2016考研英语语法之三大从句中that省略情况
来源：新东方网整理
作者：文都教育
　　在考研英语长句阅读中，我们常常会遇到连接词that省略的情况。而一旦省略，对同学们的从句识别和判定会带来一定的困难，从而影响阅读的理解和翻译。本文我们就来看一下，三种从句中连接词that省略用法的几种情况。
　　一、that引导定语从句，在从句中充当成分。
　　1. that在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可省略。如：
　　(1)John once talked to his mom about the cities (that) he had visited abroad。
　　在从句中that作visit的宾语，故可以省略。
　　(2)The homework (that )I finished last night was left at home。
　　在从句中that作finish的宾语，故可以省略。
　　2. that在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略。如：
　　(1) The teacher that is kind to us goes back home very late every day。
　　在从句中that作主语，故不可以省略。
　　(2) My old school that was located in the suburban was razed to the ground。
　　在从句中that作主语，故不可以省略。
　　3.that在引导限定性定语从句时，有时相当于in which, at which, for which或on which, 并且在从句中可以省略。如：
　　(1)Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way (that ) (in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed。
　　(2)I like the music for the very reason (that ) (for which) he dislike it。
　　(3)We arrived the day (that ) (on which) they left。
　　二、that引导名词性从句时，充当连词，本身无实际意义。
　　1. that在引导宾语从句时，通常可省略。如：
　　We know (that) sound can travel through air。
　　that引导的从句在主句中充当know的宾语，故为宾语从句，此时that可以省略。
　　但：(1)在介词短语后的宾语从句中that常不可省略，且前面往往有个形式宾语it。如：
　　You may depend on it that they will support your plan。
　　See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time。
　　(2)两个宾语从句连用时，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。如：
　　I believe (that) you’ve done your best and that things will get better。
　　(3)在双宾语结构中，that从句充当直接宾语或是间接宾语时，不可以省略that。如：
　　He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow。
　　2. that引导主语从句、同位语从句及表语从句时，正规语中，通常不可省略。
　　(1)We heard the news that our team had won。
　　that引导同位语从句，that不可以省略。
　　(2)The fact is that we have lost the game。
　　that引导表语从句，that不可以省略。
　　(3)That you didn’t go to the party was a pity.&
　　that引导主语从句，that不可以省略。
　　不过，如果it作形式主语，that从句放在句末，可以省略that。如：
　　(4)It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the party。
　　三、that引导状语从句时，充当连词，有时也可省略。
　　1.在结果状语从句中，that有时可以省略。如：
　　The sound is so weak (that) you can’t hear it。
　　总之，that的省略现象在英语学习中很普遍，尤其是在定语从句和宾语从句中，大家遇到这两种句型时要多加留心that是如何使用的，注意总结。另外，如果大家对that省略的情况把握不好，建议大家在写作时最好不要省略that。
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考研工具箱
四六级英语拓展最佳答案此答案已被选择为最佳答案，但并不代表问吧支持或赞同其观点
回答：级别：大四 18:10:06来自：辽宁省
回答你的问题之前我也想要请教一个问题：你的那句话“定语从句中的that做宾语(介词后的宾语除外)则可以省略”来自于哪里？
这句话本身就有毛病的，因为：定语从句中介词后面的关系代词只可以是whom和which（这两个词在句中作介词的宾语），不可以是that，因此也就不存在可不可以省略之说了。
提问者对答案的评价：
此为最佳答案的揪错，但并不代表问吧支持或赞同其观点
揪错：级别：幼儿园 01:09:59来自：重庆市
在定语从句当中，that可以当做关系代词，无论先行词是人还是物，that不仅可以作主语，还能够作宾语。而回答者说that不能当做宾语，明显是在误导他人。
回答：级别：大四 12:26:02来自：江西省上饶市
that作关系代词引导定语从句时，若that所代替的成分作从句的宾语则可以省略。
如：I hate the guy (that) you were talking with just now.
在此句中that代the guy 在从句中作宾语（分句可还原为you were talking with the guy just now.)
此时that就可省略（是指that本身可省，不是先行词）
PS：又是你啊。。。该回答在 17:59:51由回答者修改过
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1.that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略.但下列情况除外：（1）介词宾语从句的that不省略 （2） and连接的几个从句,第二个从句以后的从句的that不省略.He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.（3）在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中,that不省略.I heard it said that he had gone abroad We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time 2.Whether ,if 引导宾语从句：两词可互换,但是下列情形除外：（1）whether从句中有or not （2）whether从句做介词宾语 Everything depends on whether you agree with us 3.许多带复合宾语的句子,宾语从句经常移到句子后部,而用it做形式宾语.结构常是：主语+动词+it+形容词/名词等宾语补足语+宾语从句 We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone 4.宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序 False:He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right:He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放在后面.Bad:I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good:I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad:He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good:He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句.Bad:I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.Good:I don’t think he likes the English teacher.D 主句一般过去时态,从句也要用过去时态；具体细节请看第一部分.False:He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right:He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.bu哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that1当that做learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;2当宾语从句较长时;3当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;4当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 5当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略; 6当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时; 7当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 8当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 9当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 10当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 11在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
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引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如：
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.
恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2. 有间接宾语时。如：
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all
the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如：
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事？
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如：
He has no special fault except that he smokes too
much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7. 位于句首时。如：
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如：
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
宾语从句学习指要
用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如：
He asked what you were doing last night. 他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。
I didn’t know that he was wounded in the accident.
我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。
Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last
Sunday?& 你能解释上周星期日他为什么没有来参加聚会吗？
在宾语从句中须注意：
在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省；并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导except, but, in
等少数介词的宾语从句。如：
I didn’t know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。
I will do anything I can to help you except that I’m ill.
只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何事情来帮助你。
2. 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的that不能省。如：
The boy has made it clear that they can’t play with his toys.
那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的玩具。
3. 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order,
propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：(should) do的形式。
He asked that we (should) get there before nine o’clock.
他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。
The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time.
老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。
4. 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即(from )：
1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如：
He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。
When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we
have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了一件好事。
2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如：
He didn’t tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。
He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。
3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。如(from
Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers.
毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。
When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of
the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。
宾语从句用法详解(例句丰富)
一、宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导：
1. that引导
We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。
The doctor insists that I give up smoking医生坚持要我戒烟。
I suggest that we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走。
I suggested that we should go the next day. 我建议我们第二天走。
We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.
从他的信里我们了解到他在西班牙。
The seller demanded that payment should be made within five
days. 卖方要求5日内付款。
2. whether / if引导
I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。
I didn’t know whether they liked the place. 我不知道他们是否喜欢这个地方。
I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it.
我要看看我是否能劝他接受。
I asked her whether she agreed. 我问她是否同意。
He enquired if her parents spoke Spanish. 他问她父母是否讲西班牙语。
I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。
She didn’t say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。
3. 连接代词引导
I don’t know who [whom] you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。
I’Il do whatever I can do. 我将做我所能做的事。
You can take whichever you like. 你爱拿哪个就拿哪个吧。
We’ll do whatever we can to save him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。
Take whichever seat you like. 你要坐哪个座就坐哪个座位。
Give it to whoever you like. 你把它爱给谁就给谁。
You don’t know what you are talking about. 你在说什么，你自己也不知道。
Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected.
明天这时候我们就会知道谁当选了。
4. 连接副词引导
He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。
You don’t know when you are lucky. 你身在福中不知福。
I asked how he was getting on. 我问他情况怎样。
He knows where they live. 他知道他们住哪里。
Have you found out how wide the ditch Was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗?
I’d like to know when they will let him out.
我很想知道他们什么时候会放他出来。
We didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion.
我们不明白他为什么这样回答。
3. 关系代词what引导
She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。
I want to tell you what I hear. 我想把听到的情况告诉你。
He could not express what he felt. 他无法表达内心的感受。
They did what they could to console her. 他们尽量安慰她。
They thought they could do what they liked with him.
他们以为他们可以对他为所欲为。
【注意】有时介词后可接一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句)：
From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。
有极个别介词(如but, except)可接that引导的宾语从句：
She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.
她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。
比较下面两句用what引导的宾语从句，它们的意思不一样：
He began to think about what he should do. 他开始考虑应当怎样做。
二、宾语从句与形式宾语it
当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married.
他还没宣布他何时结婚。
She found it difficult to answer the question. 她发现回答这个问题很困难。
He feels it his duty to hetp others. 他认为帮助别人是他的责任。
He thought it best to be on his guard. 他认为他最好还是要警惕。
He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every
session. 他规定自己在议会每次开会时至少发一次言。
I find it interesting talking go you. 我觉得同你谈话很有意思。
I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination. 我认为考试作弊是不对的。
三、连词that的省略问题
引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略：
She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去。
I hoped (that) I would / should succeed.&
我曾希望我会成功。
He thinks (that) they will give him a visa.&
他想他们会给他签证。
He thought (that) they would give him 3 visa.&
他本想他们会给他签证。
I expect (that) the plane will he diverted.&
我料想飞机会改变航线。
I expected (that) the plane would be diverted.&
我本料想飞机会改变航线。
Everybody knows (that) money doesn’t grow on trees.
众所周知，金钱是不会从树上长出来的。
I suggested (that) they should / shouldn’t drive along the
coast. 我建议他们沿着 / 不要沿着海岸开车。
【注】有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略：
That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。
四、宾语从句与否定转移
当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine
后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：
I don’t suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。
I don’t imagine that he will come. 我想他不会来的。(from
www.yygrammar.com)
I don’t think we need waste much time on it. 我想我们不必在这上面花太多时间
We didn’t think we’d be this late. 我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。
I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again. 我想我不要再麻烦你了。
学习定语从句的几个误区
一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人
whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作时，它既可指人也可指物。如：
It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。
The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the
holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。
二、混淆定语从句与并列句
请看下面两题：
1. He has two children, and both of _________ are
them&&&&&&
which&&&&&
2. He has two children, both of _________ are abroad.
them&&&&&&
which&&&&&&
第1题选A，第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both
of whom are abroad为。另外，请比较下面一题：
He has two children, both of _________ being abroad.
them&&&&&&
which&&&&&&
此题答案为A，其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。
请再看一组类似的例子：
1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated
into foreign languages.
it&&&&&&&&&&&
them&&&&&&&&
2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were
translated into foreign languages.
it&&&&&&&&&&&
them&&&&&&&&
第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated
是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例：
He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated
into foreign languages.
it&&&&&&&&&&&&&
them&&&&&&
此题与上面的第2题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
三、混淆关系代词与关系副词
有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用。比较：
This is the factory where I want to work.
这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)
This is the factory that I want to visit.
这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)
The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill.
他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)
The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put
forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)
比较下面的考题：
1. This is the room _________I lived ten years ago.
that&&&&&&
where&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&
2. This is the room _________I lived in ten years
that&&&&&&
where&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&
3. This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.
that&&&&&&
where&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&
4. This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.
that&&&&&&
where&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&
5. This is the room _________I was born ten years
that&&&&&&
where&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&
第1题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第2题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in
却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第3、4题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第5应选B，因为 be
born 无需有自己的宾语。
四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句
有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：
1. If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress
which&&&&&
what&&&&&&&
2. When I say two hours, _________ includes time for
which&&&&&
what&&&&&&&
以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。
1. 定义：用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做。如：
The man you talked about is our headmaster.
你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长
This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present.
这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.
那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的
2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词就叫做，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如：
The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old.
在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词)
Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group.
任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词)
His mother is out of danger,& which excites
their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(现行词是句子)
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词就叫做。根据关系词的用法不同，关系词又分和，其中关系代词有that,
which, who, whom, whose, as, but等，关系副词有where, when,
why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。如：
Lee is one of the students who are working very hard.
李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who)
There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but)
He led us to a place where we have never been before.
他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where)
含有定语从句的一系列难题
■请看下面的题：
How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward
_______ at last.
come&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. to have come
C. to having
come&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. has come
【分析】其实正确答案是A。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为“盼望”，其中的 to
是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了C。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have
come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking
forward to 是修饰主语的(介词 to
的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，has come 是句子谓语。
请做以下类似试题：
■The man you referred to _____ just now.
comes&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
coming&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案选 D，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the
man 的，空白处填
came，为句子谓语。
■The theory he sticks to ______ to be of no use in our
proves&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
proving&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. be proved
【分析】答案选 A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory
的，句子的基本结构为
The theory proves to be of no use in our studies.
■The work he devoted his time to _____ worth praising.
was&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
being&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案选 A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work
的。句子的基本结构为
The work was worth praising.
■I think this is the very work that we must finish ____ her.
help&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
helping&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案是 A。句中空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish
的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的，finish
的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。
■Which do you enjoy ____ your weekend, swimming or fishing?
spending&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. being spent
spend&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to spend
【分析】答案选 D。enjoy 的宾语是句首的疑问词 which，不是其后的动词
spending。此题中的 to spend… 用作。
■What the boy enjoys _____ to have a room of his own.
being&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
is&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案选C，而不选A。what the boy enjoys 是主语从句，空格处填的
is 为谓语动词。
■Nothing that he suggested _____ to be of any use.
prove&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. proved&
proving&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to prove
【分析】答案选B，而不选C。句子主语是 nothing，that he suggested
是修饰主语的，suggested
的宾语是引导该的关系代词
that，而不是其后的动词；句子谓语是 proved。全句意为“他建议的情况没有一条是有用的。”
■The old house we paid a visit _____ at the top of the hill.
standing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. to stand
standing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to stands
【分析】答案选D。we paid a visit to 是修饰the old house
的定语从句，句中的stands 为主句谓语。
■The life he is now used _____ quite different from ours.
is&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
being&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案选D。句中he is now used to 是修饰 the life
的，to 后的动词
is 是句子的谓语，句意为“他现在习惯的这种生活与我们的生活很不相同”。
■The work he paid special attention _____ to nothing.
came&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. to come
coming&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. to came
【分析】答案选D。句中的he paid special attention to 是修饰
the work 的，to 后的动词
came 是句子的谓语，句意为“他特别关注的那项工作泡汤了”。
■The result what he said would lead _____ his regret in the
is&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
being&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】答案选D。句中what he said would lead to 是修饰 the
result 的，to 后的动词
was 是句子的谓语，句意为“他所说的话将导致的结果是他今后的后悔”。
在定语从句中，关系代词who (whom) 和that都可指人和物，在一般情况下，可以互换使用，但在下列情况下值得注意：
一、用who (whom)
而不用that的情形
(1) 在中的先行词指人时，只能用who
(whom)。如：
My sister, who is studying abroad, sent me a beautiful present
just before this Christmas. 我姐姐，她在国外学习，就在圣诞节前给我寄来了漂亮的礼物。
(2) 当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Do you know the girl in front of the blackboard who is speaking
to the students? 你认识黑板前面正在给学生们讲话的那位女孩子吗？
(3) 当先行词为people和those时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
(4) 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)
时，只能用who (whom)。如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
(5) 先行词指人，而时，一般多用who。如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a
few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
(6) &在there be句型中名词的定语从句多用who
(whom)。如：
There are students in our class who / whom you have met.
我们班有些学生你见过。
&当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时，若一个定语从句的引导词为that,
那么，另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如：
The boy that you met just now is Li Ming’s brother who just
graduated from a university. 刚才你会到的那个男孩是李明的刚从大学毕业的弟弟。
二、用that 而不用who (whom)的情形
(1)& 当前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from
Shandong. 在为我们队踢足球的最高哪个运动员来自山东。
(2) 当前面有only,
some, any, no, every, little, few, much, all,
very形容词修饰时，引导词只能用that。如：
He is the only student that said “no” to the teacher.
他是唯一的一个对老师说“不”的学生
(3) 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时，引导词只能用that。如：
Who is woman that you talked with just now? 刚才跟你谈话的那位妇女是谁？
(4) the same as 与
所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物；the same
that表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物，即：同一事物。如：
She is wearing the same coat that I lost a few days ago.
她正穿着我几天前所丢失的上衣。(暗含：她偷了我的上衣)
She is wearing the same coat as I lost a few days ago.
她正穿着跟我几天前所丢失的上衣同样的上衣。(暗含：她所穿的上衣不是我所丢失的那一件)
在定语从句中，关系代词 which 和 that 都可指物，一般情况下，可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意：
(1)& 当先行词为：all, little, few, much, none
及 some-, any-, no-, every- 与 thing 所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。如：
There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
没有事情会阻止我们进步。
(2) 当先行词前面有only, some, any, no, every, little, few, much,
all, very等形容词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
这是我们不能解决的唯一的一个问题。
(3) 当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。如：
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的书。
(4) 当先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用that。如：
Luxun and his works that we are familiar with are considered
great. 人们认为我们所熟识的鲁迅及其作品都很伟大。
(5) 当先行词在中作表语时，只能用that。如：
This is a book that I have been looking for since last week.
这就是那本自上周以来我一直在寻找的书。
(6) &当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，只能用
that。如：
Which is the picture that you drew yesterday? 你昨天画的那张画是哪一张？
(1) 当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用 which。如：
The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
那个铅笔盒，我上周买的，现在不见了。
(2) 前面有介词时，只能用which。如：
The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
我们过去常在下面休息的那棵树已砍掉了。
(3) 先行词为代词 that 或 that 所修饰时，只能用 which。如：
I don’t take that which is too expensive. 我不要太贵的那一个
是none of them还是none of
是 &还是 none of which? 是考查还是考查……？请看仔细了！
He wrote a lot of novels, none of _________ translated into a
foreign language.
them&&&&&&&&&
which&&&&&&&&&&
it&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或
but，其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated
不是谓语，而是一个（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在
translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选 B(which)，构成一个。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受定势思维的影响。又如：
(1) I met several people there, two of _________ were
foreigners. （选A）
(2) I met several people there, two of _________ being
foreigners. （选B）
whom&&&&&&&&
them&&&&&&&&&&&&
who&&&&&&&&&&&&&
补充例句：
We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is
completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。
She wrote a lot of novels, none of which were popular.
她写过许多书，但没有一本是受欢迎的。
请看这样一道题：
He is always really rude, _________ is why
people tend to avoid him.
that&&&&&&&&&&&
it&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
this&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【分析】此题容易误选 A，因为 that’s
why…是一个常用结构，同学们极易受此影响而选错，当然若此句的空格前有连词 and
或其前的逗号改为分号，则完全可选that（分别构成并列句或两个独立的）。此题的最佳答案是
D，句子后半部为一个，which
指 He is always really rude. 另外请比较以下两题（注意连词的有无）：
(1) He had a lot of friends, none of
_________ could lend him any money. （选A）
(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of
_________ could lend him any money. （选B）
whom&&&&&&&&
them&&&&&&&&&&&&
which&&&&&&&&&&
有这样一道题，答案是 &还是 ，或是……？
A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a
hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded
that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
where&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
【陷阱】容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词，选 which 用以代替前面的名词
hospital，在此用作介词 around 的宾语。
【分析】最佳答案为C。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选
C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词，意为“在附近”；其后的 where 引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词
hospital，句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？
在从句中作定语表示所属关系，先行词是人，表示“先行词这个人的…”，用whose；先行词是事物，表示“先行词这个事物的…”，用whose…或the…of
which或of which…都可以。如：
In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still
suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。
The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to
the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。
用作定语时，含有类似 this 或 that 的含义。如：
She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her.
她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。
He lost his temper,& I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。
I may have to work late,& I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。
The speaker paused to examine his notes,
a loud crash was heard. 讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记，就在这时，听到了砰的一声巨响。
He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the
rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。
My father may have to go into hospital,
won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。
Sometimes feta is very salty,& no salt needs to be added. 有时，羊奶干酪很咸。如果这样的话，就不必加盐了。
这道题中的as是关系代词
有这样一道题，考查的是such…that还是such…as呢？
Mr Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all
A. such, that&& B. such,
that&&&&&&&
【分析】此题容易误选A，一方面是因为 such … that …
是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将 such … that …
的意思“如此……以致……”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师，以致我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在such
… that … (如此……以致……)结构中，that 引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入
such … that …，句末的 respect 显然缺少宾语(注意：respect 是及物动词)。正确的答案应是B，as
用作，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词
teacher，同时 as 在中用作动词
respect 的宾语，句意为“史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学们可能还会问，能否选A答案，而将其后的 that
视为引导定语从句的呢？(事实上
that 经常用于引导定语从句!) 不能。因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的应用关系代词
as 来引导，而不用that。
顺便说一句，假若在原句的 respect 后加上 him 一词，则应选A，即He is such a
good& teacher that we all respect him
(他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他)。
定语从句学习要点
即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性。
二、关系词的用法
关系词根据其性质可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as
等，其中 who 和 whom 只用于指人，which和 as 只用于指事物，whose 和 that
既可于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有 when, where 和 why，其中 when
表示时间，where 表地点，why 表原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。如：
This is the book (which) you want. 这就是你要的那本书。
There are a lot of things that are wrong. 有很多错的东西。
This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。
These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的原因。
三、关系词的选择
1. 一看的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。
2. 二看的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when,
where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why
来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如：
I forget the time when he will come. 我忘记了他来的时间。(when
引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)
I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that
引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)
The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why
引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)
The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that
引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)
3. 三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：
If you’ve really said that to her, _______ will cause real
that&&&&&&&&&
which&&&&&&&
as&&&&&&&&
此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是：If you’ve
really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语
地点状语从句主要用于回答Where?的问题，可以由where (在…的地方)，wherever
(无论什么地方)，anywhere (无论何处) 以及everywhere (到处) 等连词来引导。
■一般置于主句之后
Sit wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿都可以。
Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。
He lives where the climate is mild. 他住在一个气候温暖的地方。
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
You can’t camp where / wherever / anywhere you like these days.
如今你可不能随意在哪儿宿营。
■根据强调的需要，anywhere, everywhere和wherever也可以 (where则一般不可以)
放在句首。如：
Anywhere she goes, he goes too. 不论她去哪儿，他也去哪儿。
Wherever I am l will be thinking of you. 我不论在哪儿，都会想你的。
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。
Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for Princess Diana.
无论詹妮走到什么地方，她都会被误认为是戴安娜公主。
■where一般表示一个确定的但非特指的地点。如：
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple.
教堂建在曾一度是罗马神庙的地方。
Next time I hope you’ll go where I tell you to.
下次我希望你去我告诉你去的地方。
■wherever, anywhere 和 &表示“任何地方”。如：
With a special train ticket you can travel wherever / anywhere /
everywhere you like in Europe for just over&#.
你如持有专车票，仅花一百多一点英镑，就可以到欧洲各地旅行。
■有些中有的词可以省略。如：
Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies.
只要可能，他们就设法取得殖民地。
Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible.
只要可能，就要避免这种结构。
■表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时，该从句的谓语通常是那些表示，而不能是be(是、在),
have(有)，like(喜欢)，belong(属于)等表示状态或静态意义的动词。
我打算去邮局。——当你在邮局的时候，请帮我买几张邮票好吗?
误：I’m going to the post office.—As you are there, can you get me
some stamps?
正：I’m going to the post office.—While you are there, can you get
me some stamps?
■正因为 表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时，从句的谓语不能是表示状态或，所以当下面第一句变为第二句这样的状语从句时，不能再用
as，而应用 when：
As a student he had known great poverty.
＝When he was a student he had known great poverty.
他当学生时，经历过很贫困的生活。
■但是，当 时，其谓语动词可以是状态或。如：
As there was very little support, the strike was not successful.
由于支持的很少，罢工未获成功。
As I was anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.
因为我急于讨好他，我给他买了一件精美礼品。
As there isn’t anything more to do, I may as well go home early
既然这里没有别的事要做，我还不如早点回家。
当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，以下类型的状语从句可以用一般现在时表将来：
I’ll write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus.
如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into trouble. 遇到麻烦请告诉我。
I’ll follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿，我就跟着去哪儿。
Whatever you say, I won’t pay. 无论你说什么，我都不会付钱。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail.
无论我们帮他与否，他都会失败。
I’ll have a good time whether I win or lose.
赢也好，输也好，我都将会玩好。
I will come earlier than you do. 我会比你先到。
He will do it better than we
expect.& 他会比我们预料的做得好。
The more you eat, the fatter you will become.
你吃得越多就会越胖。
The more difficult the questions are, the less
likely I’ll be able to answer them. 题目越难我越答不出。
注意一& because 除用于外，还可引出表语从句。如：
It is because he is too foolish. 那是因为他太蠢了。
It is because you’re eating too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。
注意二& 汉语可以说“因为……所以……”，但是英语却不能使用
because…so…这样的结构。改正的办法是，要么去掉其中的because，使之成为并列句；要么去掉so，使之成为主从复合句。如：
因为他很忙，所以不能来。
误：Because he is very busy, so he can’t come.
正：Because he is very busy, he can’t come.
正：He is very busy, so he can’t come.
注意三& 汉语说“”，说成英语通常是The
reason (why)…is that… 其中的that最好不用because代替。如：
The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus.
我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。
注意四& 在 &这一结构中，not
有时否定主句，有时否定从句，具体视语境而定。一般说来，若 not 否定主句， 最好在because
之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：
I didn’t go because I was afraid.
a. 我没有去是因为怕。
b. 我不是因为怕才去。
但是若 because 之前有 just 修饰，一般认为 not 是否定从句而不是主句。如：
You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of
you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
注意五& 用于复合介词，其后可接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。如：
He is here&
you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there.
因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。
He left the company
what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。
但是，because of后不能直接跟that从句或者是没有引导词的从句。如：
由于我的病我不能干这工作。
正：I can’t do the work because of my illness.
正：I can’t do the work because I’m ill.
误：I can’t do the work because of I’m ill.
误：I can’t do the work because of that I’m ill.
可用于引导状语从句的“六类名词”
英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类：
一、the + 瞬间名词
其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as
soon as。如：
he saw her he fell in love. 他对她一见倾心。
I’ll telephone t
there’s any change. 一有变更我立即用电话通知。
Telephone me
(that) you get the results. 你一有结果，马上给我打电话。
I was so tired that I fell asleep
I closed my eyes. 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。
She put down the receiver the second she recognized my voice.
她一听出是我的声音，马上就放下电话听筒。
注：其中的瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有的个别副词（如directly /
immediately等）也可表示类似意思。如：
Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio.
饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。
二、the + 季节名词
其中的季节名词包括spring, summer, autumn,
winter，其意为“在……的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。如：
His wife left him the spring he went abroad.
在他出国的那年春天，他的妻子离开了他。
He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his
job. 在他失业的那年夏天，他卖掉房子去了南方。
He was sent to prison the winter his third daughter was born.
在他第三个女儿出生的那年冬天，他被关进了监狱。
She got married the autumn she graduated from college.
她大学毕业的那年秋天就结婚了。
三、the+时间名词
其中的时间名词主要包括hour, day, night, week, month, season,
year等，其意为“在……的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。如：
The hour he was in her office, he felt very sad.
当他在她办公室的时候，他感到很伤心。
The day he returned home, his father was already dead.
他回家的那一天，他的父亲已经死了。
The night I went to see her, she had left for Beijing to attend
an important meeting. 就我去看她的那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要的会议了。
Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill.
史密斯先生在他妻子生病的那个星期没去上班。
The year he lived in the country, he learned a lot.
他在乡下呆的那一年，他学到了不少东西。
+序数词+time
其中的序数词包括first, second, third, fourth等，其意为“当第几次……的时候”。如：
My girlfriend beat me at poker
we played. 我头一次和女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。
I saw her, she looked like an old woman.
我第二次见到她时，她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there, I found all of them had left and
the offices were all empty. 我第三次去那儿时，我发现他们都离开了，所有的办公室都是空的。
1. next, last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。如：
you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。
we talked he said he needed another two days.
上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
2. the first time, the second time, the third time
等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而 (the) next time, (the) last
time引导状语从句时，其中的冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案是C，不是A：
I thought her nice and honest_________ I met her.
time&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. for the first time
C. the first time&&
D. by the first time
五、不定代词+ time
其中的不定代词主要包括each, every, any等。如：
Every time I ring her, the phone is engaged. 我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。
I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow
some money. 每次我见到他，他不是向我诉苦，就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
you come to London do look me up. 你无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来看我。
注意：every time, each time, any time用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the
first time, the second time, the third time
等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。
六、其他名词结构
以上归纳的名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其他结构还可引导其他性质的状语从句，如 the way
可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如：
The didn’t do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
Joyce looked at me the way a lot of girls did.
乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。
注：这样用的the way与as用法相似。如：
Hold it in both hands, the way (=as) Mummy does.
用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。
引导比较状语从句的从属连词为as...as（和……一样），not as/so...as（和……不一样），than（比），the
more...the more（越……越）。这类从句常以省略形式出现。如：
The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。
You look younger than you are. 你看上去比你的实际年龄要年轻。
The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.
你学的知识越多，你的知识越丰富。
He doesn’t work as hard as she (does). 他工作不像她那样努力。
有as(正如)，as
if或as though(好像)等。如：
Do as I told you. 按我告诉你的那样做。
As a man lives, so he dies. 正如人能活，也能死。
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整个这件事我记得很清楚，就仿佛是昨天发生似的。
注：口语中like也可用连词。如：
Do it like he does. 照他那样做。
She can’t cook like her mother does. 她菜做得没有她妈那样好。
有although,
though, as, while(虽然), even if/though(即使), whether…or…(不论/不管……还是……)
以及“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”等。如：
Although/Though they are poor they are happy. 虽然他们很穷，但很快乐。
Though he is very old, he works hard. 尽管他年老了但仍努力工作。
Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。
While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.
虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形状。
I’ll go even if/though it snows. 即使下雪我也要去。
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你信还是不信，这的确是事实。
However (=No matter how) tired you may be, you must do it today.
不管怎样累, 你也得今天做。
Wherever (=No matter where) I am, I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
1. as 作“虽然”解，时，从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首，though
引导的让步状语从句，也可将这些成分置于句首，但 although 等其它词引导的让步状语从句不能将这些成分前置。如：
Hard as/though they tried (=Although/Though they tried hard),
they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。
2. 时，若提前的是可数名词单数，要省略不定冠词。如：
Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他是孩子，但他却很懂事了。
3. 表示“虽然”的连词不能与表示“但是”的连词 but 连用，但可以 yet 或 still
等副词连用。如：
译：虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。
误：Though it was raining, but he went there.
正：Though it was raining, he went there.
正：It was raining, but he went there.
正：Though it was raining, yet he went there.
引导的从属连词有if,
unless (=if…not如果不……，除非), as/so long as(只要), while(=as long as只要),
supposing (that)/provided /providing (that)(假如), in case(假使), on
condition that(在……的条件下)等。如：
You can learn anything so long as you set your mind to learn it.
用心学本领，总能学到手。
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.(=…if it doesn’t
rain)除非下雨，否则我明天要去那儿。
He will do the work providing you pay him. 如果你能付费，他可以做这工作。
In case l forget，please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒我。
We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean
and tidy. 我们可以让你使用这个房间，条件是你把它保持整洁。
注：和时间状语从句一样，从句的谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时、一般过去时和态来替代。又如：
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him?
如果他不来，是不是不带他去?
但若从句谓语用了will 或 would，那 will 或 would 则是表示“愿意”的。如：
If you will go with me, I’ll wait for you.
如果你愿意等我，我们就帮你做这事儿。
引导的从属连词有（以致，结果），so…that, such…that（如此……以至于）等。如：
We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
我们到得很早，因此我们座位很好。
It was so hot that we wanted to go swimming. 天气太热，我们想去游泳。
She is so good a teacher (=She is such a good teacher) that all
the students like her. 她是那么好的老师，每个学生都喜欢她。
His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him. 他的反应如此敏捷
(以致) 无人比得上他。
He is such a marvelious joker that you can’t help laughing.
他是一个如此奇妙的诙谐人物，(以致) 弄得你不能不笑。
They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
他们都是出色的运动员，没有人能战胜他们。
In his fury he threw the stone tablets upon the ground so that
they were broken. 他大怒之下，便把那些石匾扔到地上，摔破了。
My suitcase had become damaged, so that the lid would not stay
closed. 我的箱子损坏了，因此盖子关不上了。
Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he
was dead. 我们再也没有收到过他的信，因此我们开始怀疑他是不是死了。
It was so dark that he couldn’t see the faces of his companions.
天是那样黑，他同伴的脸他都看不见了。
1. 在口语中 that 常。如：
I am so busy I have no time to write a letter.
我是那样忙，写信的时间都没有。
2. 有时主句中还有。如：
So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
月亮是那样亮，花都像白天时那样鲜艳
引导的从属连词有so(以便),
that(以便), so that(以便，为了), in order that (为了，以便)；in case(以防，以免),
lest(免得，以防), (以免，惟恐)等。从句中一般含有can, could, may, might, will, would
Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better. 拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。
Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly.
咱们坐前排，以便看得清楚点。
I left at 6:00 so that/in order that I could catch the train.
为了赶上火车，我六点就出门了。
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码写下，以免忘了。
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。
Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。
Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。
He walked fast
he should be late. 他走得很快，以免迟到。
She dresses like that
everyone will notice her. 她那样穿戴是为了引起人们的注意。
I have given him a key so that he can get into the house
whenever he likes. 我给了他一把钥匙，以便他随时能进来。
So that I shouldn’t worry, he phoned me on arrival.
为了不让我担心，他一到就给我打了电话。
They risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.
他们冒了生死危险使我们生活得更安全。
注：当时，可用不定式来表达相同的意思。如：
译：为了通过考试，他学习非常努力。
正：He studies very hard so that(=in order that) he can pass the
正：He studies very hard so as to (=in order to) pass the
引导的从属连词有because(因为),
as(由于), since(既然), now(that)(既然), when(既然), seeing (that) (由于，鉴于),
considering (that)(考虑到), given (that) (考虑到)等。如：
I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
As it was raining, I stayed at home. 由于下雨，我便呆在家里。
Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it.
既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。
you are well again, you can travel.
既然价钱恢复了健康，你就可以去旅行了。
How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time
watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了, 还能学什么东西呢?
you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内。
Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about
it. 考虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此的了解已经不少了。
She can drive by herself because she has passed her test.
她现在可以独立开车了，因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。
she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the
right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
I’m afraid we don’t stock refills for pens like yours because
there’s little demand for them. 对不起，我们没有你那种笔的笔芯，因为销路不好。
1. considering 和 given 还可用介词。如：
Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.
就他的年龄来说，这小孩读得挺好的。
Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right
career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
2. 表示“因为”的不能与表示“所以”的
so 连用。如：
译：因为他病了，所以没有出席会议。
误：Because he was ill, so he didn’t attend the meeting.
正：He didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill.
正：He was ill so he didn’t attend the meeting.
一、普通类从属连词
引导的普通类从属连词有when（当……时），while（在……期间），as（当……，一边……一边……），before（在……之前），after（在……之后），since（从……以来），till/until（直到），whenever（无论何时），as
soon as（一……就）等。如：
When I went into the classroom, he was reading.
当我走进教室时，他正在看书。
He read a newspaper as he went along. 他边走边看报纸。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。
I will tell you after they leave. 于他们走后我再告诉你。
I told him to come back whenever he wants to.
我告诉他什么时候想回来就回来。
I waited till/until she was back. 我一直等到她回来(from )。
Once time is gone, you will never get it back. 时间一旦失去就再也得不到了
注意：在中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。如：
I’ll telephone you as soon as I get there. 我一到达那里就打电话给你。
She said she would phone me as soon as she got there.
她说她一到达那里就给我电话。
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 等车停稳后才下车。
二、含 time的短语
可引导的 time
短语有every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the
time, the first time, any time 等。如：
Every time I listen to music, I’ll think of it.
每当我听音乐，我就想起这事。
He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him.
上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。
Each time she moved her head she let out a moan.
她每转动一下头，就发出一声呻吟。
三、表示“一……就……”
除as soon as外，还有三类：名词型——the moment, the minute, the second, the
instant；副词型——immediately, directly, instantly；句式型——no sooner…than…,
hardly/scarcely…when…。如：
The moment I saw him I knew that there was no hope.
我一看到他，就知道没有希望了。
I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家就下起雨来了。
如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用。如：
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
四、对before从句的理解
before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。如：
I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。
He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
Before I could get in a word, he measured me.
我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。
I’ll water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。
Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。
Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it.
时间过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月。
I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。
五、对since从句的理解
1. since从句的谓语动词是照字面意思理解。如：
I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job.
自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。
2. since从句谓语动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：
She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city.
自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。
3. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如：
I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：
I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。
六、对till/until从句的理解
1. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到
until / till 从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）到……”。如：
He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来。
2. 主句为否定式（包括含 no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little
等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在 until / till
从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到……”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到……才……”。如：
His mother didn’t leave until/till he was asleep.
直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。
Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。
主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到……才……”或“没有到……”。如：
He didn’t wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。
She didn’t sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。
一、用作连词
表示“虽然”，两者大致同义，可换用，只是 although 比 though 更为正式：
Though [Although] it was raining，we went there.
虽然下着雨，但我们还是去了那儿。
Though [Although] it was barely four o’clock, the lights were
already on. 尽管才四点钟，灯已经亮了。
Though [Although] we are poor, we are still happy.
我们虽然穷，仍然很快活。
&二、用作副词
although 一般不用作副词，而 though 可用作副词，且一般放在句末(不放在句首)，意为“可是”、“不过”：
It’ I enjoy it though. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。
He is looking fit, though. 但他看起来很健康。
You can count on him, though. 不过你可以指靠他。
&三、用于习语
在 as though(好像，仿佛)，even though(即使，纵然)等固定短语中不能用 although：
She closed her eyes
she were tired. 她闭上眼，仿佛很疲劳似的。
had witnessed the whole thing. 我们感到仿佛目击了整个这件事似的。
He is an honest man, I must say, even though I have opposed him.
尽管我反对过他，我还得说他是一个诚实的人。
She was always afraid of men,
she had lots of boyfriends. 尽管她有很多男朋友，她总是害怕男人。
四、用于倒装
though 引导的可用部分的形式(注意：后位于句首的名词之前不用冠词)，但
although 一般不这样用：
Poor though I am, I can afford it. 我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。
Child though he was, he did quite well. 他虽是孩子，但干得很好。
三者可表示“”，区别如下：
(1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作，从句表示的是一个，三者都可用：
He fell asleep when [while, as] he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development)
意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know,
have 等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：
A：I’m going to the post office. 我要去邮局。
B：While you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗?
(2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用
Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。
I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候，我默不作声。
但是，若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边…一边”之意思，通常用 as：
She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。
(3) 若从句是一个短暂性动作，主句是一个持续性动作，可用 as / when 但不用 while：
It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。
(4) 若主从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，用 as / when：
I thought of it just when [as] you opened your mouth.
就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。
(5) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，一般用 as：
Things are getting better and better as time goes on.
随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。
As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚，天气越冷。
(6) 表示“每当…的时候”(暗示一种规律性)，一般要用 when：
It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。
He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。
(7) 若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用 when：
I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时，我就回家去。
(8) when 可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”；while 也可以用作，表示“而”、“却”(表示对比)；但
as 则没有类似用法：
We were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要出发，这时天开始下雨了。
He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。
(9) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句，但 while 一般不这样用：
As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。
(10) when 和 while 后可接现在分词、、形容词等构成，但
as 一般不这样用：
When [While] reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。
When [While] in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。
主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等：
Put the medicine where children can’t reach it.
把药放在孩子们拿不到的地方。
You can’t camp where [wherever, anywhere] you like these days.
如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。
Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for her sister.
无论走到哪个地方，詹妮都被误认为是她妹妹。
有的考生认为地点状语从句在平时见得不多，误认为考试不会涉及，但恰恰相反，却是各类语法考试经常考查的一个知识点。请看以下考题：
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark
_____ you have any questions.
which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. at where
C. the place
where&&&&&&&&&&&&&
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up _____
there had once been a theatre.
that&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you
can find them again.
when&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& B. where
then&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
& D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______ she lost it.
where&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
which&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
以上四题均选where，其意为“在…的地方”，用以引导。
主要的有as, as if, as though等：
You must do as your parents tell you. 你必须按你父母说的去做。
I have changed it as you suggest. 我已照你的建议作了改动。
I am as you can imagine short of money. 正如你能想像的我很缺钱。
Robbie didn’t feel as she did. 洛比没有她那种感觉。
They treated the child as if she were their own.
他们待这孩子像亲生的一样。
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
整个这件事我记得很清楚，就仿佛是昨天发生似的。
【注】(1) 在非正式文体中，like也可用连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
Nobody loves you like I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。
She can’t cook like her mother does. 她菜做得没有她妈那样好。
(2) 有时the way 也可用作连词，表示方式，与as的用法相似：
They didn’t do it the way we do now. 那时他们不像我们现在这样行事。
I can’t help seeing things the way they do. 我禁不住也像他们那样看事物。
一般说来，若as if 和as though 从句所表示的内容可能为事实，则用，若为假设或不大可能为事实，则用。不过在非正式文体中，有时即使句意明确地表示不是事实，也可能用：
He treats me as if I am [were] a stranger. 他待我有如陌生人。
The stuffed dog barks as if it is [were] a real one.
这个玩具狗叫起来像是真狗似的
时态考题精编（附解析）
1. —Your phone number again? I _______ quite catch
—It’s 9568442.
didn’t&&&&&
couldn’t&&&&&&&
don’t&&&&&&
2. —Can I help you, sir?
—Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _______.
A. didn’t work&& B. won’t
work&&&&&&&&&
C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
3. Helen _______ her keys in the office so she had to
wait until her husband _______ home.
comes&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. had come
came&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. would come
4. —_______ my glasses?
—Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&B. Had you see
C. Would you see
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&D. Have you seen
5. I first met Lisa three years ago. She _______ at a
radio shop at that time.
worked&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. was working
C. had been
working&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. had worked
6. —Is this raincoat yours?
—No, mine _______ there behind the door.
hanging&&&&&&&&&&
& C. hangs &&
&&&D. hung
7. —Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
—I _______, but I had an unexpected visitor.
had&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
would&&&&&&&&&&&&&
C. was going
&&& D. did
8. —Who is Jerry Cooper?
—_______? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him
yet&&&&&&&&&&&
B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him
yet&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. Haven’t you met him yet
9. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
painted&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. had painted
C. have been
painting&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. have painted
10. —Nancy is not coming tonight.
—But she _______!
promises&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. promised&& C. will
promise& D. had promised
11. Shirley _______ a book about China last year but I
don’t know whether she has finished it.
written&&&&&&&&
wrote&&&&&&&&
written&&&&&&&&
D. was writing
12. —Hey, look where you are going!
—Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
A. I’m not
noticing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t
noticed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. I don’t notice
13. The price _______ but I doubt whether it will remain
A. went down&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&B. will go down
C. has gone
down&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. was going down
14. The reporter said that the UFO _______ east to west
when he saw it.
traveling&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. traveled
C. had been
traveling&&&&&&&&&
D. was to travel
15. —You’ve left the light on.
—Oh, so I have. _______ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go
B. I’ve gone
D. I’m going
16. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy
task because technology _______ so rapidly.
changing&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. has changed
C. will have
changed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. will change
17. I _______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had
time to play since the new year.
play&&&&&&&
played&&&&
played&&&&&&
18. I wonder why Jenny _______ us recently. We should
have heard from her by now.
A. hasn’t written
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. doesn’t write
write&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. hadn’t written
19. —You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda.
Do you like it?
—I’m sorry I _______ anything about it sooner. I certainly think
it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t
saying&&&&&&&&&&
B. don’t say&& C. won’t
say& D. didn’t say
20. All morning as she waited for the medical report from
the doctor, her nervousness _______.
grown&&&&&&&&&&
B. is growing C.
grew&&&&&&&&&
D. had grown
21. I thought Jim would say something about his school
report, but he _______ it.
A. doesn’t
mention&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t
mention&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. hasn’t mentioned
22. —You’re drinking too much.
—Only at home. No one _______ me but you.
seeing&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. had seen&&&
sees&&&&&&&&&&
23. I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I
_______ my mum.
taking&&&&&&&&&&
take&&&&&&&&
D. will have taken
24. The little girl _______ her heart out because she
_______ her toy bear and believed she wasn’t going to find it.
lost&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. had lost
lost&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. has lost
25. John and I _______ friends for eight years. We first
got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _______ each
other a couple of times before that.
seen&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. have seen
seen&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
D. had seen
26. It _______ long before we _______ the result of the
experiment.
know&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B. will know
know&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
27. —How long _______ David and Vicky _______
—For about four years.
being&&&&&&&&
B. got&& C.
been&&&&&&
28. How can you possibly miss the news? It _______ on TV
all day long.
A. has been
　　　　&&B.&had
been 　& C. was 　　　　&
&D. will be
29.－Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on.
－Where was I?
－You ______ you didn't like your father's job.
said&&& 　　　　B.
said 　　　　　C. were saying& &　D.
had been saying
30. I I _____ the road to be so icy.
A. wouldn't expect 　　　　　　　　　 B. haven't expected