinate 顽固的，固执的，倔强的 The girl would go her own way, in spite of all warnings occasion 时刻，场合 They met on three ～s occupy 占用，占有 My books ～ a lot of space occur 发生，存在，出现 when did the earthquake ～? odd 的奇数的，单的，奇怪的 One ,three five are ～numbers offend 冒犯，使生气 She was afraid of ～ing anyone.offence 犯法行为，过错 They were arrested for drug ～s. offset 补偿，抵消 They gains ～the losses. omit 省略，删去 Minor points may be omitted. opaque 不透明的 A brick wall is ～. optimistic 乐观的，乐观主义的 option 选择权 It is your ～ to take it or leave it orient 东方，东方国家 political theory in the West and in the Orient origin 起源，由来 a word of Latin ～ ornament 装饰品，点缀品 We bought ～s for the Christmas tree orthodox 正统的，正宗的 an ～ economic theory outline 轮廓，外形 He saw the ～ of a house against the sky overflow 泛滥 Every spring the river ～s overhaul 大修，全面检查，彻底革新～ a faulty machine overhear 偶然听到，偷听到 I wouldn’t like to be ～d overlap 重叠，部分相同 The Renaissance overlapped the later Middle Ages overtake 赶上，超过 He ran out of the door to ～ her overthrow 推翻，打倒 a plot to ～ the government overwhelm 征服，压倒，毁坏 He to