特殊的什么是动词ing形式式

第6章 动词的-ing形式
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第6章&动词的-ing形式
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第6章&动词的-ing形式
文章 来源莲山课件 ww w.5 Y
动词的-ing形式包括传统语法的“动名词”(gerund)和“现在分词”(present participle)两个部分。动词的-ing形式具有动词的特征,同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语。& 一、动词-ing形式的特征和种类
& 与动词不定式一样,动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特征,有时态和语态的变化,并可带状语、宾语等。
& A.动词 -ing形式的一般式& 1. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特别的时间意义。& Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。& Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。& 2. 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。& They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。& She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话。& 3. 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。& I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.&&&& 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。& He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。
& B. 动词-ing形式的完成式& 动词的-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。& Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在这个城市生活了3年,她对这里已很熟悉。& I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾。& 注意:& 在现代英语中,作宾语的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。& I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)& We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
C. 动词-ing形式的被动形式& 动词的-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。& 1.一般式的被动形式& The question being discussed is very important.& 正在讨论的问题很重要。& I can't stand being kept waiting.&& 我不堪久候。& 2.完成式的被动形式& I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 我听说他被选为球队的教练。& Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后,我们又被带去参观校图书馆。& D. 动词-ing形式的否定形式&& & 动词的-ing形式的否定形式是由not 加动词的-ing形式构成。& His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.&&&&&& 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。& I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time. 我很抱歉没能按时赴会。& Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等着。& Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.&&&&&&& 因为没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格。二、动词的-ing形式的用法
A.动词的-ing形式作主语
& 1.动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。& Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。& Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。& Learning about a language is easier than using it. 学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。& Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family. 被邀请参加晚会是这家人的荣耀。& 2.为了保持句子平衡,通常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。& It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them. 制定计划很容易,实行它却很难。& It is no use crying over spilt milk.&& 作无益的后悔是没有用的。& It's a waste of time arguing about it.&& 争论这事是浪费时间。& 必背:动词的-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。& It's no good talking to him.&& 和他谈话是没有用的。& It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。& It's worth making an effort.&& 努力一下是值得的。& There is no saying when it will stop raining.&& 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。& There is no joking about such matters.&& 这种事开不得玩笑。
& B.动词的-ing形式作表语& 动词的-ing形式作表语的有两种不同的含义:& 1.表示主语的内容是什么。& Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。& The real question is getting to know the needs of the students. 真正的问题是了解学生的需要。& His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。& 2.表示主语具有的特征。& The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。& It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world.&& 看到了世界上其它地方找不到的动植物真是令人惊讶。& The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.& 宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。& 比较:& 一般说来,动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作,或抽象性的动作,时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作。& Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)& It's not good for you to smoke so much. 吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)& They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指)& Would you prefer to stay at home this evening 今晚你想待在家里吗?(具体
C.动词的-ing形式作宾语& 动词的-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。& 1.作动词的宾语& 能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类,一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语,另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。& ①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词& 这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语,不能用不定式作宾语。& Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了!& I suggest doing it in a different way.&& 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。& They didn't mind being treated like guests.&&& 他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。& They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall.&&& 他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。& I regret sayinghaving said what I said. 我很后悔自己说过的话。& He couldn't help laughing. 他情不自禁地笑了起来。& I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.& 我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
& 必背:& 只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有& admit 承认& appreciate 感激& avoid 避免& consider 考虑& delay 耽搁& dislike 嫌恶& enjoy 喜欢& escape 避免& excuse 原谅& fancy 想不到& feel like 意欲& finish 完成& forgive 原谅& give up 放弃& cannot help 情不自禁& imagine 设想& include 包括& keep 保持& mention 提及& mind 介意& miss 逃过& put off 推迟& practice 练习& resist 抵制& risk 冒险& ②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语& 这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语,也能用不定式作宾语,但用法并不相同,主要有以下几种情况:& a. 有些动词,如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等,后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。& They prefer spending& to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。& I intend to buy& buying an English-Chinese dictionary[1]&&&& 文章 来源莲山课件 ww w.5 Y
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动词的-ing形式作状语
[提要]学年外研高二上学期6册Module2课本同步辅导,针对其中重点句型、重点词汇和重点语法举例详细解释。
动词的形式作状语【观察】观察下列句子中动词的形式作状语的用法,然后加以总结。【总结】Ⅰ动词的形式作状语的用法动词的形式作状语,通常表示主语正在进行的另一动作,用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。它可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随动作,相当于相应的状语从句。◆作时间状语,多置于句首,也可置于句末。(如例句)◆作原因状语,多置于句首或句末,也可置于句中。(如例句)◆作条件状语,多置于句首。(如例句)◆作让步状语,多置于句首。(如例句)◆作结果状语,多置于句末。(如例句)◆作方式或伴随状语,多置于句末,也可置于句首。(如例句)【区别】动词的形式和动词不定式作结果状语:动词的形式表示正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中的结果。通常位于句末,其前有逗号隔开。有时为了强调,可在现在分词前加副词等。动词不定式表示意料之外的结果。尤其是和连用。如:【特别提醒】为强调形式所表达的意义,在形式短语前可用连词、介词或副词。◆形式强调形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生。(如例句)◆形式强调形式在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。(如例句)◆动词的形式强调形式在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。(如例句)◆形式表示一(刚)……就……。(如例句)◆形式表示结果。(如例句)◆形式表示让步。(如例句)Ⅱ动词的形式的否定形式动词的形式的否定形式为形式。(如例句)【难点点拨】动词的形式作状语应该注意的问题:◆现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,且为主动关系。◆独立成分作状语。常见的有:一般地说;严格地说;坦率地说;确切地说;由……判断出。(如例句)语法巩固练习句型转换。每空一词                                                            &
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动词ing形式的用法 21:05:15
一)Ving形式作定语
  分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:
  The man standing by the window is our teacher.
  Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.
  Ving作定语主要表示动作和用途。
  1. 表示动作(主动的、进行的动作)。
  a waiting car = the car that is waiting
  a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子  
  The girl standing there is my sister.
  站在那儿的女孩是我的姐妹。
  [注意]现在分词作定语时,它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:
  The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了打破窗户的学生。
  2. 表示用途:
  the waiting room = the room for waiting 候车室
  a working method 工作方法
  He has a reading room. 他有一个书房。
  【比较】
  过去分词作定语:
  及物动词的过去分词表示被动,不及物动词的过去分词表示动作完成。例如:
  That is the book written by Lu Xun.
  那是鲁迅写的书。
  He is a returned student. 他是一个归国的留学生。
  不定式作定语:
  用不定式作定语,其经常所修饰的名词、代词有:
  meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing... 例如:
  We have no time to lose.
  我们没有时间(可以浪费)了。
  That&s the plan to build the factory.
  那就是建那座工厂的计划。
  (二)Ving形式作宾语补足语
  1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等动词后常用Ving形式作宾语补足语。
  例如:
  1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那个老板让工人整夜地工作。
  2) We found the old lady lying in bed. 我们发现那老太太躺在床上。
  2. 在感官动词:see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役动词:have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作宾语补足语。不定式(不带to)表示过程或动作完成,Ving形式强调进行或当时情景。例如:
  I saw the lady crossing the street.
  我看见那位妇人在过马路。
  We heard her sing two songs.
  我们听她唱了两首歌。
  (三)Ving形式作主语
  Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词作用,可作主语。
  Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
  It is no use arguing with him.和他争论没有用。
  Ving形式作主语常用于下列句型:
  【句型1】
  It is + 名词(或形容词) + 动名词
&&&&&& It is + no use/no good&/a waste of time/so nice+ crying there.doing that.
  例如:
  1) It&s a waste of time waiting here. 在这里等是浪费时间。
  2) It&s so nice talking to you. 很高兴和你谈话。
  【句型2】 
  There is no + 动名词&&&& 例如:
  There is no stopping of him. 无法阻拦他。
  There was no telling of the difference. 无法加以区别。
  【注意】
  ① Ving形式和不定式都可以作主语,Ving形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如:
  Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)
  To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具体动作)
  但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必须用Ving形式。
  ② Ving形式作主语,谓语动词用单数。如:
  Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘记过去就意味着背叛。
  (四)Ving形式作表语
  Ving形式具有形容词和名词的性质,在句中可作表语。
  作表语用的Ving形式有两种:一种用作名词,一种用作形容词。用作名词时,说明主语的内容,就此提问时,用what ;用作形容词时,说明主语的特征,用how进行提问。例如:
  Her favourite job is teaching English.& What is her favourite job?
  It is interesting to read such a story. & How is it to read such a story? &
  (五)Ving形式作宾语
  Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词作用,可作宾语。
  He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.
  他很喜欢足球,我喜欢游泳。
  【注意】
  ①admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can&t help, can&t stand等动词后可以用Ving形式作宾语,但不能用不定式。
  ②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等动词可带Ving形式或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。试比较:
  I remember doing the exercise. 我记得做过练习。
  I must remember to do it. 我必须记着做这事。
  I tried not to go there. 我设法不去那里。
  I tried doing it again. 我试着又干了一次。
  Stop speaking.& 不要讲话。
  He stopped to talk. 他停下来讲话。
  I mean to come early today. 我打算今天来早些。
  Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。
  ③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时,要用Ving形式,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,然后在跟动词作宾语补足语时,其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。例如:
  We don&t allow smoking here.
  We don&t allow students to smoke.
  ④动词need, require, want作&需要&解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,必须用Ving形式,或不定式的被动式,这时,Ving形式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
  The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).
  ⑤在短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel& like, get down to等后的动词也必须用Ving形式。例如:
  I look forward to hearing from you soon.
  ⑥在love, hate, prefer等动词后用Ving形式或不定式无大的区别。但说话人有所指的时候,通常用不定式。
  ⑦start, begin, continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。
  ⑧在should (would) like / love等后须用不定式。
  【知识拓展】
  Ving形式的时态和语态
  1. Ving形式的时态
  Ving形式的时态分一般式和完成式两种,如果Ving形式的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词以前发生,用Ving形式的一般式。例如:
  His coming will be of great help to us.
  如果Ving形式的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用Ving形式的完成时态。例如:
  I&m sorry for not having kept my promise.
  2. Ving形式的语态
& 主语是这个Ving形式所表示的动作的对象时,Ving形式用被动语态。被动语态由&being + 过去分词&或&having been + 过去分词&构成,后一种一般避免使用。例如:
  He likes being helped.
  He was afraid of being left at home.
  ▲在to be worth doing 句型中,Ving形式doing表示的是被动意义。例如:
The book is worth reading.
动词的-ing形式是英语中非谓语动词的一种,它在句中可作主语?宾语?表语?定语?状语及补足语?由于这种形式是由动词变化而来的,因此它具有动词的一些特征,即可带自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词
  -ing短语?它有时态和语态的变化,也有否定形式及其复合结构形式?
  现以动词do为例,其变化形式如下:
  复合结构形式在句中主要作主语和宾语?作宾语时可用代词宾格或名词普通格加上动词的-ing形式?
  一? 动词-ing形式作主语(通常指一个抽象动作)时,它可直接置于主语位置,也可以用it作形式主语,而把作真正主语的动词-ing形式放在句子的后部?例如:
  1. Knowing table manners will help you make a good impression.
  2. Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency.
  3. It&s no use crying over spilt milk.
  4. His coming made us very happy. (复合结构作主语)
  二? 动词-ing形式作宾语?例如:
  1. Having good table manners means knowing how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.
  2. Do you prefer living in the zoo or living in the jungle?
  3. I really can&t understand you treating her like that.
  [注意] 1. 下列动词后面通常要用动词-ing形式作宾语?
  enjoy, finish, stop, mind, suggest, practise, excuse(原谅),appreciate, keep, risk(冒险), consider, admit, miss(错过), imagine, avoid(避免), delay(推迟) resist, cannot help等?
  2. 在need, want, require, be worth 等动词(短语)后面常用动词
  -ing的主动形式表示被动意义?例如:
  The flowers want watering.
  三? 动词-ing形式作表语(常指主语的内容?状态或性质等)?例如:
  My interests are reading novels, playing football and singing songs.
  The film was so moving that we saw it twice.
  四? 动词-ing形式作定语?
  单个的动词-ing形式作定语时,常置于所修饰的名词前面;动词
  -ing短语作定语时则常置于被修饰的词后面?例如:
  1. English is the working language of most international organizations, international trade and tourism.
  2. The building being built now will be our library.
  五? 动词-ing形式作状语?
  动词-ing形式作状语时,可以表示时间?原因?伴随状况?条件?结果等?例如:
  1. Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. (时间)
  2. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. (原因)
  3. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (伴随状况)
  4. In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries. (结果)
  注意: 1. 动词-ing形式(短语)作状语时的几个特性?
  ① 时间性?如果动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,则用一般式;如果动词-ing形式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前则使用完成式?
  ② 语态性?应考虑动词-ing形式与句子主语之间的关系是主谓关系还是动宾关系,据此来确定语态?
  ③ 人称的一致性?动词-ing形式的逻辑主语应和句子的主语一致?
  2. 动词-ing形式前可以加when, while, though等从属连词,这可以视为状语从句的省略?例如:
  When drinking to someone&s health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not be touched.
  While visiting the city, they received a warm welcome.
六? 动词-ing形式作补足语?例如:
  1. He found the wall being painted.
  2. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
  通常,宾语补足语与宾语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语往往表示其动作在延续或进行中,用动词-ing作宾语补足语的常见的动词有: have, get, send, leave等使役动词; see, hear, watch, observe, notice, catch, find, listen to,look at等感官动词?当这些动词用于被动语态时,作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式就相应变成了主语补足语?
  巩固性练习:
  1. ______ his exercise book, he was scolded(批评) by the teacher.
  A. Not having handed in B. Having not handed in
  C. Not handing in D. Handing not in
  2. It was______to see all the students______silently in the classroom.
  A. sitting B. seating
  C. seat D. sitting
  3. China became the 143rd member of the WTO on Decomber 11,2001,thus______its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.
  A. realized B. to realize
  C. having realized D. realizing
  4. While watching television,______ .
  A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
  C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
  5. &You can&t catch me!& John shouted,______away.
  A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
  6. The picture______on the wall is painted by my nephew.
  A. having hung B. hanging
  C. hangs D. being hung
  7.______from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.
  A. Suffered B. Suffering
  C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
  8. The______boy was last seen______near the East Lake.
  A. playing B. play
  C. played D. to play
  9. Ann never dreams of______for her to be sent abroad very soon.
  A. being a chance B. there being a chance
  C. that she will have a chance D. there to be a chance
  10. While shopping, people sometimes can&t help______into buying something they don&t really need.
  A. to persuade B. persuading
  C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
  11. &Henry doesn&t seem to be what he was.
  &No.______so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.
  A. Seen B. His seeing
  C. Having seen D. To have seen
  12. &Were you busy last weekend?
  &Very. Rather than______time playing cards as usual, I devoted every effort to______an advertisement.
  A. making B. make
  C. make D. making
答案与解析:
1. A? 动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not? hand in这一动作发生在scold之前,故空白处应填其完成式Not having handed in?
2. A? surprising意为&令人惊讶的&, students与sitting之间是主谓关系,故第一空填surprising, 第二空填sitting?
3. D? realizing在句中作结果状语,本句意为:&中国于2001年12月11日成为世贸组织的第143个成员国,实现了她15年来加入全球性贸易组织的梦想&,故空白处应填realizing?
  4. C? While watching telivision作时间状语, watching 的逻辑主语即是句子的主语we, ring为不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,故答案为C?
  5. B? 空白处填running, 与away作伴随状语,故答案为B?
  6. B? hanging on the wall作picture的定语,表示一种状态,故答案为B?
  7. C? 根据时间状语for years可判断此处应用动词-ing的完成式作状语,表示原因,故答案为C?
  8. A? missing作boy的定语,两者之间是主动关系? was seen playing意为&被看见正在玩&,故答案应为A?
  9. B? 在介词of后应接动词-ing短语, there being是there be结构的-ing形式,故答案为B?
  10. C? can&t help意为&禁不住&,其后应接动词的-ing形式?此处意为&被说服买并不真正需要的东西&,应用被动式,故答案为C?
  11. B? His seeing so much ... 为动词-ing短语作句子的主语, His为seeing的逻辑主语,故答案为B?
  12. A? devote oneself to doing sth rather than结构的前后应为平行关系,因此应连接两个动词-ing形式,故答案为A?
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法律事务:大承律师事务所 佟丽萍律师 刘英铁律师

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