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Dutch Americans are
who are of full or partial
Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with , which later was conquered by the British. After the , a treaty was made, and the Dutch rulers traded
and its entire
colony for
and what was known as the
to the British because of the trading capabilities of the islands (cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco). The British renamed it to .
By the , the Dutch were well-established in New York City, and dominated many of the rural areas of upstate New York and nearby New Jersey. According to the 2013 , an estimated 4.5 million Americans claim total or partial
heritage. Today the majority of the Dutch Americans live in , , , , , , , , , , , and .
Main areas in which Dutch Americans can be found.
In 1602, the Dutch government chartered the
(Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC). It sent explorers under the command of
who arrived in 1609 and mapped what is now known as the . Their initial goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, but they found good farmland and plenty of wildlife instead.
colonies in North America
The earliest Dutch settlement was built around 1613, it consisted of a number of small huts built by the crew of the "Tijger" (Tiger) a Dutch ship under the command of Captain
which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson in the winter of 1613. The ship was lost and Block and his crew established a camp ashore. In the spring, Block and his men did some explorations along the coast of Long Island.
still bears his name. Finally, they were sighted and rescued by another Dutch ship and the settlement was abandoned.
In 1629, Dutch officials tried to expand the northern colony through a plan that promised "Liberties and Exemptions" to anyone who would ship fifty colonists to America at his own expense. Anyone who did this would be allowed to buy a stretch of land along the
of about twelve miles, extending as far inland as the owner wanted. These landowners were called
and had complete jurisdiction over their domains as well as extensive trading privileges. They also received these rights in perpetuity. In this way, a form of , which had vanished in the Dutch Republic, was introduced in North America. The Patroonship by 1635, the Dutch West India Company had bought back four of the five patroon ships originally registered in Amsterdam.
The Indians were, at this time, no longer consulted or offered/asked to sell their lands and the Dutch were confronted with a new phenomenon: Indian raids. As the local tribes had now realized that the Dutch were not simply visitors but people set to take over their land.
The Dutch realized that they had gone with the wrong approach as they offered great privileges to wealthy citizens instead of the poor ones. It was not until 1656 that the Dutch state abandoned its passivity and decided to actively support . The Dutch state issued a proclamation which stated that "all mechanics and farmers who can prove their ability to earn a living here shall receive free passage for themselves, their wives and children".
Although the Dutch were in control, only about half the settlers were ethnically Dutch (the other half consisted mainly of , Germans and French , as well as new England Yankees). Manhattan grew increasingly multicultural. In 1664, the English seized the colony and renamed it . The Dutch briefly recaptured the colony, but during peace talks decided (under English pressure) to trade it for
in South America which was more profitable.
The Van Bergen farm, 1733, near Albany, NY. Distinctively Dutch.
In the hundred years of British rule that followed the change of ownership of New Netherland, Dutch immigration to America came to an almost complete standstill. The only major group of organized settlers after the British takeover were a colony of two hundred Dutchmen and women who founded what is now
While the Netherlands was a small country, the Dutch Empire was quite large so emigrants leaving the mother country had a wide variety of choices. New Amsterdam was not high on their list, especially because of the Indian risk. The major Dutch cities were centers of high culture, but they still sent immigrants. Most new arrivals were farmers from remote villages who, on arrival, in America scattered into widely-separated villages with little contact with one another. Even inside a settlement, different Dutch groups had minimal interaction. With very few new arrivals, the result was an increasingly traditional system cut off from the forces for change. The people maintained their popular culture, revolving around their language and their Calvinist religion. The Dutch brought along their own folklore, most famously Sinterklaas (the foundation of the modern day ) and created their own as in . They maintained their distinctive clothing, and food preferences and introduced some new foods to America, including beets, endive, spinach, parsley, and cookies.
After the British takeover, the rich Dutch families in Albany and New York City, emulated the English elite and purchased English furniture, silverware, crystal, and jewelry. They were proud of their language, which was strongly reinforced by the church, but they were much slower than the Yankees in setting up schools for their children. They finally set up Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Jersey, but it quickly became anglicized. They never attempted t they published no books and only a handful of religious tracts annually. Pietist leader
(1691 – 1747) launched a series of revivals that challenge the mainstream church's emphasis on sacraments. Church buildings increasingly followed English rather than historic Dutch models.
Politically, however, there was a strong anti-British sentiment that led most of the Dutch to support the American Revolution. The most famous of the folk heroes was , characterized by being absurdly old-fashioned and out of date. Most farmers focused providing subsistenc about a third were chiefly oriented to market prices.
Dutch Quakers came to the Philadelphia area in response to the appeal of . Penn, himself a
(his mother being from ), had paid three visits to the Netherlands, where he published several pamphlets. Germantown is now generally thought to be of German origin, but it remained almost exclusively Dutch until the beginning of the eighteenth century. Only then did German immigration gain momentum, and soon dominated the area.
Typical Dutch homestead in Northeast , circa 1855
During the early nineteenth century, large numbers of Dutch farmers, forced by high taxes and low wages, started immigrating to America. They mainly settled down in the , especially ,
and . In the 1840s,
immigrants desiring more religious freedom immigrated.
in particular has become associated with Dutch American culture, and the highly
influence , centering on the cities of
and (to a lesser extent) .
Waves of Catholic emigrants, initially encouraged in the 1840s by Father , emigrated from southern Netherlands to form communities in , primarily to , Hollandtown, and the outlying farming communities. Whole families and even neighborhoods left for America. Most of these early emigrants were from villages near , including Zeeland, , Mill, Oploo and . By contrast, many Protestant agrarian emigrants to Michigan and Iowa were drawn from Groningen, Friesland, and Z areas known for their clay soils.
The Dutch economy of the 1840s was stagnant and much of the motivation to emigrate was economic rather than political or religious. The emigrants were not poor, as the cost of passage, expenses and land purchase in America would have been substantial. They were not, however, affluent and many would have been risking most of their wealth on the chance of economic improvement. There were also political pressures at the time that favored mass emigrations of Catholics.
A significant number of Dutchmen emigrating to the United States after
arrived from Indonesia via the Netherlands. After Indonesia, formerly known as the , gained independence its
(Eurasian) population known as Indies Dutchmen (Dutch: Indische Nederlanders) repatriated to the Netherlands. Around 60,000 continued their diaspora to the United States. This particular group is also known as Dutch-Indonesians, Indonesian-Dutch, or Amerindos.
"Nine tenths of the so called Europeans (in the Dutch East Indies) are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called Indo-Europeans… They have formed the backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to Holland as do the white Netherlanders. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation." Official U.S. Army publication for the benefit of 's, 1944.
These Dutch Indos mainly entered the United States under legislative refugee measures and were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the
and the . An accurate count of Indo immigrants is not available, as the
classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos could have therefore been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However the Indos that settled in the United States via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000 people.
The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict "affidavit of support" policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the USA. By 1951 American consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the
of 1953 adhered to the traditional American policy of minimizing immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to a 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration.
The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the Refugee Relief Act including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch that had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and an immaculate legal and political track record. In 1954 only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-Western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration the anti-communist senator
pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958.
In 1958 the Pastore-Walter Immigration Act (Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens) was passed allowing for a one off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, where ethnic profiling was even stricter, was getting the full-blooded Dutch and the United States was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get a second two-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Dutch Indos.
Dutch settlers and their descendants in the colonies played active roles in the
and the formation of the , most especially descendants of the
and the . Dutch American signers of the
and , both from . Generals for the patriots included , , and Major General James Morgan Jr. from . On the side working with the British included
(a cousin of General Schuyler), Major General
and Brigadier General
descendants).
During the American war of Independence the Dutch were active allies of the American revolutionaries. From the island of
they gave the Thirteen Colonies one of the few opportunities to acquire arms. In 1778, British
claimed in parliament that "if Sint Eustatius had sunk into the sea three years before, the United Kingdom would already have dealt with George Washington".
The Dutch were the first to salute the flag, and therefore the first to acknowledge the independence of, the United States on November 16, 1776.
The , also known as the "Great Land Acquisition", of 1803, is often seen as one of the most important events in American history after the . At the time it had a total cost of $15 million, and it was financed in three ways. First by a down payment of $3 million, in
by the U.S. government, followed by two loans, one by the -based , and one by the -based Hope Bank. The original receipt still exists and is currently property of the Dutch , which has its headquarters in Amsterdam.
According to tradition, in 1626
obtained the island of Manhattan from the Indians in exchange for goods with a total value of 60 guilders ($24); most aspects of the story have been called into question by experts. Minuit, a Walloon, was employed by the Dutch West India Company to manage its colony of New Amsterdam, the future . The names of some other settlements that were established still exist today as boroughs and neighborhoods of New York:
(Waal Straat), ,
(named after Dutch settler Jonas Bronck),
(named after the Dutch parliament, the ),
(Konijnen Eiland, means "Rabbit Island") and
Many American presidents had Dutch ancestry:
, was the eighth President of the United States. He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party and the first president who was not of English, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh descent. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, but rather grew up speaking .
, was the 26th President of the United States. Roosevelt is most famous his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy" persona. In 1901, he became President after the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt was a Progressive reformer who sought to move the Republican Party into the Progressive camp.
(). His mother's ancestors were , including the well known Van Kirk family.
, was the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the twentieth century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.
and , were the 41st and 43rd Presidents of the United States respectively. They count members of the
and the related Beekman family among their ancestors.
The first Dutch settlers lived in small isolated communities, and as a consequence were barely exposed to English. As the Dutch lost their own colonies in North America to the British, the Dutch settlers increasingly were exposed to other immigrants and their languages and the Dutch language gradually started to disappear.
preached the first English sermon to the Dutch Reformed congregation in New York City. Ten years later English was introduced in the schools. In Kingston, Dutch was used in church as late as 1808. A few years before, a traveler had reported that on Long Island and along the
in Albany, Dutch was still the
of the elderly.[]
Francis Adrian van der Kemp, who came to the United States as a refugee in 1788, wrote that his wife was able to converse in Dutch with the wives of
and General . In 1847, immigrants from the Netherlands were welcomed in Dutch by the Reverend Isaac Wyckoff upon their arrival in New York. Wyckoff himself was a descendant of one of the first settlers in , who had learned to speak English at school.
Until recently many communities in New Jersey adhered to the tradition of a monthly church service in Dutch. As late as 1905, Dutch was still heard among the old people in the Ramapo Valley of that state. Dutch is still spoken by the elderly and their children in Western Michigan. It was not until 1910 that
switched to an English curriculum from Dutch.[]
In the first half of the twentieth century, the Dutch language was hardly spoken in North America, with the exception of first generation Dutch immigrants. The marks of the Dutch heritage - in language, in reference to historical Dutch people (for example ) and in reference to Dutch places (for example
which stems from ) - can still be seen. There are about 35 Dutch restaurants and bakeries in the United States, most of them founded in the 20th century.
New York City for example has many originally Dutch street and place names which range from Coney Island and Brooklyn to Wall Street and Broadway. And up the river in New York State Piermont, Orangeburg, Blauvelt and Haverstraw, just to name a few places. In the Hudson Valley region there are many places and waterways whose names incorporate the word -kill, Dutch for "stream" or "riverbed", including the Catskill Mountains, Peekskill, and the Kill van Kull.
There are also some words in American-English that are of Dutch origin, like "cookie" (koekje) and "boss" (baas). And in some family names a couple of Dutch characteristics still remain. Like (a) the prefix "van" (as in ), (b) the prefix "de"(/"der"/"des"/"den") (as in ), (c) a combination of the two "van de ..." (as in ), or (d) "ter"/"te"("ten"), which mean respectively (a) "of" (possessive or locative), (b) "the" (definite article), (c) "of the..." and (d) "at the" ("of the"/"in the") (locative).
Similarities between Dutch and English are abundant. Examples include the article "the" (de in Dutch), the words "book" (boek), "house" (huis), "pen" (pen), and, "street" (straat), among others. Dutch and English are both part of the
language group and share several aspects.
between the languages is common, as was the case of New York, where several landmarks like Conyne Eylandt became more suitable to Anglophones ().
Contact between other languages also created various
with Dutch as the base language. Two examples,
and , are now extinct. This is possibly due to the ease of transition from Dutch to English, stemming from a shared linguistic genealogy.
, , remained a Dutch-speaking community—known locally as "speaking Hollander"—into the twentieth century. As late as 1898, church sermons and event announcements were in Dutch. Dutch newspapers continued in the area—mainly in
by Catholic clergymen—were published up until World War I . The only remaining publication that is written exclusively in Dutch is , which is published monthly in ,
and mailed to subscribers throughout the
The American state of
is a surviving example of Dutch influence in Colonial America. In 1614, was christened as Roodt Eylandt (Rood Eiland in modern Dutch), meaning "Red Island", referring to the red clay found on the island.[]
As of 1990, November 16 is "Dutch-American Heritage Day". On November 16, 1776, a small American warship, the , sailed into the harbor of the Dutch island of
in the . Only four months before, the United States had declared its independence from . The American crew was delighted when the governor of the island ordered that his fort's cannons be fired in a friendly salute. The first ever given by a foreign power to the , it was a risky and courageous act. Indeed, angered by Dutch trading and contraband with the rebellious colonies, the British seized the island a few years later. The Dutch recaptured the island in 1784.
April 19 is Dutch-American Friendship Day, which remembers the day in 1782 when , later to become the second , was received by the
and recognized as
of the United States of America. It was also the day that the house he had purchased at Fluwelen Burgwal 18 in The Hague was to become the first
in the world.
Many of the Dutch heritage festivals that take place around the United States coincide with the blooming of tulips in a particular region. The
is the largest such festival with other notable gatherings such as the
in Pella, I Tulip Festival in Orange City, Iowa and Albany, New Y Dutch Days in Fulton, I Let's Go Dutch Days in Baldwin, W Holland Days in Lynden, W Holland Happening in Oak Harbor, W Holland Fest in , and the Wooden Shoe Tulip Fest in Woodburn, Oregon. Often Dutch heritage festivals coincide with the blooming of the tulip. See
for additional explanations of some of these festivals. A Dutch Festival is also held at
in Hempstead, New Y and a Holland Festival in Long Beach, California. A traditional Dutch
Festival is celebrated in October in Little Chute, WI. During late November and early December a
is held in Holland, MI, to coincide with the tra the cultural ancestor of the American Santa Claus."
Lately many of the larger cities in the US have a King's Day () festival that is celebrated in the Netherlands on April 27 to celebrate the birthday of . The Portland Dutch Society started this annual Dutch Holiday celebration in
in 2013 and will have one again in 2015 on April 26. It is celebrated by people of Dutch heritage dressed in their Orange clothes and enjoying the sounds of Dutch music and eating typical Dutch foods like kroketten, frites met mayonaise, zoute haring and other Dutch delicacies.
The beginnings of the
date to 1628. By 1740, it had 65 congregations in
and , served by ministers trained in Europe. Schools were few but to obtain their own ministers they formed "Queens College" (now ) in 1766. In 1771, there were 34 ministers for over 100 churches. Until 1764, in at least three Dutch churches in New York City, all sermons were in D
reports his 's church used Dutch as late as 1810. Other churches with roots in Dutch immigration to the United States include the , the , the , the , the
and the . Along with the Reformed churches,
is the other major religion of Dutch Americans. Beginning in 1848, a significant number of Roman Catholics from the Dutch provinces of ,
and southern
went to create many settlements in northeastern . But even today, Dutch Americans remain majority Protestant, unlike in the
which is now more irreligious and Catholic.
Between 1820 and 0 Dutch emigrated from the
to the United States of America. In the aftermath of , several tens of thousands of Dutch immigrants joined them, mainly moving to California and . In several counties in Michigan and Iowa, Dutch Americans remain the largest ethnic group. Nowadays, most Dutch Americans (27%) live in , followed by ,
According to the 2000 , more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial
heritage. They are particularly
; ; ; , , and . These areas are surrounded with towns and villages that were founded by Dutch settlers in the 19th century, , and . Other Dutch enclaves include , , and places in New Jersey. It is estimated that, by 1927, as many as 40,000 Dutch settlers, primarily from
and , had immigrated to the United States, with the largest concentrations in the area near , Wisconsin. By the early twentieth century, Little Chute was the largest Catholic Dutch community in the United States.
In California, the
had a major Dutch,
influence as settlers from those countries arrived since the 1850s after California had statehood. They drained away swamps and created artificial islands known as polders, constructed dikes to back away the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers flowing into the San Francisco Bay, also turned them into fertile farmlands and set up inland ports such as . Also their communities like , ,
which were named for Belgians from
are of both French () or
Not included among Dutch Americans are the , a group of
who settled in Pennsylvania in the colonial era and whose name is a corruption of the word "Deutsch", meaning "German".
Main article:
was an early Dutch settler of New York's .
was a leading
painter, often depicting the human form in violent brush strokes and daring color juxtapositions. Muralist
interior designs are still seen today in most of the world's .
In literature,
his most popular creation being that of .
was a -winning autobiographer and magazine editor. He is also credited with coining the term "". 's father was a Dutch American. Prolific poet
escaped from the Nazi-occupied Netherlands to the
to end up in . After the war he immigrated to the United States. His
friend, fellow camp survivor and author
also lived in the United States where he founded several cultural institutions. The author , writer of the book , was a Dutch resistance fighter, spy, and decorated war hero that immigrated to the United States after World War II. Born on
in the Dutch East Indies, he died in his home on Hawaii.
In entertainment, actor,
and entertainer
is of Dutch descent, with a career spanning six . He is best known for his starring roles in , ,
and . Three generations of Fondas from
have graced the stage and screen for almost a century, including , son , daughter , granddaughter
and grandson . The
starred Dutch actress
and Dutch-descended
who is perhaps best known for her TV-roles on such comedies as . , a singer and actress, is the star of 's . Iconic star
was born in
to a Dutch expatriate. Musicians
are the lead guitarist, respectively drummer and co-founders of the band , born to a Dutch father and
mother. Singer
had Dutch ancestry. Don Van Vliet, stage name of musician , changed his middle name from Glen to the preposition to 1965 to honor his Dutch heritage. Actor , known from the series , was born to a Dutch father and a
mother. , the author of
ancestors, his family name originating from the Dutch city of .
also has deep Dutch roots from colonial New York.
In politics,
was the last
of the colony of . Stuyvesant greatly expanded the settle of , today known as . Stuyvesant's administration built the protective wall on , and the canal that became , known today as . The prestigious
is named after him.
and , presidents of the United States, were not only Dutch descent, but cousins.
was another president of Dutch descent.
served as a
for the state of . Today,
is a long-running congressman for the state of .
was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder and
In science and technology, inventor and businessman
was of Dutch descent.
in 1981 for his work in . He was also awarded the
in 1978. Physicists
proposed the concept of . Goudsmit was also the scientific head of the
mission in the .
was the recipient of the
In astronomy,
pioneered the research of . Astronomer
discovered two new
and predicted the existence of the , which is named in his honor. Popular astronomer
in 1982 and the
invented the Schilt .
In sports, baseball player and twice
gained fame for his .
In religion,
pastor who led the Dutch immigrants who founded the city of
in 1846. , a
, is greatly studied today in
and . , a theologian, was instrumental in the series of events that precipitated the creation of the . Prominent
wrote , an influential work discussing a religious view on
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Richard E. Mooney, "If You Believe They Paid $24, Here's a Bridge for Sale", , Dec. 28, 1997, sec. 4, p. 2. See also .
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. . March 9, .
. . Archived from
Milwaukee Sentinel, July 15, 1898
Twilah DeBoer (June 1999). . wlhn.org. Archived from
on October 8, 2007.
. nassocal.org.
, Herbert J. Brinks
"Nederlanders in Amerika", Van Hinte, Assen, 1928
"Netherlanders in America" Lucas, 1955
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Kirk, Gordon W. The Promise of American Life: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Holland, Michigan, . Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1978.
Krabbendam, Hans. Freedom on the Horizon: Dutch Immigration to America,
(2009), Emphasis on the Dutch Reformed Church
Kroes, Rob. The Persistence of Ethnicity: Dutch Calvinist Pioneers in Amsterdam, Montana. University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Kroes, Rob, and Henk-Otto Neuschafer, eds. The Dutch in North America: Their Immigration and Cultural Continuity. Amsterdam: Free University Press, 1991.
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