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February 2013
Johnson announced a significant price increase for
the CM90 circulation pumps.
costs increased by over 30 percent.
Walbro announced a significant price increase for
the FR Series fuel pumps.
Some of our pump
costs increased by 40 percent. &
Sorry, folks,
we can't give them away.
January 2012
Walbro recently released the FRA-4 pump [8.0-13.0 psi / 32 gal/hr] and the FRA-13 pump [12.5-16.5 psi / 50 gal/hr].
Check-out the
page for full line.
We are closing-out all ATI ePods in stock. & Only $60 each -
We now keep the 24V version of the Johnson CM90P7-1 pump in stock -
the one with 20mm [.75 in] fittings. &
Check-out the
page for full line.
Walbro released a new FR Series pump that should be
great for the Cummins owners and the Duramax owners. &
The new FRC-10 pump can push 50 gal/hr @ 12.5-16.5 psi. &
Check-out the
page for full line.
Walbro announced a significant price increase for
the FR Series fuel pumps.
Some of our pump
costs increased by over 85 percent. &
Sorry, folks,
we can't give them away.
March 2010
Walbro just released a line of High Performance in-tank modules for
newer GM trucks. &
April 2009
We've often wondered why NAPA and others sell the SAE J30R10 hose for over $20 for a one foot section, but
we can get a 6-inch piece for a lot less.
We just learned that the high-pressure, in-tank hose that
Walbro uses in all their kits, and that we sell individually, is not SAE J30R10 certified.
is rated for high-pressure, in-tank use, but is only made to a certain Chrysler Corp spec.
We will continue to sell the hose we get from Walbro, but we'll now note it as not-quite-J30R10 hose.
We found SAE J30R10 hose on a reel! &
After many years of working on it, we convinced a
major manufacturer of hose to NOT cut the J30R10 hose. & Before now, all manufacturers cut their hose
into 1-foot pieces. &
We will cut you off as much or as littl as you need. &
You'll find the
hose on the
March 2009
We found a 15-inch flex hose for those instances when 8 inches is not enough. &
You can find the new flex hose on the
LPE's exclusive contract with Walbro for the C5 Corvette fuel pump upgrade has expired. &
You can find the C5 Corvette fuel upgrade pump module on the .
November 2008
Walbro engineering has resolved the F fuel pump problem. &
We have a supply of the new F pumps in stock.
October 2008
Walbro engineering has discovered the problem with the F fuel pumps. &
They are getting the parts to fix
the problem. & The warehouse should have the pumps by the middle of November. &
Then, they'll have to ship them to the distributors. &
We should get more
of those pumps by the end of November.
All F pumps that are returned will be tested. & In the past, Walbro has
had over 98 percent of returned pumps run on the test bench as OKAY. &
Not all pumps will have the problem. & Any pumps that are tested to be OKAY will be
returned to you. & This is NOT an across-the-board recall as far as I know.
Walbro engineering is trying to identify a timeframe when the problem parts got
into production pumps. & As far as they can tell, any pump manufactured
before the 2nd quarter 2008 should be okay. & If your manufacture date is
before that, they currently don't have a clear reason to swap it out.
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The effects of 8 weeks of whey or rice protein supplementation on body composition and exercise performance
Jordan M Joy, Ryan P Lowery, Jacob M Wilson, Martin Purpura, Eduardo O De Souza, Stephanie MC Wilson, Douglas S Kalman, Joshua E Dudeck and Ralf J?ger*
Corresponding author:
Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
College of Professional Studies, North-eastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, IMG Performance Institute, IMG Academies, Bradenton, FL, USA
Department of Nutrition and Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, Miami, FL, USA
For all author emails, please .
Nutrition Journal 2013, 12:86&
doi:10.91-12-86
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Received:7 March 2013
Accepted:17 June 2013
Published:20 June 2013
& 2013 Joy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background
Consumption of moderate amounts of animal-derived protein has been shown to differently
influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy during resistance training when compared with
nitrogenous and isoenergetic amounts of plant-based protein administered in small
to moderate doses. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine if the post-exercise
consumption of rice protein isolate could increase recovery and elicit adequate changes
in body composition compared to equally dosed whey protein isolate if given in large,
isocaloric doses.
24 college-aged, resistance trained males were recruited for this study. Subjects
were randomly and equally divided into two groups, either consuming 48&g of rice or
whey protein isolate (isocaloric and isonitrogenous) on training days. Subjects trained
3&days per week for 8&weeks as a part of a daily undulating periodized resistance-training
program. The rice and whey protein supplements were consumed immediately following
exercise. Ratings of perceived recovery, soreness, and readiness to train were recorded
prior to and following the first training session. Ultrasonography determined muscle
thickness, dual emission x-ray absorptiometry determined body composition, and bench
press and leg press for upper and lower body strength were recorded during weeks 0,
4, and 8. An ANOVA model was used to measure group, time, and group by time interactions.
If any main effects were observed, a Tukey post-hoc was employed to locate where differences
No detectable differences were present in psychometric scores of perceived recovery,
soreness, or readiness to train (p & 0.05). Significant time effects were observed
in which lean body mass, muscle mass, strength and power all increased and fat mass
however, no condition by time interactions were observed (p & 0.05).
Conclusion
Both whey and rice protein isolate administration post resistance exercise improved
indices of body composition and
however, there were no differences
between the two groups.
Keywords: Protein Q L W RiceBackground
Recommended levels for an adequate dietary protein intake for an adult is 0.8 grams
per kilogram of body weight, the average daily intake level that is sufficient to
meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals. The protein requirements
are based on nitrogen balance, trying to achieve a balance between nitrogen intake
and excretion. Protein recommendations for endurance and strength trained athletes
range from 1.2 to 2.0&g/kg bw/d, reflecting the athlete’s nutritional goal to increase
lean body mass [,]. The athlete has a choice of different animal (e.g. whey, casein, egg, beef, fish)
or plant protein (e.g. soy, rice, pea, hemp) sources, differing in numerous ways such
as the presence of allergens (lactose, soy), cholesterol, saturated fats, digestion
rate (fast, intermittent, slow absorption of amino acids), or the relative amount
of individual amino acids. In contrast to dairy protein, plant protein sources are
more often lower in one or more essential amino acids failing to match the requirements
of a complete protein (Table&).
Essential amino acids profile of a complete protein in comparison to whey protein
isolate and rice protein isolate used in this study (Eurofins Analytical Laboratories,
Metairie, LA)
Long term, periodized resistance training (RT) results in increases in skeletal muscle
size and, ultimately, force generating capacity [,]. Sports nutrition scientists have attempted to increase training induced gains through
a number of protocols, which generally attempt to augment and/or speed skeletal muscle
regeneration. One such intervention has been to increase the provision of the branched
chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which make up more than
one third of muscle protein []. The BCAAs are unique among the essential amino acids (EAAs) for their roles in protein
metabolism [], neural function [-], and blood glucose and insulin regulation []. Moreover, Garlick and colleagues [] have found that BCAAs were able to stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
to the same degree as all 9 EAAs. Of the BCAAs, only leucine was able to independently
stimulate MPS []. It is well known that vigorous exercise can induce a net negative protein balance
in response to both endurance and resistance training []. Norton and Layman proposed that consumption of BCAAs, namely leucine, could turn
individuals from a negative to a positive whole-body protein balance after intense
exercise []. In support, the consumption of a protein or EAA complex that contains sufficient
leucine has been shown to shift protein balance to a net positive state after intense
exercise training [,]. These findings led Norton and Wilson [] to suggest that optimal protein intake per meal should be based on the leucine content
of the protein consumed.
Early research indicates that 2-3&g, or up to 0.05&g/kg bodyweight, of leucine are
required to maximize MPS [-]. However once this threshold has been reached, a protein’s beneficial effects on
MPS effectively plateaus. For example, consuming 40 grams of egg protein (4 grams
of leucine) did not enhance MPS over 20 grams of egg protein (2 grams of leucine)
Plant-based proteins contain approximately 6–8% leucine, and in low doses, they do
not increase MPS compared to animal-based proteins, which contain approximately 8–11%
leucine [,]. However, if leucine is added to a plant-based protein, MPS rates are not significantly
different from animal-based proteins []. Moreover at lower doses of protein (10% of energy), animal sources stimulate MPS
to a greater degree than plant sources. However, at higher doses (30% of energy),
both plant and animal-based proteins have reached the amount of leucine needed to
optimize MPS, resulting in no differences between the sources [].
To date however, no research has compared higher doses of plant to animal based protein
following a resistance training intervention. Large doses of rice protein isolate,
an allergen-free plant protein, containing 8% leucine may be a suitable form of protein
to support muscle hypertrophy in combination with RT. Based on the available data,
we hypothesize that higher doses of rice protein (48&g) will be comparable to an equally
high dose of whey protein in its effects on lean mass and strength when given following
RT. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of higher
doses of rice protein compared to equally high doses of whey protein on skeletal muscle
hypertrophy, lean body mass, strength and power when given following 8&weeks of periodized
RT in those individuals with previous RT experience.
Experimental design
Our study consisted of a randomized, double blind protocol consisting of individuals
given either 48 grams of rice or 48 grams of whey protein isolate following an acute
resistance exercise bout (phase 1) and following each session during an 8&week periodized
training protocol (Phase 2). Phase 1 of the study investigated the effects of protein
sources on recovery 48&hours following a high volume, hypertrophy oriented resistance-training
session. Phase two occurred for the remaining eight-week RT protocol, which consisted
of training each muscle group twice per week using a non-linear periodized RT model.
Direct ultrasound determined muscle mass, dual emissions x-ray absorptiometery (DXA)
determined body composition, maximal strength, and power were assessed collectively
at the end of weeks 0, 4, and 8.
Twenty-four healthy males (21.3 ± 1.9&years, 76.08 ± 5.6&kg, 177.8 ± 12.3&cm) participated
in the study. As inclusion criteria, it was required that all subjects cease taking
nutritional supplements for three months prior to the study, had participated in RT
at least 3 times per week for the past six months, and had a minimum of 1&year of
RT experience. Subjects were carefully matched by age, body mass, strength, and resistance
training experience, then randomly placed into either the rice (n = 12) or the whey
(n = 12) group. All procedures were approved by the University of Tampa’s Institutional
Review Board.
Phase 1 resistance training protocol
All subjects participated in a high volume resistance training session consisting
of 3 sets of leg press, bench press, and military press, pull-ups, bent over rows,
barbell curls and extensions. Immediately following the workout, subjects consumed
48 grams of RPI or WPI respectively. Immediately prior to the exercise session and
48&hours post exercise, soreness, perceived readiness to train, and perceived recovery
scale (PRS) measurements were taken. Soreness was measured on a visual analogue scale
ranging from 0–10. With zero representing no soreness in the muscles at all, and 10
representing the worst muscle soreness ever experienced. PRS consists of values between
0–10, with 0–2 being very poorly recovered with anticipated declines in performance,
4–6 being low to moderately recovered with expected similar performance, and 8–10
representing high perceived recovery with expected increases in performance. Perceived
readiness indicates how ready the subject felt they were to train. In this scale a
10 is the most ready an individual could be to train, while a 0 indicates the subject
feels they are not ready at all to train.
Resistance training protocol
Our resistance training protocol was a modified combination from Kraemer et al. [] and Monteiro et al. []. These researchers found that a non-linear resistance-training program yielded greater
results than a traditional or non periodized program in athletes. The program was
designed to train all major muscle groups using mostly compound movements for the
upper and lower body. The programmed, non-linear training split was divided into hypertrophy
days consisting of 8–12 RM loads for 3 sets, with 60–120&seconds rest and strength
days consisting of 2 to 5 RM loads for 3 sets for all exercises except the leg press
and bench press which received 5 total sets. Weights were progressively increased
by 2–5% when the prescribed repetitions could be completed. All training sessions
were closely monitored by the researchers to ensure effort and intensity were maximal
each training session.
Strength, power, body composition and skeletal muscle hypertrophy testing
Strength was assessed via 1-RM testing of the leg press and bench press. Each lift
was deemed successful as described by International Powerlifting Federation rules
[]. Body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, and total mass) was determined on a
Lunar Prodigy DXA apparatus (software version, enCORE 2008, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.).
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy was determined via changes in ultrasonography determined
combined muscle thickness of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus
intermedius (VI) muscles (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA).
Power was assessed during a maximal cycling ergometry test. During the cycling test,
the volunteer was instructed to cycle against a predetermined resistance (7.5% of
body weight) as fast as possible for 10&seconds []. The saddle height was adjusted to the individual’s height to produce a 5–10° knee
flexion while the foot was in the low position of the central void. A standardized
verbal stimulus was provided to the subjects. Power output was recorded in real time
by a computer connected to the Monark standard cycle ergometer (Monark model 894e,
Vansbro, Sweden) during the 10-second sprint test. Peak power (PP) was recorded using
Monark Anaerobic test software (Monark Anaerobic Wingate Software, Version 1.0, Monark,
Vansbro, Sweden). From completion of wingate tests performed over several days, interclass
correlation coefficient for peak power was 0.96.
Supplementation and diet control
Two weeks prior to and throughout the study, subjects were placed on a diet consisting
of 25% protein, 50% carbohydrates, and 25% fat by a registered dietician who specialized
in sport nutrition. Subjects met as a group with the dietitian, and they were given
individual meal plans at the beginning of the study. Daily total of calories were
determined by the Harris-Benedict equation and tracked by weekly logs to ensure compliance.
The protein supplement was administered under supervision of a laboratory assistant
following resistance training, and it consisted of either 48&g of whey protein isolate
(Nutra Bio Whey Protein Isolate (Dutch Chocolate), Middlesex, NJ) or 48&g of rice
protein isolate (Growing Naturals Rice Protein Isolate (Chocolate Power) made with
Oryzatein(R) rice protein, Axiom Foods, Oro Valley, AZ) dissolved in 500&ml of water. The amino
acid profile of the study material was analyzed by an independent analytical laboratory
(Eurofins Analytical Laboratories, Metairie, LA) and is displayed in Table&. Both the whey protein supplement and rice protein supplement were isonitrogenous,
isocaloric, and macronutrient ratio matched.
Amino acid profile of the study materials
All supplements were tested by HFL Sports Science prior to use to ensure no contamination
with steroids or stimulants according to ISO 17025 accredited tests.
Statistics
An ANOVA model was used to measure group, time, and group by time interactions for
both phase 1 and 2. If any main effects were observed, a Tukey post-hoc was employed
to locate where differences occurred. All statistics were run using Statistica software
(Statsoft, 2011).
No differences existed between groups at baseline for any measure. There were no differences
in the total amounts of weight lifted by the RPI (12296.3 ± 2412.6&kg) or WPI (11831.6 ± 2611.3&kg)
group during the resistance training session. There was a significant time effect
(p &0.05) for soreness, which increased in both the RPI (0.3 ± 0.6 to 5.6 ± 2.2) and
WPI (0.3 ± 0.5 to 6.0 ± 1.9) groups, with no differences between groups (no condition
X time effect). There was a significant time effect (p &0.05) for PRS, which decreased
in both the RPI (9.1 ± 1.5 to 5.45 ± 1.5) and WPI (8.7 ± 2.6 to 5.6 ± 1.4) groups,
with no differences between groups (no condition X time effect). There were no significant
time or condition x time effects for perceived readiness to train, indicating that
the subject’s perceived readiness had recovered within 48&hours.
There was a significant time effect (p &0.01) for lean body mass, which increased
in both the rice (58.5 ± 5.5 (baseline) to 59.5 ± 4.5 (week 4) to 61.0 ± 5.6&kg (week
8) and whey protein (59.6 ± 5.2 to 61.9 ± 4.5 to 62.8 ± 5.2&kg) conditions, with no
differences between conditions (no condition X time effect). There was a significant
time effect for body fat (p & 0.05), which decreased in both conditions, 17.8 ± 6.0
to 16.6 ± 4.8 to 15.6 ± 4.9&kg in the rice protein condition and 16.3 ± 5.1 to 15.7 ± 4.8
to 15.6 ± 4.9&kg in the whey protein condition, from pre to post training, with no
differences between conditions (no condition X time effect). There was a significant
time effect for quadriceps and biceps thickness (p & 0.05), which increased from pre
to post training in the rice protein (5.0 ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.4 to 5.2 ± 0.5&cm and 3.6 ± 0.3
to 3.9 ± 0.3 to 4.1 ± 0.4&cm, respectively) and whey protein (4.8 ± 0.7 to 5.0 ± 0.5
to 5.1 ± 0.5&cm and 3.6 ± 0.2 to 4.0 ± 0.3 to 4.1 ± 0.3&cm, respectively) conditions,
with no differences between conditions (no condition X time effect). Body composition
data is displayed in Figure&.
Changes in (A) Lean Body mass, (B) Body fat, (C) Biceps muscle thickness and (D) Quadriceps
muscle thickness. * Indicates significantly different from baseline. # Indicates significantly different
from week 4.
There was a significant time effect (p & 0.01) for 1-RM bench press strength, which
increased from baseline to week 8 in both the rice protein (85.9 ± 20.5 to 95.5 ± 21.4&kg)
and whey protein (89.5 ± 18.5 to 98.5 ± 16.4&kg ) conditions, with no differences
between groups (no condition X time effect). There was a significant time effect (p & 0.01)
for 1-RM leg press strength, which increased from baseline to week 8 in both the rice
(220.0 ± 38.5 to 286.8 ± 37.2&kg) and whey (209.5 ± 35.0 to 289.7 ± 40.1&kg) conditions,
with no differences between conditions (no condition X time effect). There was a significant
time effect for wingate peak power (p & 0.01), which increased from baseline to week
8 in both the rice protein (638.4 ± 117.2 to 753.9 ± 115.6 watts) and whey protein
(687.1 ± 125.3 to 785.0 ± 101.1 watts) conditions, with no differences between conditions.
Performance data is displayed in Table&.
Changes in strength and power
Discussion
The novel finding in the present study is that no significant condition by time interactions
were observed between the rice protein and whey protein supplements on short term
recovery or training-induced adaptations. Our findings support the proposed hypothesis
that higher doses of rice protein (48&g) will be comparable to an equally high dose
of whey protein in its effects on body composition and exercise performance after
periodized RT. In other words, RPI supports changes in strength and body composition
similarly to WPI.
Subjects were given either 48&g of protein in the form of a rice or whey protein supplement.
At these doses, the rice protein supplement contained approximately 3.8&g of leucine
whereas the whey protein supplement contained 5.5&g of leucine. At these doses, both
supplements are predicted to reach levels necessary to optimize muscle protein accretion
[] they are also greater than the amounts observed in prior research [,]. Moore et al. [] conducted a dose response study of an egg protein supplement comparing 0&g, 5&g,
10&g, 20&g, and 40&g of egg protein delivered after a bout of exercise. After consumption
of the supplement, MPS rates were monitored for four hours. Their results suggested
that MPS was maximally stimulated with 20&g of egg protein, which contains 1.7&g of
leucine. It was also observed that at double that dose (40&g, 3.4&g of leucine), no
significant differences in MPS occurred.
Chronic free leucine supplementation alone did not improve lean body or muscle mass
during resistance training in the elderly, whereas it was able to limit the weight
loss induced by malnutrition. Leucine-rich amino acid mixtures or proteins appeared
more efficient than leucine alone to improve muscle mass and performance, thereby
suggesting the efficacy of leucine depends on the presence of other amino acids. Small
differences in protein digestion rates, differences in branched-chain amino acid content
can impact the ability of the protein to maximize post exercise MPS. Available data
on soy protein suggests that plant proteins might differ in their ability to support
muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise [,]. For example, post exercise consumption of fat-free milk promotes greater hypertrophy
during the early stages of resistance training in novice weightlifters when compared
with isonitrogenous and isoenergetic fat-free soy protein []. Hartman et al. [] conducted research comparing milk protein, to soy protein, to a maltodextrin control
in untrained individuals. In Hartman’s study, 17.5&g of protein in the form of milk
or soymilk was given immediately and one hour following exercise, while the control
group received an isocaloric maltodextrin beverage. 17.5&g of protein from milk contains
approximately 1.7&g of leucine, and 17.5&g of protein from soymilk would contain 1.4&g
of leucine. Following a twelve week RT program, the milk protein group experienced
greater increases in type II muscle fiber area. This study suggests that a moderate
dose of milk protein increases lean mass to a greater extent than soy or a maltodextrin
control when given following exercise. Soy proteins appear to support greater splanchnic
rather than peripheral (i.e., muscle) protein synthesis and are converted to urea
to a greater extent than are milk proteins. Alternatively, observed differences might
be explained by differences in leucine content or absorption kinetics.
In the present study, the combined muscle thickness of the VI and VL increased in
both the rice protein (0.2&cm) and whey protein (0.5&cm) conditions. Lean body mass
increased in the rice protein condition by 2.5&kg, and it also increased in the whey
protein condition by 3.2&kg. Combined bench press and leg press 1-RM strength increased
in the rice protein condition by 76.4&kg and in the whey protein condition by 89.5&kg.
However, no significant differences were observed between the two conditions for any
measure. The collective findings of our study and others suggests that as the amount
of protein consumed increases, the importance of the relative leucine content of the
protein diminishes (see Figure&) [,].
Theoretical model for protein dose and the anabolic response.
Study limitations
Limitations of this study include the duration of the research and the lack of a non-supplemented
control group. While no significant effects were observed between groups, potential
differences in effects on body composition and exercise performance between groups
may be more evident if examined over a longer duration. Without a non-supplemented
control group, we cannot conclude how beneficial protein supplementation was to resistance
training in this study.
Conclusion
The present results suggest that differences in protein composition are of less relevance
when protein is consumed in high doses throughout periodized RT. Rice protein isolate
consumption post resistance exercise decreases fat-mass and increases lean body mass,
skeletal muscle hypertrophy, power and strength comparable to whey protein isolate.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contribution
JMJ, RPL and JMW developed the study design, supervised and trained subjects, performed
the statistical analysis, participated in data acquisition and drafting the manuscript.
RJ developed the study design and participated in drafting the manuscript. MP assisted
with the design of the study and drafting the manuscript. EODS assisted in drafting
of the manuscript and performing the statistical analysis. SMCW was responsible for
diet control and also assisted in drafting the manuscript. JED supervised subjects
and assisted in drafting the manuscript. DSK assisted in study conception and writing
of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank a dedicated group of subjects. The authors would like
to thank Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, for funding this research.
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