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&&&大耳朵在线聊天英语翻译5．As there is no direct Vessel sailing for your port this mouth,please amend your L/C NO.543 to allow transshipment,instead of “transshipment not allowed” as laid down in the L/C .We must have the amendment in the first half of the _百度作业帮
英语翻译5．As there is no direct Vessel sailing for your port this mouth,please amend your L/C NO.543 to allow transshipment,instead of “transshipment not allowed” as laid down in the L/C .We must have the amendment in the first half of the
英语翻译5．As there is no direct Vessel sailing for your port this mouth,please amend your L/C NO.543 to allow transshipment,instead of “transshipment not allowed” as laid down in the L/C .We must have the amendment in the first half of the month as otherwise we shall be unable to effect shipment ,and an extension of one month for the time of shipment and negotiation will be necessary.
5 由于本月没有直达贵方港口的船只,请将贵方的543号信用证修改为允许转船,而不要信用中所规定的“不许转船”条款.我们必须在本月上半月收到修改过的信用证,否则我们无法装船,同时还要求将船期和议付都延后一个月.
由于没有直达船只您这口港口航行，请你方信用证修改/炭NO.543允许转运，而不是“转运，不准”的规定在L /炭下来。我们必须在第一修正案这个月另有一半我们就不能装船，以及1个月的装运和谈判时间延长是必要的。 上传我的文档
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Employment&&
Since the founding of New China, the number of people employed in China has
especially in the past 21 years, thanks to the adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world. The employment scale has been constantly enlarged, employment channels have been widened daily, the mobility of the work force has been speeded up, and the employment structure has been optimized. At the end of
million people were working in China, or an increase of 525.04 million over 1949, and 304.34 million over 1978. The number of employed people in cities and towns grew more rapidly. In 1949, only 15.33 million urban people were employed, and in 1978, only 95.14 million. But in 1999, the number of urban employed people rose to 210.14 million, of whom 39.4 million were self-employed.
In the past 21 years, along with the readjustment of the economic and industrial structures, corresponding changes have taken place in the employment structure. Tertiary industry has grown rapidly. Between 1979 and 1998, the number of the people engaged in tertiary industry increased by 3.8 times, with an average annual growth rate of 6.9 percent, exceeding that for primary industry by 18 percent and that for secondary industry by 4.4 percent. The employees in tertiary industry have become the main force for promoting employment growth. Fundamental changes have taken place in the people&s outlook on employment. In 1978, China did not have stock, private, or foreign-, Hong Kong-, Macao- or Taiwan- and there were only 150,000 people engaged in the private economy. At the end of 1999, a total of 21 million people were engaged in these economic sectors.
　　中国是一个旅游资源十分丰富的国家，拥有壮丽的山川，秀丽的江、泉、瀑，雄伟的古代建筑艺术，奇特的动植物和数不尽的名胜古迹，可谓自然景观与人文景观交映生辉。众多的世界自然与文化遗产更是闪烁着中国人民的智慧和勤劳的光芒。身临其境,置身其中，您将感受到从未有过的身心陶醉。欢迎来到中国，您可以从气吞山河的万里长城，气势磅礴的秦始皇兵马俑，如诗如画的桂林山水，充满东方神秘的故宫等独具特色的旅游胜景中，领略探索中国古老的文明。
英语专业八级考试汉译英常见问题解析之一（解放军国际关系学院学报，对不起具体是哪个教授实在是查不到了，在此向作者致歉！）
A Summary of the Problems the Occurred in the TEM-8 Chinese-to-English
Translation
Abstract: The article focuses on one component of the Eighth-band Test
for English Majors (TEM-8)-Chinese-to-English Translation. The author points
out that in these translations, problems in comprehension and in _expression
are very common. After analyzing these problems, the article concludes
with the assertion that strengthening the linguistic foundation of the
English majors should be a central task of the Chinese-to-English translation
course for English majors.
Key words: Eighth-band Test for English majors(TEM-8); _expression
英语八级考试中的汉译英试题是对学生综合应用语言的一个测试。它既是对学生汉语水平的测试，又是对英语专业学生四年专业学习之后综合应用英语能力的检测。实践证明，我们的学生在四年的英语学习过程中，忽略了对汉语的学习，因而在对汉语词语和句子的理解过程中出现了一些可笑的问题；同时，汉译英测试也反映出学生在用英语表达过程中，由于母语干扰或其它方面原因，也有很多典型的错误。本文拟从理解和表达两个角度，分析英语专业八级考试汉译英常见的一些问题，并通过分析这些问题，指出英语专业本科阶段汉译英教学中，加强学生基本功是该课程的一个核心任务。
1.理解问题
一般认为，理解汉语对于汉语是母语的中国来说，不应该构成什么问题；翻译过程的第二阶段，即表达阶段，才是问题出现比较多的地方。但是，我们的学生中，的确存在着因为汉语功底不扎实而造成错误理解的问题。
这种错误主要出现在对一些不能够从字面上推测意义的习语上，例如部分学生对&寒暄&、 &破天荒&、 &干脆&等词语会产生错误的理解。我们有同学将&寒暄&译成了&coldly
talk for a while&，这说明习语的理解对于汉语功底不深厚、光顾着学习外语却忽视母语学习的外语专业学生来说的确是一个很突出的问题。
其次，学生还会出现断句的错误。汉语是形成机制不发达的语言，汉语句子在断句问题上并不严格，因此对句子停顿的认识很多情况下完全取决于读者的语感。学生对此往往认识并不充分，不敢果断断句，以为原文中的一个长句一定用于英语的一个长句来表达，因而出现跟原文风格不一致的译文，甚至在组织译言语的时候出现很多语法错误。当然，汉语功底的欠缺、语感的薄弱往往也会造成错误的断句，从而导致错误的翻译。例如，2000年八级考试中，第一句话是&世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史&。很多同学用which这个关系代词来形成了一个结构很复杂的主从复合句，但是在组织这个句子的进修出现很多错误，造成修饰关系不明的情况。如果我们果断断句，翻译成The
world's first generation museums are museums of natural history. They introduce
to the people with fossils and specimens the evolution of the earth and
various living organisms on it。用这样两个单句来处理，就可以避免语法错误，而且可以使句子语义鲜明。
此外，断句的错误还表现在词组间关系的断定上，比如，&科学知识&和&科学技术&，前者&科学&和&技术&之间是一种并列关系。这种修饰和并列关系在汉语中并没有形式上的分别，这种关系是一种意合关系，需要读者发挥自己的判断力和语感。很多同学把这两个短语分别译成了&science
and knowledge&和&scientific technology&，由此可见我们在理解上还存在问题，学生们的汉语功底还不够深厚。
另外，对原文的理解还需要结合一定的背景知识，例如95年八级考试汉译英试题中提到&奥斯丁&这位作家，如果我们不熟悉这位作家，我们就可能连她的姓氏如何拼写也不知道。再比如说，&我的导题是亚裔人&（1998年八级考试），不能简单地翻译成&My
tutor is an Asian&，因为所谓&亚裔&，是指亚洲的血缘，但共国籍，根据上下文，却应该是美国国籍，因此这句话应该翻译为&My tutor
is an Asian American.&，同样的道理，在同一篇文章中出现的&除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生&也应该处理成&&except
one of German origin, the rest five were all of Asian origin&。1999年八级考试试题中也出现了类似的句子&现今年内80万温哥华居民中，有一半不是本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用&也应该根据以上的理由翻译为&Of
the present 1.8 million residents Vancouver, half are not native, and one
in every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese Canadians, half of
whom immigrated here only within the recent five years, have been playing
a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver&。由此看来，缺乏一定的背景知识，我们就可能把这些句子处理正确。
对于政论文章的翻译来说，一定政治意识的缺乏会造成错误的理解和表达。例如，&振兴&、&统一&等，考虑到中国的历史，我们应该将他们分别理解和表达为&revitalization&或&rejuvenation&和&reunification&。再例如&个体户&、&国营企业&、&三资企业&、&计划生育&等概念，要求翻译时必须要准确理解原意，然后在译文中作适当的表达，因而需要同学们熟悉官方的翻译法。人这个意义上说，政论翻译，尤其在译名问题上，涉及到继承传统译名的情况比较多，因此我们应该多读一些国内的外文刊物，如《中国日报》、《北京周报》、《人民日报》（海外英文版）等，增强政治意识，统一翻译口径，这样才能够把汉译英做好。
复杂定语从句的汉译
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所谓复杂的定语从句，是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂，有如下几种形式：
　　1．自由式定语从句
　　自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式，在句中充当不同的句子成分，故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看，其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句，因此，其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。如：
　　Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital
from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification
as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests
were completed.
　　人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团；伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。
　　该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句，分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs
和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique，翻译时一个被译成并列句，一个被译成定语。
　　2．嵌套式定语从句
　　嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此，其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。这里也仅举一例加以说明：
　　Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their
Central asinan homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed
as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.
　　同样，在东方是塞尔柱突厥人，他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国；在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。
　　该句中有两个定语从句，即在由who引出的定语从句中又套了一个由where引出的定语从句。翻译时，可按翻译简单的定语从句的方法。这里，两者均被译成了并列句，分别修饰先行词the
Seljuk Turks 和 the Islamic Empire。
　　3．并列式定语从句
　　并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称，指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。笔者刊登在《中国翻译》（96.1）上的《英语并列成分中定语从句的汉译》一文曾作过介绍。这里再补充一点，这类定语从句也可译成状语从句，即先把主句译出，再把定语从句译成两个表示并列或转折关系的状语从句。
　　This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French,
who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and
also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually
clashed in the Balkans.
　　这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。
　　4．一主二仆式定语从句
　　一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范，均修饰一个先行词，在翻译时，虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法，但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来，有如下几种情况：
　　1）译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语，也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词，或分别修饰重复的先行词。
　　& and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques,
by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts
with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional
human or animal power
　　&&古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战；这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易，而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。（并列的定语）
　　Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed
at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn
of history.
　　近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。（分开的定语）
　　And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin
or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited
ony by the Western Europeans.
　　它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。（分开的定语修饰重复的先行词）
　　2）译成并列句 可以把两个定语从句简单地译成一个并列句，也可以把它们译成两个分开的并列句，用来表示并列、转折或先后顺序等关系：
　　Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by
serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a
hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
　　因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自足自给予的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。（一个并列句）
　　Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the
Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic
influence was the strongest.
　　毫不奇怪，苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织，在那里，长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。（两个并列句）
　　Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society & where
poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is b
and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana
with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
　　我们的目的是在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会&&在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。（两个并列句，表示并列关系）
　　This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson,
Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
　　成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀所取得的伟大胜利，助长了这一希望。旭烈兀是个佛教徒，而他的妻子是基督教徒。（两个并列句，表示转折关系）
　　3）其他译法 这类定语从句除上述两种正规、固定的翻译方法外，还有其他几种比较灵活的译法。我们可以把翻译简单定语从句的方法融会贯通，运用其中，如译成定语+句子成分，即把一个从句译成定语，另一个从句译成句子成分；或译成并列句（或句子成分）+状语从句，即把一个从句译成并列句或句子成分，另一个从句译成状语从句等。
　　Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH& !(&)& THAt a major attack
had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic
weapons and who inflilcted &many& Portuguese casualties.
　　即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承认，配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受&重大&伤亡。（定语+句子成分）
　　At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive
and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
　　处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，种族混合十分广泛，而且正在继续进行，因此，种族歧视较少。（并列句+状语从句）
　　He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian
jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority
with the &nationalist& Hungarian Communists.
　　他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者，曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了１６年，因而这时不愿与&民族主义的&匈牙利共产党人分享权力。（句子成分＋状语从句）
定语从句的译法
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定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种,两类定语从句在翻译方法上基本类似, 因此我们把它们放在一起介绍。在翻译定语从句时,我们经常采用下列的翻译方法:
　　一、前 置 法
　　把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带&的&的定语词组, 放置于被修饰的词之前, 将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句, 这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。
一些较短的具有描述性的非限制性定语从句也可采用前置法, 但没有限制性定语从句使用得普遍。例如:
　　例1.For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it
supports the image we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the
attitudes we hold.
　　例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。
　　例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any
comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考题)
　　如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素 必须是一样的。
　　例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the
same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness
for anxiety.
　　第一种方法是同义词法, 即给出一个与　要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.
　　例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due
to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and
other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考题)
　　相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。
　　例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the _expression
of the necessary mode of worki it is simply the mode
by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.
(94年考题)
　　科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式, 也就是对一切现象进行 思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。
　　例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit
greatly from attending nursery school.
　　附近没有同龄伙伴和自己玩的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很多的益处。
　　二、后 置 法
　　当定语从句较长时, 如果翻译成前置的定语, 就会不符合汉语的表达习惯, 在这种情况下, 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句, 放置于原来它所修词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时,
一般遵循的原则是: 若保留先行词, 则在第二个分句中加以重复, 若省略, 则两个并列分句中均不再保留。当然, 在实№的翻译过程中也有例外。
　　例1.All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow
get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.
　　在一秒钟内流过粗管子的全部水量, 一定会以某种方式通过细管子, 这只有靠加快流速才能做到。
　　例2.Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not
yet understand.
　　也许,光是某种电波,其性质我们尚不清楚。
　　例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every
Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
　　他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的, 在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
　　例4.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult
to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible
to combine few farmers with high yields. (91年考题)
　　这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
　　例5.&In short&, a leader of the new school attends, &the scientific revolution,
as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series
of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.&
(94年考题)
　　新学派的一位　袖人物坚持说:&简而言之, 我们所称谓的科学革命, 主要指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用, 这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。
　　例6.The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which
means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and
marketing food. (91年考题)
　　食品的供应将赶不上人口的增长, 这就意味著我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
　　三、翻译成状语从句
　　英语中有些定语从句, 兼有状语从句的职能, 在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系, 说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系, 翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系,
然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。例如:
　　例1.He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.
　　他不记得他父亲了, 因为他父亲死时他才三岁。
　　例2.However, iceberg water could be extremely cheap for some countries
when compared with desalination, a process which requires much more fuel
and much more money.
　　不过, 对某些国家来讲, 用冰山化水比海水脱盐相比, 费用可能极为便宜, 因 为脱盐过程　要更多燃料和更多的资金。
　　例3.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from
perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
　　如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来, 那他就是一个唯心主义者。
　　例4.&it was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting aluminum
ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process. (88年考题)
　　&&直到60年前人们才找到开采铝矿的方法, 从而使低成本、大规模冶炼金属铝成为可能。
　　例5.In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell
the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops
or factories. (85年考题)
　　在办公室里, 工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编, 以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
　　例6.Liquids, which contains no free electrons, are poor conductors of
各种液体, 由于不含有自由电子, 是热的不良导体。
　　我们讲了定语从句的各种翻译方法，在这里我们还　要提醒大家，在翻译含有定语从句的句子时，我们应该特别注意在分析句子的结构上面下工夫，务必要搞清定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个。下面我们结合一个实例加以说明：
　　In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically
concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
　　曾经有人把这个句子翻译为：
　　事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种睡眠特别与防止肌肉活动有关。
　　在判断上述翻译的正误之前，我们首先分析一下这个句子中的定语从句所修饰的先行词，在这个句子中which引导的定语从句有两个可能被修饰的成分：a
basic amount of movement和sleep, 一般来讲，定语从句往往修饰离它最近的那个名词，但是在这个句子中，却不是这样，因为，如果是修饰sleep,
我们就会翻译成上面的句子，但是从句子的意义来看讲不通，因此，这个定语从句是修饰前面的a basic amount of movement应该翻译为：
　　事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种活动特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。
　　由此我们可以看出，确定定语从句的先行词是极为重要的，做出正确的判断的关键在于分析句子的结构和熟悉划线的句子所出现的上下文。另外，我们还　要注意一些比较复杂的定语从句结构，也就是那些定语从句里又含有定语从句的情况，在翻译这类句子时我们应该注意灵活运用我们在前面讲述的一些翻译技巧，尤其要注意分析各个定语从句之间的关系，例如：
　　Behaviourists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment
where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate
responses will experience greater intellectual development. (90年考题）
　　上面句子的骨干结构为：Behaviourists suggest that the child & will experience & development,
这是一个复合句，在that所引导的宾语从句中，在主语child的后面是一个由who引导的定语从句，在在这个定语从句中又有一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词environment,
然后在这个定语从句中又有一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词stimuli, 这就构成了一个一套三的定语从句结构，在翻译成汉语时，考虑到定语从句太长，我们　要将个别的定语从句分开来翻译，这样我们可以将此句翻译为：
　　行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。&
被动语态的译法
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英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,
因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中,
也有被动语态, 通常通过&把&或&被&等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。
对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:
　　1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。&
　　(1) 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 &加以&, &经过&, &用&&来&等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:
例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其他问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted
by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations
which make them available to us.
换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。&
例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be
summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词&辐射来概括。
　　(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:
例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but
on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events,
allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and
offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.
(85年考题)
人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治　域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断 地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first
years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is asserted that & 有人主张 &&
It is believed that & 有人认为&&
It is generally considered that & 大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that & 大家知道(众所周知)&&
It will be said & 有人会说&&
It was told that & 有人曾经说&&
　　(3) 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:
例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆　要一种合适的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization,
but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can
be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be
acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)
许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。
(4) 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如:
例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful
consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题)
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in
the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century,
the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫 船了。
例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time&.
必须找到新的能源，这　要时间&&(91年考题）
另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:
It is hoped that & 希望&&
It is reported that & 据报道&&
It is said that & 据说&&
It is supposed that & 据推测&&
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that & 可以毫不夸张地说&&&
It must be admitted that & 必须承认&&
It must be pointed out that & 必须指出&&
It will be seen from this that & 由此可见&&
　　(5) 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:
例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of
confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude
towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only
if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
(92年考题)
总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有
因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)
　　2. 译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用&被&, &给&, &遭&, &挨&, &为&&所&, &使&,
&由&&, &受到&等表示。例如:
例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in
outer space.
这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。
例3.Natural light or &white& light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者&白光&实№上是由许多种颜色组成的。
例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number
of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which
it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial
planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building
blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。
例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental
innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of
science. (95年考题)
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science
at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue
of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题)
政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any
case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present
rate of use.
石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只　30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭Rockets in the Sky
翻译：英译汉
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If someone asked you, &what color is the sky?& I expect that you would
answer, &Blue.& I am afraid that you would be wrong. The sky has no color.
When we see blue, we are looking at blue sunlight. The sunlight is shining
on little bits of dust in the air.
We know that there is air all around the world. We could not breathe without
　Airplanes could not fly without air. They need air to lift their wings.
Airplanes cannot fly very high because as they go higher the air gets thinner.
If we go far enough away from the earth, we find there is no air.
　　What is the sky? The sky is space. In this space there is nothing except
the sun, the moon and all the stars.
　　Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in
the space. They have looked at them though telescopes and in this way they
have found out a great deal.
　　The moon is about 384,000 kilometers away form the earth. An airplane
cannot fly to the noon because the air reaches only 240 kilometers. Then
there is no air. But there is something that can fly even when there is
no air. This is rocket.
　　I am sure that your are asking, &How does a rocket fly?&If you want to
know, get a balloon and then blow it up until it is quite big. Do not tie
up the neck of the balloon. Let go! The balloon will fly off through the
air very quickly. The air inside the balloon tries to get out. It rushes
out through the neck of the balloon and this pushes the balloon through
the air. It does not need wings like an airplane.
　　This is how a rocket works. It is not made of rubber like a balloon,
of course. It is made of metal. The metal must not be heavy but it must
be very strong. There is gas inside the rocket which is made very hot.
When it rushes out of the end of the rocket, the rocket is pushed up into
　　Rockets can fly far out into space. Rockets with men inside them have
already reached the moon. Several rockets, without men inside them, have
been sent to other worlds much farther away. One day rockets may be able
to go anywhere in the space.
1．little bits of dust 少许尘埃
2．all around/all round （在&&）周围，各处。如：From all around we heard the laughter
of children.我们到处都听见了孩子们的笑声。
3．We could not breathe without air. Airplanes could not fly without air.这是两个双重否定句，起到加强语气的作用。
4．&as they go higher, the air gets thinner随着它们向更高处飞去时，空气也就变得越稀薄。
5．far enough 足够远。Enough修饰形容词时，它的位置在形容词词的后面。如：Wewere fortunate enough to
get an empty car.
6．through telescopes 通过望远镜。Through 还常指从头到尾经过。
7．in this way 以这种方式。in a way 是&在某种程序上&的意思，如：In a way you are right. In
the way 是&挡道&的意思。如：The move it please.
8．a great deal/a good deal 大量的（跟不可数名词）。如：She seems to have a great deal
9．get a balloon and then blow it up until it is quite big. 拿一个气球，然后把它吹到相当大。
10．fly off 飞离
11．be made of 和be made from都是&由&&制成&的意思。如果制成的东西还看得出是什么原料做的，就用of，如果已看不出是用什么原料做的，则应用from。
试比较：We make tables of wood. We make paper from rags.
12．rush out of 从&&冲出
13．other worlds 在此是指宇宙中的其它星球。
李白诗9种英译版本的欣赏
床前明月光，疑是地上霜。
举头望明月，低头思故乡。
&&&&&&&& 1).In the Still of the Night
I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed.
I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.
I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head.
I yearn, while stooping, for my homeland more.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& （徐忠杰）
&2).A Tranquil Night
Abed, I see a silver light,
I wonder if it's frost aground.
Looking up, I
Bowing, in homesickness I'm drowned.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (许渊冲译)
&&&&& 3).In the Quiet Night
So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed---
Could there have been a frost already?
Lifting my head to look, I found that it was moonlight.
Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (Tr. Witter Bynner)
&4). Night Thoughts
I wake, and moonbeams play around my bed,
Glittering like hoar-frost
Up towards the glorious moon I raise my head,
Then lay me down---and thoughts of home arise.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ( Tr. Herbert A. Giles)
&5). On a Quiet Night
I saw the moonlight before my couch,
And wondered if it were not the frost on the ground.
I raised my head and looked out on the mountain noon,
I bowed my head and though of my far-off home.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (TR. S. Obata)
&6). The Moon Shines Everywhere
Seeing the moon before my couch so bright
I thought hoar frost had fallen from the night.
On her clear face I gaze with lifted eyes:
Then hide them full of Youth's sweet memories.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (Tr. W.J.B. Fletcher)
7). Night Thoughts
In front of my bed the moonlight is very bright.
I wonder if that can be frost on the floor?
I list up my head and look at the full noon, the dazzling moon.
I drop my head, and think of the home of old days.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (Tr. Amy Lowell)
&8). Thoughts in a Tranquil Night
Athwart the bed
I watch the moonbeams cast a trail
So bright, so cold, so frail,
That for a space it gleams
Like hoar-frost on the margin of my dreams.
I raise my head, -
The splendid moon I see:
Then droop my head,
And sink to dreams of thee -
My father land , of thee!
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (Tr. L.Cranmer-Byng)
9). Nostalgia
A splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost?
I raise my eyes to the moon, the same noon.
As scenes long past come to mind, my eyes fall again on the splash of white,
and my heart aches for home.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (翁显良译)
II.老子道德经汉译选
1). 知人者智，
&&& 自知者明。
&&& 胜人者有力，
&&& 自胜者强。
&&& 知足者富，
&&& 强行者有志，
&&& 不失其所者久，
&&& 死而不亡者寿。
He who kno
He who conquer
He who knows
He who perseve
He who does not lose
He whose Tao survives him is long-lived.
2).&& 知不知，
&&& 尚矣；
&&& 不知知，
&&& 病也。
&&& 夫惟病病，
&&& 是以不病。
&&& 圣人不病，
&&& 以其病病，
&&& 是以不病。&
Knowing one's ignorance of certain knowledge&
Not knowing certain knowledge yet pretending to know&
is a bad attitude.
The sage is of no shortcoming,&
Because he considers shortcoming as shortcoming.
He considers shortcoming as shortcoming,&
Thus he has no shortcoming.
&3).信言不美，
&&& 美言不信。
&&& 善者不辩，
&&& 辩者不善。
&&& 知者不博，
&&& 博者不知。
&&& 圣人不积，
&&& 既以为人己愈有，
&&& 既以与人己愈多。
True words are not embellished,
The embellished words are not true.
He who quibbles is not good.
A man of true learning does not show off his learning.
He who shows off his learning does not have true learning.
The sage does not store up.&
Helping others as best as he can.
He is helped even more.
Giving others as much as he can,
He becomes richer and richer still.
辜正乾 译 北京大学出版社 1995&
III.丁尼生短诗36种汉译版本欣赏
&& Man for the field and
Man for the sword and for the needle she.
Man with the head and woman with the heart:
Man to command and woman to obey
- Alfred Tennyson
1．&&& 男人耕作女持家；
&&& 男上战场女纺纱。
&&& 男人冷静女犹柔；
&&& 男施命令女听话。
2&& 男人耕作女持家，
&&& 男人出征女缝衣。
&&& 男人用脑女用心，
&&& 男人命令女人依。
3&&& 男人挣钱女持家，
&&& 男人卫国女理内。
&&& 男需理智女需柔，
&&& 男人决策女相随。
4&&& 男人主外女主内，
&&& 男人舞剑女缝衣，
&&& 男人理智女多情，
&&& 男人吆喝女相随。
5&&& 男人耕田女持家，
&&& 男人舞剑女绣花，
&&& 男有胆识女有心，
&&& 男人发令女随他。
6&&& 巧妇不胜耕种，
&& 强汉难为女工。
&&& 情感怎抵理智，
&&& 枉叹男令女从。
7&& 男持外，女主内，
&&& 男打仗，女制衣。
&&& 男有脑，女有心，
&&& 男发令，女执行。
8&& 男忙外，女主内，
&&& 男征战，女织绘。
&&& 男大智，女多感，
&&& 男高唱，女顺随。
9&&& 男人耕种，女人绣花，
&&& 男人持剑，女人持家。
&&& 男人多思，女人牵挂，
&&& 男人尊贵，女人卑政。
10&& 男耕女煮，
&&&&& 男武女绣，
&&&&& 男钟女痴，
&&&&& 夫唱妇随。
11& 夫外妇内，
&&& 夫勇妇慧，
&&& 夫聪妇情，
&&& 夫唱妇随。
12&& 男人耕作主外，女人持家主内；
&&& 男人征战沙场，女人缝补家中；
&&& 男人富有理智，女人富有感情；
&&& 男人发号施令，女人惟命是从。
13&& 男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐，
&&& 男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线，
&&& 男人头脑理智，女人感情用事，
&&& 男人发号施令，女人言听计从。
14&& 哥哥持外，妹妹佑内，
&&& 哥哥侠胆，妹妹细腻，
&&& 哥哥理智，妹妹温顺，
&&& 哥哥下令，妹妹俯首。
15&& 男耕地来女织布；
&&& 男从戎来女缝补。
&&& 男人的理智呵，女人的情感；
&&& 男人的主宰呵，女人的顺从。
16& 男人用利剑打天下，女人用利针守家门，
&&& 男人用脑征服女人，女人用心征服男人，
&&& 男人惯于命令女人，女人习惯服从男人。
&&& 男人是大地的主宰，女人是家庭的皇帝，
17& 人在外工作，女人在内务家；
&&& 男人玩弄权术，女人鸡毛蒜皮；
&&& 男人富有理智，女人心地善良；
&&& 男人发号施令，女人温顺贤良。
18& 男儿赴沙场，女子下厨房。
&&& 沙场挥刀急，闺阁弄针忙。
&&& 须眉以理智，巾帼为情惘。
&&& 男尊女自卑，令来敢阻搪？
19& 男人耕于农田，女人守在灶边；
&&& 男人手执利剑，女人飞针走线；
&&& 男人理智明见，女人多情善感；
&&& 男人命令决断，女人温顺恭谦。
20& 男子外出耕作，女子烧饭沏茶，
&&& 男子出征血战，女子织布纺纱；
&&& 男子思考决断，女子体贴关怀，
&&& 男子命令指挥，女子服从听话。
21& 男人适于屋外耕地，女人精于屋内料理；
&&& 男人宜于打仗抗敌，女人巧于织布缝衣；
&&& 男人善于用智用理，女人多于情感细腻；
&&& 男人勤于发号施令，女人乐于俯首相依。
22&& 牛郎躬耕忙，荆钗理家瘦。
&&& 飞骑赴戎机，红妆织锦褛。
&&& 须眉频谋计，朱颜多凝愁。
&&& 百令生百诺，琴琴两相爱。
23&& 男人耕种女持家，
&&& 男战沙场女绣花，
&&& 男人多思女多情，
&&& 男人尊贵女卑下。
24&& 夫耕在田妇持家，
&&& 夫战在外妇织纱。
&&& 夫动以智妇动情，
&&& 夫出有令妇从他。
25&& 男主外来女主内，
&&& 汉子好战妻内惠。
&&& 夫有智面妇无谋，
&&& 女从男令者为对。
26&& 夫忙耕兮妇忙织，
&&& 夫出征兮妇待归；
&&& 夫多智兮妇多情，
&&& 夫发令兮妇服人。
27&& 男儿种地，女子做饭，
&&& 保家靠男，织布需女。
&&& 男德女贤，亲密无间，
&&& 夫命妇人，其又何需？
28& 男外女内，
&&& 男动女静。
&&& 男思女感，
&&& 男令女行。
29& 男外女内，
&&& 男战女累，&
&&& 男智女情，
&&& 男命女随。
30&& 夫耕妇炊，
&&& 夫战妇织。
&&& 夫智妇婉，
&&& 夫唱妇随。
31&& 男耕女织，
&&& 男武女文，
&&& 男刚女柔，
&&& 男尊女卑。
32&& 男人养家女治家，
&&& 男人从军女缝纫，
&&& 男人聪慧女痴情，
&&& 男人命令女温顺。
33&& 男子忙耕田，女子守炉边；
&&& 男子弄刀枪，女子拿针线；
&&& 男子前领路，女子后跟随；
&&& 男子多理智，女子情绵绵。
34&& 丈夫劳作在田野，女子持家炉,
&&& 丈夫挥舞刀枪剑，女子织补拿,
&&& 丈夫威武智勇全，女子贤德真,
&&& 丈夫统率声令下，女子遵命垂,
35&& 男人主外，女人主内，
&&& 男人是君，女人是仆，
&&& 男人要才，女人要爱，
&&& 男人下令，女人从命。
36&& 男子劳作，女子侍奉，
&&& 男爱习武，女爱女红，
&&& 男人智慧，女人柔情，
&&& 男人指挥，女人行动。
IV. 你会译这些句子吗
Collected by Baobin Zhao
1. A lawyer would make a better statesman than a soldier.(律师比军人更易成为政治家）
&& A lawyer would make a better statesman than soldier.（律师更易成为政治家而不是战士）
2. He is a child of ten.
&& He is&& a father of ten.（十岁孩子的父亲）
3. He served me with a kind of coffee.
&& He served me with coffee of a kind.（象是咖啡的东西）
4. You love me better than he.(和you平行）
&& You love me better than him.（和me平行)
5. This is a photo of me.(本人的）
&& This is a photo of mine.（我所有的）
6. They are an industrious people.（民族）
&& They are industrious people.（人）
7. He is not a fool.
&& He is no fool.（很聪明）
8. He has no more than ten books.（只有十本）
&& He has not more than ten books.（不足十本）
9. He is not a little afraid of it.（很怕）
&& He is not a bit afraid of it.（一点不怕）
10. I ask you nothing.（没问你什么）
&& I ask you for nothing.（没求你什么）
11. We hadn't anything to eat.（没吃的东西了）
&& We didn't have anything to eat.（没吃什么）
12. This is the same knife as I have lost.(和我丢刀子一样)
&& This is the same knife that I have lost.(就是我丢的刀子)
13. Ask him when he comes back.(他回来时问他)
&& Ask him if he will come back.(问他是否回来)
14. He is afraid to go out.(不敢出去)
&& He is afraid of going out.(怕出去)
15. He is the only son of a poor man.（独生子）
&& He is only a son of a poor man.（不过）
16. I am busy at the moment.（眼下）
&& I am busy for the moment.（暂时）
17. He went to Beijing for pleasure.（游玩）
&& He went to Beijing with pleasure.（高兴地）
&& He went to Beijing at pleasure.（随心所欲地）
18. He presented a pistol to me.（送我一支手枪）
&& He presented a pistol at me.（拿手枪对着我）
19. His English is anything but correct.（错误百出）
&& His English is nothing but correct.（不错）
20. He is a man of family.(出身豪门）
&& He is a family man.（有家室的人）
21. He is too glad to do so.
&& He is only glad to do so.（极高兴）
22. I know him.
&& I know of him.（听说过他）
23. I hope he will come.
&& I wish he would come.（多希望他来）
24. I sent him to the doctor.
&& I sent him for the doctor.(请医生）
25. He threw a bone to the dog.
&& He threw a bone at the dog.（用石头砸狗）
26. He has nothing to write.（没写什么）
&& He has nothing to write with.（没笔写）
27. He has no one help him.（不让人帮他）
&& He has no one to help him.（没有帮他的人）
28. Have you finished your work yet?
&& Have you finished your work already?（已完，表示吃惊）
29. Did you do any work last night?
&& Did you do some work last night?（表示知道，肯定）
30. I left the window open.（忘了关窗户）
&& I kept the window open.（表示故意）
31. Your request is out of question.（没问题）
&& Your request is out of the question.（不可能）
32. The old man is in charge of the children.（照料孩子）
&& The old man is in the charge of the children.（被孩子照料）
33. He is a worker and writer.（是工人兼作家）
&& He is a worker and a writer.（是工人又是作家）
34. He asked her to keep house.（管家）
&& He asked her to keep the house.（看家）
35. He is a woman with child.（怀孕）
&& He is a woman with a child.
36. They are sitting at table.（吃饭）
&& They are sitting at the table.
37. He has words with me.（争吵）
&& He has a word with me.（说两句话）
38. They are of age.（成人）
&& They are of an age.（同龄）
39. We are not behind time.（落后）
&& We are not behind the times.（落伍）
40. They began to run in sight of this.（看见这个）
&& They began to run in the sight of this.（鉴于这个）
41. Anyhow, he works.(不管怎样）
&& He works anyhow.（马马乎乎）
42. You may as well take this.(还是收下）
&& You may take this as well.（也收下）
43. His speech was reported at length in the newspapers.(详细地）
&& At length, his speech was reported in the newspapers.（终于）
44. He kept her company.（陪着她）
&& He kept company with her.（交朋友）
45. He simply spoke.(只不过）
&& He spoke simply.（简单地）
46. They saw him through.（帮他到底）
&& They saw through him.（看透他了）
47. May we meet again!(愿我们再见）
&& We may meet again.
48. He had something to say.
&& He had to say something.（必须发言）
49. Aren't you ashamed to talk like that?(规劝，表示事情没发生）
&& Aren't you ashamed of talking lie that?（责备，表示事情已发生）
50. The soil is fit to plant cotton.(可以种）
&& The soil is fit for cotton planting.（适宜种）
51. We asked him to speak from experience.（经验）
&& We asked him to speak about his experiences.(经历）
52. It is his manner that annoys me.(举止）
&& It is his manners that annoy me.（礼貌）
53. He is my boy friend.(男朋友）
&& He is my boy's friend.（男孩的朋友）
54. You helped him, as well as I.（象我一样）
&& You helped him, as well as me.（你帮我，也帮他）
55. What's the time?
&& How's the time?(还有多少时间）
56. He went to sea.(当水手）
&& He went to the sea.（到海滨）
57. What kind of doctor is he?(什么博士）
&& What kind of a doctor is he?
58. She bought a red and green dress.（一件）
&& She bought a red and a green dress.（两件）
59. He thought about the problem.（考虑）
&& He thought of the problem.（想到）
60. He doesn't think much about that suggestion.
&& He doesn't think much of that suggestion.(评价不高）
61. He worked at a table.(伏案工作）
&& He worked on a table.（做桌子）
62. We shall not be home by six.(6点不能到家）
&& We shall not be home till six.（6点才能到家）
63. The teacher began by telling them a story.(故事作引子）
&& The teacher began with a story.（先讲了个故事）
64. Give me a glass for wine.(酒杯）
&& Give me a glass of wine.（一杯酒）
65. He was familiar to me.(很熟）
&& He was familiar with me.（很随便）
66. He escaped prison.(没进监狱）
&& He escaped from prison.（越狱）
67. He quotes Shakespeare.（莎士比亚的话）
&& He quotes from Shakespeare（莎士比亚的作品）
68. We camped there for the summer.(整个夏天）
&& We camped there in the summer.（夏天）
69. Cloth is made from cotton.(棉花加工成）
&& Cloth is made of cotton.（棉纱织成）
70. He sat on my left.(挨着左边）
&& He sat to my left.（坐在左手）
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