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第三方登录：解析：Librarian: And we are still asking you to bring the book back? Student: Uh-huh. Do I really have to? Student: Eh... no, it&s in my dorm room. These are books I want to check out today. Is it OK if I bring that one by in a couple of days? Librarian: Actually, the due day is tomorrow. After that, there&ll be a two dollar per day fine. But you need to return it today if you want to check out any books today. That&s our policy. Student: Oh, I see. 从以上对话可以看出，男生到图书馆来是想询问是否需要马上归还自己所借的书。
2 答案：AC
解析：Librarian: Well, we normally don&t do this, but because of the circumstances we can photocopy up to one chapter for you. Why don&t you do that for the one you are working with right now? And by the time you need the rest of the book, maybe it&ll have been returned. Student: Oh, that would be great.... ... Student: Eh... no, it&s in my dorm room. These are books I want to check out today. Is it OK if I bring that one by in a couple of days? Librarian: Actually, the due day is tomorrow. After that, there&ll be a two dollar per day fine. But you need to return it today if you want to check out any books today. That&s our policy. Student: Oh, I see. 根据以上对话，可以看出男生今天要做的两件事是：1. 获得一份自己需要的章节的photocopies 2.要借出其他的书
解析：Librarian: Yeah, not a lot of people realize that. In fact, every semester we get a few students who would have their borrowing privileges suspended completely because they haven&t returned books. They are allowed to use books only in the library. They are not allowed to check anything out because of unreturned books. 从图书管理员的解释中可以看出，图书管理员想讲出因为没有按时归还图书而被暂搁borrowing privileges 之后会发生的情况。
解析：从对话来看，男生得到了自己想知道的答案，并且可以拿到photocopies 来完成文章。&
学生：打扰了，我收到一封要求我归还一本我9月份时候借出的书的信，这本书叫做《现代社会问题》。但我正在写我的论文，所以，我当时觉得我可以占用这本书一整个学年。
管理员：那你完成延期续借的程序了吗？
学生：是的?
管理员：这样的话，我们还在要求你把书还回来？
学生：嗯，对！我真的要把书还回去吗？
管理员：好吧，我上网查一下。这本书名字叫叫《现代社会问题》？
学生：是的。
管理员：嗯，好的，是的。这本书是被要求归还了。只要没有人要求借走它，你在将来的一整个学年都可以占用它，但不巧的是，有人要借，而且这个人好像还是社会学习的某一位教授。所以你只能把书还回来了。你可以在几周后，它被重新归还时再借出去。
学生：但是要是那个人又续借了呢？我现在真的很需要它。
管理员：整本书你都要吗？还是，你只需要这本书的某一章？
学生：嗯，我要用的是书里的一章，这有用吗？
管理员：嗯，我们一般来说都不会这么做的，但因为在这种情况下我们可以为你扫描你要的那章，所以我这样问你。你为何不把你要用的那章马上扫描下来呢？等到你需要这本书的别的内容的时候，没准那时候书已经还回来了！
学生：哦，这太棒了！
管理员：书你带过来了吗？
学生：嗯，没有，书在我的寝室里。这些书是我今天要还的。我能过几天再把书带过来吗？
管理员：事情是这样的，明天是这本书归还的截止日期。在此之后，就会有每天两块钱的罚款。而且你必须今天就把书还回来，如果你还想借书出去的话。这是我们的规矩。
学生：哦，我明白了。
管理员：嗯，其实有很多学生不知道是这么回事情。每一学期我们都能碰到一些学生因为没能按期还书而丧失了外借资格的。他们现在只能在图书馆里面看。你走之前，要做的事情是把这张要求两周之内还书的表填了，这样的话，那位借书人就不能借完之后续借它了。你还得尽快把书还回来。
学生：我马上办！
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In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.
在美国，从1960年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。这种“随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。然后，1988年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月，蔓延了80万英亩。鉴于这次造成的巨大损失，很多人主张取消“随它燃烧”的策略，转而开始全力扑灭森林大火的策略。评论家们提供了三个由“随它燃烧”策略造成的损害来支持自己的观点。
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托福TPO20阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part2
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　　TPO20阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia西南亚的早期定居点，更多托福TPO阅读真题、TPO阅读文本、TPO阅读答案、TPO阅读翻译尽在新东方在线频道！　　Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia　　The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.　　Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.　　Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about 300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.　　The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.　　Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding & domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.　　Paragraph 1: The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkablechange in local life.　　1.The word &momentous& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　O
numerous　　O
regular　　O
very important　　O
very positive　　2.Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPT　　O
temperate regions of Asia　　O
southwestern Asia　　O
North America　　O
Europe　　3.The phrase &this remarkablechange& in the passage refers to　　O
warming at the end of the Ice Age　　O
shifts in mountain snow lines　　O
the movement of people from farms to villages　　O
a dramatic increase in the population　　Paragraph 2: Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting & gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stonebowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.　　4.The word &exploited& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　O
explored　　O
utilized　　O
inhabited　　O
improved　　5.Why does the author mention &seashells, stonebowls, and artifacts made of obsidian&?　　O
To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies　　O
To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate　　O
To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized　　O
To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations　　Paragraph 3: Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about 300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.　　6.The word &cramped& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　O
primitive　　O
secure　　O
extended　　O
confined　　7.Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the settlement of Abu Hureyra?　　O
The settlement was inhabited by small groups of people from nearby areas.　　O
Small bands of people migrated in and out of the settlement.　　O
The location of the settlement made permanent development difficult.　　O
The easy availability of food led to the growth of the settlement.　　Paragraph 4: The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps.　　8.The word &shifts& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　O
effects　　O
similarities　　O
changes　　O exceptions　　9.Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement because　　O
the inhabitants had cleared all the trees from the forests　　O
wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests　　O
people wanted to explore new areas　　O
lack of rain caused food shortages　　Paragraph 5: Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factorsled to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at manyother locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bonesshowing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding)testify to early herding of domestic stock.　　10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT　　O
the domestication of animals　　O
the intensive hunting of gazelle　　O
the size of the settlement　　O
the design of the dwellings　　11.The word &abruptly& in the passage is closest in meaning to　　O
informally　　O
briefly　　O
suddenly　　O
surprisingly　　12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.　　O
In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.　　O
In 'Ain Ghazal and Syria, domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra.　　O
Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted.　　O
Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.　　The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. ■The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. ■However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. ■At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. ■Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.　　13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.　　One of the major effects was the rapid growth of the human population itself.　　Where would the sentence best fit?　　Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.　　14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.　　At the end of the Ice Age, patterns of human settlement changed in southwestern Asia.　　●　　●　　●　　Answer Choices　　O Wild cereals, grasses, and nuts were exchanged for exotic objects.　　O Changes in climatic conditions made southwestern Asia highly beneficial to human occupants.　　O Social organization in Abu Hureyra decreased as the population grew.　　O The favorable location of Abu Hureyra kept the city from experiencing hardship during drought years.　　O Within 2,000 years, populations in southwestern Asia greatly increased in number.　　O In rich, fertile areas permanent societies evolved to a high level of complexity.　　
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