答案：1．C;2．B;3．A;4．C;5．A;
请选择年级高一高二高三请输入相应的习题集名称(选填)：
科目：高中英语
来源：安徽省蚌埠二中2008届高三8月份月考英语试题
　　Increasing fluid intake(摄入量)by about a liter per day appears to have no negative effects on healthy older men．Dutch researchers report．
　　Dr．Mark G．Spigt of Maastricht University and his colleagues note that older people are often dehydrated(脱水)，partly because their sensation of thirst may be slow．On the other hand, the elderly can easily become overly hydrated, because their kidneys(肾)tend to work less efficiently．Keeping extra water reduce the level of sodium(钠)in the body, which can have serious consequences．
　　To investigate the general effects of increased fluid intake, the researchers examined data from a study involving 141 healthy men aged between 55 and 75．In random(随意的)order they were either advised to increase their water intake by a liter and a half per day, or were given a spoonful of syrup(糖浆)per day．
　　After 6 months, the men urged to drink more water had managed to boost their daily fluid intake by an average of about a liter per day．There were no significant differences between the two groups in blood pressure or sodium level．
　　The researchers thus concluded that the advice to increase fluid intake had no negative effects．
　　Summing up, Spigt added,“It seems unreasonable to worry about the harmful effects of drinking extra water, he warned,”This does not mean that one can drink too much．Extreme intakes of water-more than 10 liters–can be harmful．
The first paragraph is written to ________．
attract readers’ attention
introduce some researchers to us
introduce the topic of the passage
tell us the result of a research
According to Spigt and his colleagues, the elderly are often dehydrated ________．
because their kidneys can’t work properly
because water can reduce the level of sodium in the body．
because they need less water than before．
partly because their feeling of thirst may be slow．
Which of the following can explain the underlined word“boost”(in Paragraph 4)?
The main purpose of this passage is to tell people ________．
elderly men like to drink more water
elderly men should drink more water
drinking extra water does no harm to elderly men
drinking too much water does harm to people
科目：高中英语
来源：山东省青岛市2010届高三二模英语试题
　　Would you eat a ready meal from the fridge rather than cook from scratch?Have you been doing internet shopping rather than going to the stores?What can’t you be bothered to do?
　　A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of adults are so lazy they’d catch the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs．
　　Just over 2000 people were quizzed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health, Britain’s largest health charity．The results were astonishing．
　　About one in six people surveyed said if their remote control was broken, they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up．
　　More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus．Worryingly, of the 654 respondents with children, 64％ said they were often too tired to play with them．
　　This led the report to conclude that it’s no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese(very fat)before they start school．
　　Dr Sarah Dauncey, medical director of Nuffield Health, said：“People need to get fitter, not just for their own sake, but for the sake of their families, friends and evidently their pets too．”
　　“If we don’t start to take control of this problem, a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the most rudimentary of tasks．”
　　And Scotland’s largest city, Glasgow, was shamed as the most inactive city in the UK, with 75％ surveyed admitting they do not get enough exercise, followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton, both with 67％．
　　The results cause serious challenges for the National Health Service, where obesity-related illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40 years and are costing billions of pounds every year．
What causes children in the UK to be obese?
Eating ready meal
Watching TV
Doing Internet shopping
Being lazy
What can be inferred from the passage?
British people are too lazy to do anything．
Internet shopping will do harm to your health．
Many people would not run to catch a bus in Britain．
People should be more active and take regular exercise to keep fit．
Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
One sixth of British people use remote control when watching TV．
People will benefit not only themselves but their families by getting fit．
Fatness can cause diseases such as heart disease and cancer．
More people get obesity-related illnesses now than 40 years ago．
What does the underlined word rudimentary most probably mean?
All the following are among the most lazy cities in the UK except ________．
Birmingham
Southampton
科目：高中英语
来源：山东省莱芜市2011届高三11月阶段测试英语试题
　　Many years ago, there was a story of a school teacher－Mrs.Thompson．She told the children on the first day that she loved them all the same．But that was a lie．There in the front row was a little boy named Teddy Stoddard．He didn't play well with the other children and he always needed a bath．She did not like him．
　　Then Mrs.Thompson got to know that Teddy was actually a very good boy before the death of his mother．Mrs.Thompson was ashamed of herself．She felt even worse when, like all her other students, Teddy brought her a Christmas present too．It was his mother's perfume．
　　Teddy said,“Mrs.Thompson, today you smell just like my Mom used to．”After the children left she cried for at least an hour．On that very day, she stopped teaching reading, writing and maths．Instead, she began to teach children．
　　Mrs.Thompson paid particular attention to Teddy．The boy's mind seemed to come alive．The more she encouraged him, the faster he improved．By the end of the sixth grade, Teddy had become one of the smartest children in the class．
　　Six years went by before she got a note from Teddy．He wrote that he had finished high school, third in his class, and she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life．He went to college．Mrs.Thompson got two more letters from him with the last one signed, Theodore F.Stoddard, M.D.(医学博士)．
　　The story doesn't end there．On his wedding day, Dr．Stoddard whispered in Mrs.Thompson's ear,“Thank you, Mrs.Thompson, for believing in me．You made me feel important and showed me that I could make a difference．”
　　Mrs.Thompson, with tears in her eyes, whispered back,“Teddy, you have it all wrong．You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference．I didn't know how to teach until I met you．"
According to the first paragraph, which is true between Teddy and his teacher?
Mrs.Thompson loved him all the same．
Mrs.Thompson didn't play well with him．
Mrs.Thompson told Teddy not to tell a lie．
Mrs.Thompson had a dislike of Teddy
From the passage, we can infer that ________．
Teddy loved his mother very much
Mrs.Thompson told a lie and felt ashamed
Mrs.Thompson cried because she misunderstood Teddy
Teddy hoped Mrs.Thompson could treat him like his mom
Why did Teddy become one of the smartest children in the class?
Mrs.Thompson paid little attention to him．
Mrs.Thompson gave him encouragement more often
Teddy was clever and worked hard．
Teddy got well on with other students．
As a teacher, Mrs.Thompson realized that it was important ________．
to be stricter with the students
to teach children more knowledge
to care more about educating students
to teach the students how to meke a difference
Why did Teddy invite Mrs.Tbompson to his wedding?
Teddy kept in touch with her all the time．
Teddy thanked her for her help and encouragement．
Teddy was treated by the teacher like her son．
She had taught him how to judge people．
科目：高中英语
来源：安徽省泗县双语中学2012届高三摸底考试英语试题
　　Dr．Glenn Tisman, a cancer specialist, knew his young neighbor, Ray Bateman, had an unusual mind．But he had no idea at the time that 12-year-old Ray had the ability to become his partner in cancer research．
　　Ray's parents remembered that at age four, Ray surprised them by fixing a broken vacuum cleaner(吸尘器)．When he was ten, he speedily constructed the family color television from a kit．Later, he succeeded in assembling(组装)a complex stereo system after two experts had failed to do the job．
　　When Ray was ten, he convinced his parents to buy him a computer．In a short time, Ray was able to do amazing things with the computer．Ray shared his enthusiasm for computers with Dr．Tisman, who used a computer for his research．The two discussed computers and medicine frequently．Amazingly, Ray understood the biology and chemistry related to Dr．Tisman's medical research without any previous instruction．
　　Ray then worked with Dr．Tisman after school．He helped conduct research with the equipment and kept it in working order．The purpose of the research was to test the effectiveness of mixing an old cancer drug with certain vitamins．Ray analyzed patient test results by computer, while Dr．Tisman handled all patient contact．Together, they came up with solid research that helped advance cancer treatment．
　　In 1988, 14 - year - old Ray went with Dr．Tisman to a meeting of the American Federation for Clinical Research(AFCR), where Ray presented their initial research findings．Using terminology(术语)beyond the grasp of most kids his age, Ray told the scientists how the new drug mixture caused fewer and milder side effects for cancer patients．
　　A year later, Ray returned to the meeting to update the findings of his and Dr．Tisman's research．By then, he had become well - known for his devotion to finding cures for sick patients．Stories about him appeared in hundred of newspapers around the world．He appeared on television newscasts and talk shows．
　　Ray continued to spend most free hours working with Dr．Tisman．The two began studying the effects of vitamins on babies inside the womb(子宫)．However, Ray's main interest remained cancer treatment, and he continues his research today．
According to the passage, Ray ________．
is a boy of many gifts
is very helpful to his parents
learned fast under Dr．Tisman's instruction
stopped working with Dr．Tisman after his success
What do we know about Dr．Tisman?
He succeeded in finding cures for cancer．
He made a new discovery in cancer treatment．
He convinced Ray to become a partner of him．
He taught Ray knowledge related to his research．
What made Ray first known to the medical world?
His presentation at AFCR．
His great skills in computer．
His devotion to cancer research．
His appearance on television newscasts．
Dr．Tisman's research is aimed at ________．
providing different cancer treatments
proving the effects of vitamins on babies
finding the side effects of a cancer drug
testing the effectiveness of a new drug mixture
科目：高中英语
来源：安徽省蚌埠铁中2012届高三上学期期中考试英语试题
　　Watching 3D films such as Avatar could give some viewers headaches, experts have warned．
　　The success of James Cameron's science-fiction blockbuster(卖座的大片), which has already taken more than ＄1 billion(￡600 million)at the box office, is fuelling a surge in popularity for three-dimensional movies and new 3D television sets．
　　But prolonged viewing may result in an aching head, according to Dr Michael Rosenberg, an ophthalmology(眼科学)professor at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago．
　　He said："There are a lot of people walking around with very minor eye problems, for example a minor muscle imbalance, which under normal circumstances the brain deals with naturally．"
　　Watching a 3D movie confronts viewers with an entirely new sensory experience．"That translates into greater mental effort, making it easier to get a headache," he said．
　　Dr Deborah Friedman, a professor of ophthalmology and neurology(神经学)at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York, said："If your eyes are a little off to begin with then it's really throwing a whole degree of effort that your brain now needs to exert．This disparity for some people will give them a headache．"
　　Experts say there are no studies tracking how common it is to get a headache after watching a 3D film．
　　Rick Heineman, a spokesman for RealD, which provides 3D equipment to cinemas, said headaches and nausea were the main reasons 3D technology never took off before．
　　But he said new digital technology addresses many of the problems that had previously caused sore heads．
What can we learn from what Dr Michael Rosenberg said?
A lot of people prefer walking around with very minor eye problems to sitting silently watching 3D films．
The brain can deal with very minor eye problems under normal circumstances naturally．
A lot of people haven’t got very minor eye problems when viewing films under normal circumstances．
People come into very minor eye problems and a minor muscle imbalance when watching 3D films．
What does the underlined word “prolonged” in the 3rd paragraph mean?
continuous
According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
It has taken less than ＄1 billion to make the popularity of three-dimensional movies and new 3D television sets．
Watching a 3D movie leaves viewers confronted with an entirely new sensory experience．
There are studies tracking how common it is to get a headache after watching a 3D film．
Rick Heineman said that 3D technology would never take off headaches and nausea in future．
What’s the main idea of the passage?
The expert warns the readers not to watch 3D films because of resulting in an aching head．
New digital technology gives viewers headaches and eye problems．
The experts are studying how to get rid of many of the problems that have previously caused sore heads．
Viewing 3D films may result in some side-effect problems such as headaches．Abstract: Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETS) are transient network..
扫扫二维码，随身浏览文档
手机或平板扫扫即可继续访问
A Survey on Security Issues in Ad Hoc Routing Protocols and their
Mitigation Techniques
举报该文档为侵权文档。
举报该文档含有违规或不良信息。
反馈该文档无法正常浏览。
举报该文档为重复文档。
推荐理由：
将文档分享至：
分享完整地址
文档地址：
粘贴到BBS或博客
flash地址：
支持嵌入FLASH地址的网站使用
html代码：
&embed src='/DocinViewer-4.swf' width='100%' height='600' type=application/x-shockwave-flash ALLOWFULLSCREEN='true' ALLOWSCRIPTACCESS='always'&&/embed&
450px*300px480px*400px650px*490px
支持嵌入HTML代码的网站使用
您的内容已经提交成功
您所提交的内容需要审核后才能发布，请您等待！
3秒自动关闭窗口Emotion-attention_interactions_in_recognition_memory_for_distractor_faces.197
上亿文档资料，等你来发现
Emotion-attention_interactions_in_recognition_memory_for_distractor_faces.197
Emotion；2010,Vol.10,No.2,207C215；Emotion-AttentionInterac；forDistractorFaces；NarayananSrinivasanandRa；UniversityofAllahabad；Effectivefilteringofdist；Keywords:emotions,attent；Emotio
Emotion2010,Vol.10,No.2,207C215?2010AmericanPsychologicalAssociation/$12.00DOI:10.7Emotion-AttentionInteractionsinRecognitionMemoryforDistractorFacesNarayananSrinivasanandRashmiGuptaUniversityofAllahabadEffectivefilteringofdistractorinformationhasbeenshowntobedependentonperceptualload.Giventhesalienceofemotionalinformationandthepresenceofemotion-attentioninteractions,wewantedtoexploretherecognitionmemoryforemotionaldistractorsespeciallyasafunctionoffocusedattentionanddistributedattentionbymanipulatingloadandthespatialspreadofattention.Weperformedtwoexperimentstostudyemotion-attentioninteractionsbymeasuringrecognitionmemoryperformancefordistractorneutralandemotionalfaces.Participantsperformedacolordiscriminationtask(low-load)orletteridentificationtask(high-load)withaletterstringdisplayinExperiment1andahigh-loadletteridentificationtaskwithletterspresentedinacirculararrayinExperiment2.Thestimuliwerepresentedagainstadistractorfacebackground.Therecognitionmemoryresultsshowthathappyfaceswererecognizedbetterthansadfacesunderconditionsoflessfocusedordistributedattention.Whenattentionismorespatiallyfocused,sadfaceswererecognizedbetterthanhappyfaces.Thestudyprovidesevidenceforemotion-attentioninteractionsinwhichspecificemotionalinformationlikesadorhappyisassociatedwithfocusedordistributedattentionrespectively.Distractorprocessingwithemotionalinformationalsohasimplicationsfortheoriesofattention.Keywords:emotions,attentionalload,recognitionmemory,distractorfaces,focusedattention,distributedattentionEmotionalinformationdirectattentiontosalienteventsintheenvironmentthataresignificantforactionsandsurvival(Oatley&Jenkins,1996).Emotion-attentioninteractionshavebeenreportedinnumerousstudies(Dreisbach&Goschke,2004;Fenske&Eastwood,2003;Frederickson&Branigan,2005;Mack&Rock,1998;Srivastava&Srinivasan,2008).Forexample,findingsfromvisualsearchhaveshownthatnegativefacescaptureattentionmoreefficientlycomparedtopositivefaces(Eastwood,Smilek,&Merikle,2001;Frischen,Eastwood,&Smilek,2008).Eastwoodetal.(2001)observedthattheslopesofsearchfunctionsforlocatingsadfacesembeddedinacontextofneutralfaceswereshallowerthantheslopesofthesearchfunctionsforlocatingpositivefacesembeddedinacontextofneutralfaces.Usingaflankertask,FenskeandEastwood(2003)foundflankerinterferencewithaschematichappyface,butnotwithaschematicsadface.Theysuggestedthatthespatialscopeofattentionwasaffectedbytheemotionconveyedbytheface.Inanotherstudy(Dreisbach&Goschke,2004),participantswererequiredtodetectatargetofacertaincolor,whiletheyhadtoignoreadistractorpresentedinwhathadpreviouslybeenthetargetcolor.Normallythisleadstoperseverationcostsonthefirstfewtrials,becausetheoldtargetcolorisinitiallydifficulttoignore.However,DreisbachandGoschke(2004)foundthatperseverationcostswerereducedwhenthetrialswereprecededbypositivelyladenpicturesrelativeNarayananSrinivasanandRashmiGupta,CentreofBehaviouralandCognitiveSciences,UniversityofAllahabad.CorrespondenceconcerningthisarticleshouldbeaddressedtoNaray-ananSrinivasan,CentreofBehaviouralandCognitiveSciences,UniversityofAllahabad,Allahabad211002,India.E-mail:nsrini@cbcs.ac.in207toneutralandnegativepictures.Theyconcludedthatpositiveaffectinducescognitiveflexibility,biasingattentionalorientingtowardthenewcolor.Otherstudiesinvolvingemotionandattentionalsoindicatethatsadorhappyemotionalinformationinteractsdifferentlywithvisualattention(Mack&Rock,1998;Oliver&Nieuwenhuis,2006;Srivastava&Srinivasan,2008).Usinganinattentionalblindnessparadigm,MackandRock(1998)foundthatunexpectedhappyschematicfacesweredetectedbetterthansadschematicfaces.Withanattentionaldwelltimeparadigminwhichtwosuccessivetargetsneedtobeidentified,SrivastavaandSrinivasan(2008)foundthatneutraltargetsfollowinghappyschematicfaceswereidentifiedbetterthanthosefollowingsadschematicfaces.Similarly,happyschematicfacesprecededbyneutraltargetswereidentifiedbetterthansadschematicfaces.OliversandNieuwenhuis(2005)observedimprovedattentionalblinkperformancewhenparticipantswereaskedtoconcurrentlythinkabouttheirholidaysoranimaginarydinneroraskedthemtoconcurrentlylistenandrespondtomusic.Theyarguedthattheimprovedperformancecouldbebecauseofamorepositiveaffec-tivestateasevokedbyfrivolouscontentofthethoughtsortheupbeatnatureofthetune.Inanotherstudy(Olivers&Nieuwen-huis,2006),theybrieflypresentedpositive,negative,orneutralpicturesinbetweenrapidserialvisualpresentationtrialsandfoundthatthepositivepicturesimprovedattentionalblinkperformance.FredericksonandBranigan(2005)foundthatpositiveemotionsarelinkedtodistributedattentionresultinginaglobalprocessingbias.Inaddition,SrinivasanandHanif(inpress)foundthatglobalprocessingbenefitsidentificationofahappyexpressionandlocalprocessingmightbenefitidentificationofasadexpression.To-208SRINIVASANANDGUPTAgether,thesestudiesstronglyshowreciprocallinksbetweendis-tributedattentionandpositiveemotionsaswellasfocusedatten-tionandnegativeemotions.The“perceptualload”theory(Lavie,01)ac-countsfortheeffectsofselectiveattentionbasedonmanipulationsload(loworhigh).Animportantaspectofloadtheoryistheprocessingofdistractorinformationunderloworhigh-loadcon-ditions.Underconditionsofhigh-load,distractorinformationisnotprocessedsimilartoanearlyselectionviewofattentionpro-posedbyBroadbent(1958).Underconditionsoflow-load,distrac-torinformationisprocessedresultingininterferenceintheprimarytasksimilartothelateselectionviewofattention.Excesscapacitywillbeinvoluntarilyallocatedtotheprocessingofirrelevantstimuliunderlow-loadconditions.Processingof“task-irrelevant”stimulimayonlybepreventediftheperceptualloadofthetaskprescribedforthetask-relevantstimuliissufficientlyhightoexhaustcapacityasinthehighloadconditions.Incontrast,the“saliencehypothesis”arguesthatthesalienceofdistractorsandnotperceptualloadpersedeterminesselectiveattentionanddistractorprocessing.Thus,theusualperceptualloadeffectmayoccurbecausethedistractorinahighperceptualloaddisplayislesslikelytocaptureattentionandnotbecauseresourcesarefullyutilized(Eltiti,Wallace,&Fox,2005).Howisloadrelatedtofocusedanddistributedattention?Low-loadconditionislinkedtolessattentionalresourcesandhencecouldbelinkedtodistributedattention,whichtypicallyinvolvesprocessingoveralargespatialextent.Distributedattentioncouldbelinkedtodifferencesinthenatureofprocessingevenifthespatialextentisheldconstant(Srinivasan,Srivastava,Lohani,&Baijal,2009;Treisman,2006).Thehigh-loadconditioncouldbelinkedtofocusedattentionbecausefocusedattentiontaskstypi-callyinvolvemoreattentionalresources.Thishappenswithin-creaseinsetsizeinavisualsearchtaskandperformancethattheidentificationtaskthatrequiresfocusedattentionshowsdecreaseinperformanceasafunctionofsetsize(Treisman,2006).How-ever,thespatialextenteveninahigh-loadtaskmightdeterminewhetherfocusedordistributedattentionisinvolved.High-loadcouldbeassociatedwithdistributedattentionwhenprocessingisspreadoveralargerregionofspaceandwithfocusedattentionwhenprocessingislimitedtoasmallregionofspace.Manipulatingemotionalcontentofthedistractorstimulipro-videsawaytoinvestigatetheroleofemotionsunderdifferentconditionsofattentionorload.Giventhelinkbetweenemotionandattention,studieshaveinvestigatedemotionalprocessinginthecontextofloadtheory.Forexample,Silvertetal.(2007)indicatedthatemotionalprocessingoffaces,particularlyperiph-eralfaces,wasdependentontheavailableperceptualattentionalresources.Theyfoundthattherecognitionaccuracyofunattendedfearfulfaceswasgreatercomparedtoneutralfacesinthelowloadtaskbutnotinthehigh-loadtask.Lim,Padmala,andPessoa(2008)investigatedtheeffectsoffearconditioningonthevisualprocessingoftask-irrelevantfaces.Theyfoundthatresponsestooldthreatfacesviewedduringtheeasyletterdetectiontaskex-hibitedfasterreactiontimescomparedtothenewthreatfacesoroldsafefacesindicatingthattheemotionalinformationindistrac-torsisprocessedinthelow-loadcondition.Inaddition,Bishop,Jenkins,andLawrence(2006)foundthatperformanceinthehigh-loadconditioninteractedwithspecificemotionalstates.Thesestudiesindicatethatemotionalinformationdoesinteractwithload.Giventheevidenceonemotion-attention/memoryinteractionsanddifferencesinthewayattentioninteractswithhappyandsadfaces,wedecidedtoinvestigatetheeffectoffocusedordistributedattentionontheidentificationofemotionalfacesunderthelow-loadandhigh-loadconditions.ThecurrentstudyisbasedontheparadigmusedbyJenkins,Lavie,andDriver(2005),whichmea-suredincidentalrecognitionmemoryforneutralfacespreviouslyexposedastask-irrelevantdistractorsasafunctionoftheatten-tionalloadinanunrelatedtaskwithsuperimposedletterstringsatexposure.Theyfoundbetterrecognitionmemoryforfacesinthelow-loadcomparedtothehigh-loadcondition.Weinvestigatedtheeffectofdifferenttypesofattentionbymanipulatingtheloadofaprimarytaskonrecognitionmemoryperformanceofirrelevantdistractorfaceswithandwithoutemo-tionalexpressions.Wehypothesizedthatrecognitionmemoryper-formancewillbebetterfordistractorfaceswithemotionalexpres-sionascomparedtoneutraldistractorfaces.Wealsohypothesizedthatmemoryperformanceforhappyandsadfaceswillbedepen-dentonthenatureofattentionalloadonprimarytask.Specifically,inthelessfocusedattentionconditionsensitivitywouldbebetterforhappydistractorfacesandinthemorefocusedattentioncon-ditionsensitivitywouldbebetterforsaddistractorfaces.Experiment1GiventhatTheeuwes,Kramer,andBelopolsky(2004)havearguedthatlowprocessingloadensuesbroadeningoftheatten-tionalwindow,typesofattentionwasmanipulatedusingdifferentlevelsofloadimposedbytwodifferenttasksusedinpreviousperceptualloadstudies(Jenkinsetal.,2005;Lavie,).Eachdisplaycomprisedaletterstringsuperimposedonatask-irrelevantunfamiliaremotionalandnonemotionalface.Inthelow-loadcondition,thelettertaskinvolvedsimplecolordiscrim-ination,typicallythoughttoimposelowattentionalload.Thehigh-loadtaskrequiredmoredifficultletterdiscrimination,whichtypicallyresultedinimpairedprocessingofnonfacedistractors(Lavie,).Theeffectofloadintheprimarylettertaskonsubsequentexplicitrecognitionofthedistractoremotionalandneutralfaceswasassessedinasurpriserecognitiontestattheendoftheexperiment.MethodParticipants.Nineteennaivevolunteerswiththemeanageof25.2years(SD?2.49years)fromUniversityofAllahabadpar-ticipatedintheexperiment.Allhadnormalorcorrected-to-normalvision.Apparatusandstimuli.Toavoidambiguityinemotionalexpression,163photographsofIndianadultswereshownran-domlyto10(5menand5women)participantswhosubsequentlydidnotparticipateintheexperiment.Theseparticipantsratedthefacesona7-pointLikertscalewithonecorrespondingtoverysadfaces,sevencorrespondingtoveryhappyfaces,andfourcorre-spondingtoneutralfaces.Therewere160facesselectedforthedatabasebasedontheratingsandoutofthose96monochromaticIndiantargetfaces(32happy,sad,andneutralfaceseach)and48foilfaces(16happy,sad,andneutralfaceseach)wererandomlyEMOTIONANDATTENTION209selectedfortheexperiment.Overallmeanratingforthehappyfaces,sadfaces,andneutralfaceswas5.72,2.34,and3.76,respectively.Eachdisplaycomprisedahappy,sad,orneutralfaceroughlywiththemiddleofthenoseatfixationandaletterstringsuperimposedacrossthismiddlepoint(seeFigure1).Theletterstringcouldberedorblueandcomprisedofonetargetletter(XorN)andfivenontargetletters(H,K,M,W,orZ)arrangedinrandomorder(Lavie,1995).Eachlettermeasured0.4?0.3°visualangle,separatedfromitsneighborsby0.4°.Faces(5.7?6.8°)weregrayscaleimageseditedtoremoveextraneousback-ground.Theviewingdistancewas120cm.Procedure.Eachtrialbeganwithacentralfixationpointfor500msfollowedbythestimulusdisplayfor200ms.Participantsmadeaspeededresponse,pressingleftkeyforblue-andrightkeyforred-letterstringsinthelow-loadtask.ParticipantspressedtheleftarrowkeyfortargetletterXandrightarrowkeyfortargetletterNinthehigh-loadtask.Feedbackwasgivenwithatoneforerrorsorfailurestorespondwithin3s.Alternatingblockshadthehighorlow-loadlettertask(startingblockwasrandomlyvaried).Inthehigh-loadcondition,stringcolorwasconstantthroughablock(redorblue)tominimizeanycongruencyeffectsfromresponseassociationscarryingoverfromthelow-loadtask.Theexperimentbeganwithtwopracticeblocksof15trialsforeachloadconditionwithjusttheletterstringspresentedfollowedby12experimentalblockswitheachconsistingof48trialsinpresentedinrandomorder.Thus,eachparticularfacewasshownsixtimesintotal.Thesubjectswereinstructedtofocusontheletterstringsandperformtheidentificationtaskasaccuratelyandasquicklyaspossible.AsurpriserecognitiontestwasgivenafterallthehighFigure1.AnexampleofastimulusdisplaypresentedinExperiment1.Inthelow-loadcondition,subjectsrespondedtothecoloroftheletterstring(redvs.blue).Inthehigh-loadcondition,theyrespondedtotheidentityofatargetletter(Xvs.N)amongotherangularlettersinphysicallyequivalentdisplays.Inbothconditions,participantswereinstructedtoignoretheirrelevantfacedistractor.andlowloadblockshadbeencompleted.Intherecognitiontest,participantswerepresentedwithasinglefaceineachtrialandwereaskedtoindicatewhetherithadbeenpresentedearlierduringtheletterstringpartoftheexperiment.ResultsandDiscussionAnanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)withloadconditions(low-loadvs.high-load)andemotions(happy,sad,andneutral)wasconductedforthereactiontimes(RTs)andaccuracy.TherewasasignificantmaineffectforloadwithRTsfromletterstringtask,F(1,18)?111.03,MSE?47802.2,p?.001,aswellasaccuracy,F(1,18)?172.7,MSE?59.3,p?.001.Performance(seeFigure2b)intheletterstringtaskwasbetterinthelow-loadcondition(meanRT?408.6ms,97.80%accuracy)comparedtothehigh-loadcondition(meanRT?840.2ms,78.9%accuracy)confirmingtheeffectofloadinperceptualprocessing.TherewasnoeffectofemotioninRTandaccuracyonletterstringtask.Wecalculatedthesensitivity(d?)andcriterion(?)valuesfortherecognitionoffacesunderdifferentloadoremotionconditions.Boththed?and?valuesweresubjectedtoa2(load:low-loadandhigh-load)and3(emotions:happy,sad,andneutral)repeatedmeasuresANOVA.Theanalysiswiththed?values(seeFig.3)showedasignificantmaineffectforload,F(1,18)?33.8,MSE?0.132,p?.001,withlargerd?valueinthelow-load(0.72)comparedtothehigh-load(0.33)condition.Inaccordancewiththeloadhypothesis,overallperformancewassignificantlybetterforfacesexposedasirrelevantdistractorsunderlow-loadconditionsintheletterstringtaskthanforfacesexposedunderhigh-load.Moreimportantly,loadsignificantlyinteractedwithemotion,F(2,36)?5.06,MSE?0.088,p?.01,indicatingthatsensitivityforthefacesonlow-loadandhigh-loadwasdependentonthetypeofemotion.WeperformedalltheposthocanalyseswiththeBon-ferronicorrection.Pairwisecomparisonsindicatedthatinthelow-loadcondition,thed?valuewassignificantlygreaterforthehappyfacescomparedtothesadfaces,t(18)?7.25,p?.001,andneutralfacescomparedtothesadfaces,t(18)?5.14,p?.01.Therewasnodifferenceind?valuebetweenhappyandneutralfaces,t(18)?2.11,p?.14.Inthehigh-loadcondition,therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthed?valueamongallthethreetypesoffaces.Sensitivitywassignificantlyhigherfordistractorhappyfacespresentedduringthelow-loadtaskcomparedtothehigh-loadtask,t(18)?8.24,p?.001.However,nosignificantdifferencewasobservedinthed?valueforfaceswithsadexpressioninboththeloadconditions.Itshouldbenotedthattheperformancewaspoorforsadfacesunderboththeloadconditions.Significantreductioninthed?valuefromlow-loadtohigh-loadwasfoundwithneutralfaces,t(18)?6.99,p?.001,consistentwithpreviousfindings(Jenkinsetal.,2005).Theanalysiswiththecriterion(?)values(seeFig.4)showedasignificantmaineffectofload,F(1,18)?33.8,MSE?0.033,p?.001,andemotion,F(2,36)?9.42,MSE?0.198,p?.001.Criterionvaluewashigherforthehigh-loadcomparedtothelow-loadcondition.Criterionvaluewasalsohigherfortheneutraldistractorfacescomparedtofaceswithhappy,t(18)?5.29,p?.001,andsadexpression,t(18)?5.34,p?.001.Therewasnodifferencein?betweenfaceswithhappyandsadexpressions.Inaddition,loadsignificantlyinteractedwithemotion,F(2,36)?210SRINIVASANANDGUPTAFigure2.MeanRTs(a)andmeanaccuracy(b)fromtheletterstringtaskinExperiment1asafunctionofload.5.06,MSE?0.022,p?.01.Inthelow-loadcondition,?valuewassignificantlyhigherforneutralfacescomparedtofaceswithhappy,t(18)?11.8.p?.001,andsadexpressions,t(18)?8.93,p?.001.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthe?valueforfaceswithhappyandsadexpression.Inthehigh-loadcondition,the?valuewasonceagainsignificantlyhigherforfaceswithneutralexpressioncomparedtofaceswithhappy,t(18)?10.6,p?.001,andsadexpression,t(18)?13.7,p?.001.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthe?valuesbetweenthefaceswithhappyandsadexpression.Theseresultsindicatethatstrictcriteriawereusedwhendecisionshadtobemadeunderthehigh-loadconditionaswellasforfaceswithneutralexpression.Participantswerelessreadytoindicatethatthepresentedfaceswereseenearlierinthehigh-loadcondition.Asimilareffectwasfoundforneutralfacescomparedtotheemotionalfaces.TheresultswiththeneutralfacesweresimilartothoseobtainedinJenkinsetal.(2005).RecognitionaccuracyforsadfaceswasnotalteredbyattentionalloadwhereastherecognitionaccuracyforFigure3.Sensitivity(d?)valuesforfacesasafunctionofemotionandloadinExperiment1.Figure4.Criterion(?)valuesforfacesasafunctionofemotionandloadinExperiment1.happyfaceswasalteredbyattentionalloadsuchthathigh-loadresultsinareducedaccuracyforthehappyfaces.Incidentalmemoryofirrelevantdistractorfaceswasdependentonbothloadandemotionalinformation.Foragivenattentionalload,process-ingofdistractorinformationdependsontheamountornatureofattentionalprocessing.Inthelow-loadcondition,happyfaceswererememberedbetterthansadfaces.However,therewasnodiffer-enceinperformancebetweenhappyandsadfacesinthehigh-loadcondition.Therewasalsonodifferenceinrecognitionmemoryforsadfacesacrossloadconditions.Notonlydidthesadexpressiondidnotinteractwithloadbuttherecognitionmemoryforsadfaceswerepoorindicatingthatthesadexpressiondidnotfacilitatetheidentificationofdistractorfaces.Thelow-loadconditionisassociatedwithless-focusedattentionorputanotherway,attentionismoredistributedandinvolvesalargerspatialspread(Theeuwes,Kramer,&Belopolsky,2004).Whetherthehigh-loadconditionisassociatedwithmorefocusedordistributedattentionmightdependonthemanipulationofthespatialspreadofcondition.High-loadcouldbeassociatedwithdistributedattentionwhenprocessingisspreadoveralargerregionofspaceandwithfocusedattentionwhenprocessingislimitedtoasmallregionofspace.Inthecurrentstudy,thelow-loadtaskcouldbeperformedbyprocessingcolorinformationfromalargerspatialarea(employingdistributedattention)comparedtothehigh-loadletteridentificationtaskthatinvolvesmorefocusedattention.Otherstudieshaveshownthatmanipulatingthewayattentionisfocusedordistributedleadstodifferencesinemotionalinforma-tionprocessing(Srinivasan&Hanif,Srivastava&Srini-vasan,2008).Essentiallyfocusedattentionisassociatedwithsadfacesanddistributedattentionisassociatedwithhappyfaces.Theseresultsareconsistentwithotherresultsexploringemotion-attentioninteractions(Fenske&Eastwood,2003;Frederickson&Branigan,2001).Althoughtherewasadifferencebetweensadandhappyfacerecognitionmemoryperformanceinthelow-loadtask,therewasnodifferenceinthehigh-loadtask.Giventhehappy-saddifferencesinthelow-loadtask,wewon-deredwhethertheabsenceofaneffectforemotionsinthehigh-loadtaskmightbebecauseofdifferencesinthewayattentionmightbedeployedwithinthehigh-loadtask.Apossiblefactorthatmightplaysucharoleisthepositionofthetargetlettertobeidentifiedintheletterstringdisplay.Theoccurrenceoftargetinthecentralorperipherallocationsmightleadtodifferencesinthewayattentionalresourcesareallocatedwithperipheraltargetpre-sentationleadingtodistributedattentionandcentraltargetpresen-EMOTIONANDATTENTION211tationleadingtofocusedattention.Giventhis,weanalyzedtherecognitionaccuracyforthefacesasafunctionoflocationofthetargetletterspresentedcentrally(middletwolocations)andpe-ripherally(twolocationsattheendoneitherside)inthehigh-loadcondition.ArepeatedmeasureANOVAwithlocation(centralandperiph-ery)andemotion(happy,sad,andneutral)wasperformedwiththed?aswellasthe?valuesforthefacespresentedinthehigh-loadcondition.Theeffectoflocationwassignificant,F(1,18)?7.24,MSE?0.414,p?.01,withlargerd?valueforthedistractorfaceswithletterspresentedatthecenter(0.537)comparedtoletterspresentedintheperiphery(0.213).Sensitivitywasgreaterforthedistractorfacesthatwereassociatedwithtargetletterspresentedatthecenter.Thetwo-wayinteractionbetweenlocationandemotionwasalsosignificant,F(2,36)?3.53,MSE?0.598,p?.05.Withthecentrallocation,d?valuewassignificantlygreaterforthesadfacescomparedtohappyfaces,t(18)?3.85,p?.01(seeFigure5a).Withtheperiphery,therewasatrendwiththesensitivity(0.417)forthehappyfacesbetterthansadfaces(0.156),however,thedifferencewasnotsignificant,t(18)?1.38,p?.30(seeFigure5b).Theanalysiswith?valuesshowedasignificanteffectofloca-tion,F(1,18)?7.24,MSE?0.104,p?.01,andemotion,F(2,36)?16.6,MSE?0.233,p?.001(seeFig.6).Criterionvaluewashigherforthecentrallocationscomparedtotheperipherallocations.Criterionvaluewasalsohighfortheneutralfacescomparedtothefaceswithhappy,t(18)?4.86,p?.01,andsadexpressions,t(18)?8.10,p?.001.Therewasnodifferenceincriterionforthefaceswithhappyandsadexpression.Locationsignificantlyinteractedwithemotion,F(2,36)?3.53,MSE?0.150,p?.05.Inthecentrallocation(seeFig.6a),the?valueforFigure5.Meansensitivity(d?)valuesforhappy,sad,andneutralfaceswhentargetletterswerepresentedatthe(a)centerand(b)peripheryinhigh-loadconditioninExperiment1.Figure6.Meancriterion(?)valuesforhappy,sad,andneutralfaceswhentargetletterswerepresentedatthe(a)centerand(b)peripheryinhigh-loadconditioninExperiment1.sadfaceswassignificantlylowercomparedtohappyfaces,t(18)?5.50,p?.001.Therewasnodifferencein?valueforthehappyandneutralfaces.Intheperipherallocation(seeFig.6b),therewasnodifferencein?valueforthefaceswithhappyandsadexpres-sions.Theseresultsindicatedthatlenientcriteriawereusedfordistractorfacesespeciallysadfacespresentedalongwithtargetlettersthatappearedatthecentrallocation.Participantsweremorereadytoindicatethatthesadfaceswereseenearlierintheexperimentcomparedtothehappyandneutralfaceunderthemorefocusedattentioncondition.Theresultsareconsistentwithourhypothesisthatinthelow-load(distributedattention)condition,sensitivitywasgreaterforhappyfacesthansadfaces.Inthehighfocusedattentioncondition(whenthetargetletterwaspresentedinthecenterposition),sensitivitywasgreaterforsadfacescomparedtohappyfaces.Inthelowfocusedattentioncondition(whentargetwaspresentedattheperiphery),therewasanindicationthatsensitivityforfaceswithhappyexpressionwasbettercomparedtofaceswithsadexpression.Thesecondexperimentsoughttoreplicatetheresultswithrespecttothewaysadorhappyemotionsinteractedwithdistributedattentionbypresentingtargetlettersattheperiphery.Experiment2Experiment1stronglyindicatedalinkbetweensadexpressionandmorefocusedattentionaswellashappyexpressionandlessfocusedattention.Toexaminedirectlytheinteractionbetweenhappyfacesanddistributedattentionunderhigh-loadconditions,wefurtherincreasedthespatialscopeofattentionbypresentingthecirculararrayoflettersaroundtheedgeofdistractorfaces.Wehypothesizedthatsimilartotheperipheraltargetpresentationin包含各类专业文献、各类资格考试、幼儿教育、小学教育、外语学习资料、生活休闲娱乐、应用写作文书、Emotion-attention_interactions_in_recognition_memory_for_distractor_faces.197等内容。