当前位置：
> 2017高考英语：英语写作如何克服句式单一弊病
2017高考英语：英语写作如何克服句式单一弊病
时间： 22:33:43　　来源：搜狐教育　　编辑：hua
句子是由词或短语按语法规则组成，表达一个完整意思的语言单位。好的英语句子应该是结构意思正确完整，连贯流畅，言简意赅。但是如果一篇文章中所有的句子都是结构单一(以主语开头，采用“主-谓-宾”或“主-谓-表”的结构)、长短均等的话，句子写得再好，文章也是单调呆板，缺乏生气。
句子是由词或短语按语法规则组成，表达一个完整意思的语言单位。好的英语句子应该是结构意思正确完整，连贯流畅，言简意赅。但是如果一篇文章中所有的句子都是结构单一(以主语开头，采用&主-谓-宾&或&主-谓-表&的结构)、长短均等的话，句子写得再好，文章也是单调呆板，缺乏生气。要克服这种句式&单一&现象，可以通过变换句子开头以及句式两种手段。
一、 句子开头多样化
写作时最常见的是用名词或代词构成的主语作为句子的开头。除了主语外，句子中还有以下几种成分可以作为句子的开头。
1. 以同位语作为句子的开头。试比较下列两个句子：
A. Xiao Wang, our monitor，will attend the meeting.
B. Our monitor, Xiao Wang, will attend the meeting.
句A以主语Xiao Wang开头，句B以同位语Our monitor开头。
2. 以单个修饰语作为句子的开头。
这个修饰语可以是形容词、分词或副词。试比较下面几组句子：
A. She is young and ambitious, she works hard to get the job.
B. Young and ambitious, she works hard to get the job.
句A以主语She开头，句B以形容词短语Young and ambitious开头。
C. The girl entered the room gracefully.
D. Gracefully, the girl entered the room.
句C以主语The girl开头，句D以副词Gracefully开头。
E. The students reached the top of the mountain exhausted.
F. Exhausted, the students reached the top of the mountain.
句E以主语The students开头，句F以过去分词Exhausted开头。
3. 以短语修饰语作为句子的开头。
短语修饰语可以是介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语以及独立主格结构。试比较下列各组句子：
A. A beautiful girl stood in front of me.
B. In front of me stood a beautiful girl.
句A以主语A beautiful girl开头，句B以介词短语In front of开头。
C. The students worked hard to pass the exam.
D. To pass the exam, the students worked hard.
句C以主语 The students开头，句 D以不定式短语 To pass the exam开头。
E. He was confused about the problem and went to ask for his teacher.
F. Confused about the problem, he went to ask for his teacher.
句E以主语He开头，句 F以过去分词短语 Confused about开头。
G. You may go home after you finish your homework.
H. Your homework finished, you may go home.
句G以主语 You开头，句H以独立主格结构 Your homework finished开头。
4. 用从句作为句子的开始。试比较下列句子：
A. I will attend your lecture if I am free.
B. If I am free, I will attend your lecture.
C. We all know she is famous.
D. That she is famous is known to us all.
句A和句C以主语开始，句B和句D以从句开始。
值得注意的是句子的开头与句子所需强调的意义密切相关。改变词序有时会导致句子意义的细微变化。因此，在特定的上下文中决定是否改变某一句子的词序时，不仅要考虑我们所要表达的意思(如为了强调句子中的某个成分，将正常语序中较晚出现的成分移到句首)，还要考虑是否有利于上下文的衔接过渡以及句子是否均衡等。
二、句式的多样化
句式多样化是对一篇好的文章的基本要求。要做到这一点，首先要对英语句子有充分的了解。英语句子种类很多，句法结构丰富多彩。通常可以按照以下标准对英语句子进行分类：
1. 根据使用目的的不同，将句子分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。
(1) 陈述句说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法。例如：
A. He must have finished his homework.
B. She is a diligent student.
(2)疑问句提出问题。例如：
A. Does she know English?
B. What did you do last night?
(3)祈使句用来表示请求，命令，叮嘱，邀请，劝告等。例如：
A. Have a cup of tea.
B. Don't smoke.
(4)感叹句表示说话时的惊讶，喜悦，气愤等情绪。例如：
A. What an interesting film!
B. How beautiful it is!
2. 根据语法结构的不同，将句子分为简单句，并列句，复合句以及并列复合句。
(1) 如果一个句子只有一个主谓结构，这个句子是简单句。例如：
A. She has finished her homework.
B. Both my brother and sister are teachers.
(2)如果一个句子包含两个或两个以上的互不依从的主谓结构，这个句子是并列句。并列句中的两个或两个以上的主谓结构通常由逗号和并列连词来连接。例如：
A. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
B. Type O is the most common blood type in the world, and type AB is the rarest.
(3)如果一个句子包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个或一个以上的主谓结构充当另一个主谓结构中的某一(些)成分，如主语，宾语，定语等，该句为复合句。例如：
A. Because the luxury liner was traveling so fast,it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg.
C. Some people say that it may result in some social problems in the future.
(4)当一个并列句中的一个(或更多的)主谓结构中包含有一个(或更多的)主谓结构时，这种句子为并列复合句。例如：
A. He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see the anxiety upon it, the worried impatience.
B. I have brought what you need, but you haven't brought what I need.
3. 根据不同的修辞功能，句子可分为松散句，圆周句，对偶句，平行结构句，长句和短句。
(1) 松散句和圆周句。
在一个句子中，先介绍主要的信息，再介绍次要的信息，这样的句子叫松散句。松散句的结构比较松散，其各个部分往往能独立表示某一意义。在一个句子中先介绍次要的信息，再介绍重要的信息，即要到句子的末尾，句子的意思才完全表达清楚，这样的句子叫圆周句。圆周句的结构紧凑，只有读完整个句子，全句的整体意思才能显现出来。例如：
A. The workers here are mostly diligent, though not all.
B. The workers here are mostly, though not all，diligent.
C. He will go abroad if he has enough money.
D. If he has enough money, he will go abroad.
句A和句C为松散句，句B和句D为圆周句。
一般来讲，按正常语序排列的简单句、并列句，主句在前从句在后的复合句都属于松散句。松散句便于组织，便于理解，便于使用，是人们常用的句式。修饰语(尤其是状语)位于句首的简单句以及从句在前主句在后的复合句属于圆周句。圆周句的重心在后，可以造成一种悬念，抓住读者的注意力，因而可以收到一种特殊的效果。但圆周句不能使用太频繁，因为没有人愿意一直处于等待和悬念当中。
(2) 对偶句是在句中用平对或对称的结构来表现两种相反的意思。由于其结构匀称整齐，前后两层意思相反，可达到强调的效果。例如：
A. What is written without effect is in general read without pleasure.
B. De words what we should be.
(3) 平行结构句就是把两个或两个以上的结构相同，意义并重，语气一致的词、短语或句子排列成串形成一个整体，以加强语气，达到强调的目的。例如：
A. We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.
B. I have a dream that my four children will someday live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
(4)长句和短句。
根据句子的长短，句子可分为长句和短句。例如：
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father to read a good story. The quite hour could become the story hour...
该段中前两句为长句，第三句为短句。一般来讲，短句短小精悍，可达到强调的目的，长句修饰成分多，可以清楚准确地表达复杂的思想。短句多运用于日常谈话，演讲，少儿作品或人物对话中;长句常用于政论文，科技文章以及文学作品的叙述描写等。
在写作时，应根据实际情况，交替使用各种句式。然而，值得注意的是，在变换句子开头和句式时，不能为变化而变化。在很大程度上，使用什么句式还跟文章的文体、内容等因素有关(例如在科技文体中多用长句和圆周句)，即内容决定形式。
----文章来源于搜狐教育，如有不妥请联系我们。
免责声明：
凡本站注明“稿件来源：明师教育”的所有文字、图片和音视频稿件，版权均属本网所有，任何媒体、网站或个人未经本网协议授权不得转载、链接、转贴或以其他方式复制发表，违者本站将依法追究责任。
本站注明稿件来源为其他媒体的文/图等稿件均为转载稿，本站转载出于非商业性的教育和科研之目的，并不意味着赞同其观点或证实其内容的真实性。如转载稿涉及版权等问题，请作者在两周内速来电或来函联系。
2014明师春季班：给孩子定制专属课程
语文课程：
数学课程：
英语课程：
物理课程：
化学课程：
明师高中老师人气榜
明师高中热报课程
高考热点推荐
高考热点排行
了解我们最新状态，请关注：
小升初专区
优质品牌保证
上课点在身边
优质师资保证
完善服务配套
签约达到目标当前位置： >
I Have a Dream 心中有梦 (原唱: Abba 阿巴合唱团)歌词
文本歌词：
歌手:T.I.V.C. 英国儿童合唱团
I&have&a&dream,&a&song&to&singTo&help&me&cope&with&anythingIf&you&see&the&wonder&of&a&fairy&taleYou&can&take&the&future&even&if&you&failI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI&have&a&dream,&a&fantasyTo&help&me&through&realityAnd&my&destination&makes&it&worth&the&whilePushing&through&the&darkness&still&another&mileI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI&have&a&dream,&a&song&to&singTo&help&me&cope&with&anythingIf&you&see&the&wonder&of&a&fairy&taleYou&can&take&the&future&even&if&you&failI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dream
lrc歌词：I&have&a&dream,&a&song&to&singTo&help&me&cope&with&anythingIf&you&see&the&wonder&of&a&fairy&taleYou&can&take&the&future&even&if&you&failI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI&have&a&dream,&a&fantasyTo&help&me&through&realityAnd&my&destination&makes&it&worth&the&whilePushing&through&the&darkness&still&another&mileI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI&have&a&dream,&a&song&to&singTo&help&me&cope&with&anythingIf&you&see&the&wonder&of&a&fairy&taleYou&can&take&the&future&even&if&you&failI&believe&in&angelsSomething&good&in&everything&I&seeI&believe&in&angelsWhen&I&know&the&time&is&right&for&meI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dreamI'll&cross&the&stream&-&I&have&a&dream
T.I.V.C. 英国儿童合唱团最新歌曲您当前的位置 ：&&&&正文
树人学生中英双语朗诵《I have a dream》获书记点赞
　　 15:37:12
　　　　　　　　　分享到：
学生现场朗诵。董辉摄
　　中国江苏网4月24日讯 &I have a dream&&&在昨天的首届&朱自清读书节&启动仪式现场，由树人学校九龙湖校区26名学生朗诵的中英双语经典名篇《I have a dream（我有一个梦想）》，赢得了市委书记谢正义的亲口点赞。他鼓励学生多读书、多读好书，才有力量去实现心中的梦想。
　　现场表演结束后，参与此次演出的初二年级学生茆凌霄作为学生代表，请求市委书记谢正义与参加表演的学生们合影，谢正义欣然答应。&谢书记夸赞我们的中英双语经典名篇朗诵非常精彩，并且鼓励我们要多读书。&茆凌霄告诉记者，谢书记说，每个人心中都有一个梦想，只有多读书、多读好书，中文英文都要读，在文化熏陶之下，才有机会、有能力去实现自己的梦想。&这番话对我们的鼓励非常大，也让我们明白，只有多读书，不断学习进取，才能做一个合格的大国公民，做一个有信心的中国学生，更好地服务祖国、服务扬州，为扬州建设世界名城贡献一份力量。&
　　树人学校九龙湖校区初中英语老师闵洁也是该节目的指导老师，她介绍，树人学校一直非常重视学生的阅读习惯养成。2011年树人学校举办首届英语节，2012年举办第二届时，市委书记谢正义借用马丁&路德&金著名演讲《我有一个梦想》的题目，向同学们发表了一场英文即兴演讲。闵洁回忆，当时谢书记就说，学好英语也会让我们这座城市受益匪浅，英文和中文一样，是世界上最重要的语言之一，同学们学好和掌握英文，有助于国际交流，有助于获得更多的知识，有助于将来更好地在国外求学和生活，&我们提倡学生多读书，不仅仅是与学习有关的，只有这样才能让学生视野更加开阔&。
　　相关阅读:英语修辞学例子41_例子英语-牛宝宝文章网
英语修辞学例子41 例子英语
高考复习（精品）：英语修辞和英语修辞学例子修辞格（Figures of Speech）英语修辞学分为广义修辞学（Broad Stylistic Context）和狭义修辞学。广义修辞学涉及语体和体裁（Style and Type of Writing）等问题。狭义修辞学（Narrow Stylistic Context）主要涉及各种修辞手法，即修辞格（Stylistic Devices, Rhetorical Devices or Figures of Speech）的问题。英语常用修辞格分为词义上的修辞格（Lexical Stylistic Devices）、结构上的修辞格（Syntactic Stylistic Devices）和音韵上的修辞格（Phonetic Stylistic Devices）三大类。（红色为10级讲过）一、Simile（明喻）Simile一词源于拉丁语Similis，意为like。它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词（如like，as等）起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物。Simile的运用非常广泛，它可借以状物、写景、抒情、喻理，使表达生动形象，明白易懂。（一）Simile的构成Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）、喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word）。如：tenor
comparative word
vehicle注：本体和喻体一般为两个不同类的事物，比喻方可成立。例如：
① John is as tall as his father. [Comparative sentence]② John is as tall as a Maypole (五月柱). [Simile]例①不算明喻，只是一个比较句，因为John 和 his father同类，例②是明喻，因为本体和喻体不同类。（二）Simile的格式1. like型：①系动词+like
②实意动词+likeEg.
He works like an ox. (实意动词+like)2. as型：①as……as
②as……soEg. As the lion is the king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds.
鹰为百鸟之王，犹如狮是百兽之王。3. 虚拟句型：①as if
②as thoughEg. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting byVelasquez.这匹马真骏，看起来仿佛是从一幅维拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来的一样。4. what型：①A is to B what X is to Y
② what X is Y, A is to B③ what A calls B, X calls YEg. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。What the caterpillar (毛毛虫) calls “the end”, the butterfly calls “the beginning”.
(《现代大学英语》第二册P153)5. than型Eg. A fool can no more see his own folly that he can see his ears.愚人之不能自知其愚，犹如不能自知其耳。二、Metaphor（隐喻、暗喻）Metaphor也是一种比喻手法，但与Simile相比形式简练，表达含蓄，无需用比喻词，而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。Metaphor常被称为compressed simile（简缩了的明喻）Metaphor的运用极为广泛，格式灵活多样，它可体现在任何句子成分上。在表达上，它可以是一个单词、一个词组、一个句子，甚至是一个段落。大体来说，Metaphor可分为两类：显式隐喻和隐式隐喻。本、喻体都出现的Metaphor被称为显式隐喻，只出现喻体或只出现本体的Metaphor常被称为隐式隐喻。（一）Metaphor常见的格式1、名词型Metaphor（1）判断式Metaphor例：All the world’s a stage. （整个世界就像一个舞台。）（2）并列式Metaphor例：A word and a stone let go can’t be recalled.说出去的话像泼出去的水，再也收不回。（3）of型Metaphor：属于修饰性暗喻，有的是本体与of连用修饰喻体，有的是喻体与of连用修饰本体。例：A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic.一位警察抬手要我从长蛇阵般的车流中出来。（4）名词型隐式Metaphor例：Night’s candles are burnt out……2、动词型Metaphor喻体不出现，直接用表示喻体行为、性状的动词与本体搭配使用，属隐式隐喻。这种Metaphor常以主谓形式出现。
例：Some book are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。3、形容词型Metaphor喻体或与喻体相关的形容词修饰本体，作本体的前置定语。例：He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.（二）Metaphor与汉语借代和拟物1、有些Metaphor与汉语借代类似。当Metaphor只出现喻体，未出现本体时，Metaphor与汉语借代类似。例如：――Would you buy her (Beatrine), that you inquire after her?――Can the world buy such jewel?――你打听她（比阿特丽丝）的事，是想要把她买下了吗？――难道全世界能买下这样的宝石吗？2、有些Metaphor与汉语拟物类似。动词型Metaphor（喻体不出现，直接用表示喻体行为、性状的动词与本体搭配使用，即把甲事物当成乙事物来描写）与汉语拟物类似。如：Some book are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 再如：His present hunger awoke and gnawed (/n?:/) at him.当前他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。三、Personification（拟人）Personification是一种将物当作人来描写的修饰手法。其具体用法是把通常仅用于描写人的各类词移用于描写物，赋予各种物（包括有生命和无生命的，抽象的和具体的）以人类所特有的言行、品质、思想和感情。这样能增强语言表达的感染力和生动性，使被描写的对象栩栩如生，活灵活现。例：①Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations.蚊子们把我的脚脖子当作加油站。②Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.懒惰缓缓而行，贫穷迎头赶上。*例②形象地说明了懒惰就要受穷的道理Personification可用于描写除人以外的各种事物，包括动物、植物、自然现象、物体、抽象事物等等。它运用广泛，尤其常见于童话、神话、寓言、诗歌、散文等文学作品。拟人与比喻、借代的区别：比喻是以此喻彼，借代是以此代彼，都还是两个事物；拟人（以物拟人）则是彼此交融、合而为一了。这是主要的区别。四、Metonymy（借代）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a “change of name”, the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.Metonymy can be derived from various sources---from names of persons, from animals, professions, locations or place names, etc. as illustrated below:这种修辞方式是故意不用人或事物的本称，而借与该人或物密切相关的事物的名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy中两个互相借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。Metonymy的重要作用是使表达简练、具体、生动、有趣。借代的方式主要有以下一些：1、以事物的特征或标志代替事物本身。如：A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.千条汉子能共处。两个婆娘难相容。2、以事物的所在代事物本身（以容器代内容）。如： 大厅里响起了掌声。3、以工具代替动作或行动者。 笔杆子比刀剑更有力。（“笔杆子”代“写”，“刀剑”代“动武”。）4、以作者或生产者代作品或产品The captain…had fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.船长…得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。5、以有密切关系的一物代另一物The camp, the pulpit（/ 'pulpit / ）and the lawFor rich men’s sons are free (Shelly)兵营，布道坛和法律保障有钱人的子孙无忧无虑。（用兵营代替军队，布道坛代替宗教。）6、具体代抽象或抽象代具体In the present instance, it was and together that she came to visit.在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。七、Irony（反语）Irony is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which mainly aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm.Irony即说反语，是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默等修辞效果的修辞方式。有些人认为Irony就是讽刺，这是一种误解。Irony作为一般词语，有时有讽刺的意思，但是作为修辞学术语，就只能称之为反语。说反话固然常常用来进行讽刺，但有时却只是一种善意的幽默，毫无讽刺的意味。另一方面，进行讽刺也不一定要说反语。例：①The public is wonderful tolerant―it forgives everything except genius.世人是宽大得惊人的――除天才之外，他们宽一切。（具有讽刺意味的Irony） ②It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 要是早晨起来不知道是什么时间那才妙了呢。（情节是一位油漆工人担心早晨不知时间，上班迟到会被开除，心想那就“糟了”，却说成“妙了”。这是反语，却没有讽刺任何人。）八．Euphemism（委婉语）Euphemism: substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may英语修辞学例子41_例子英语offend or suggest something unpleasant.Euphemism: gilded(装饰的) words for topics such as death, illness, old age, weight, defects (缺陷), toilet habits etc. for taboo to avoid embarrassments, avoid bei gilded words in political and military movement to cover up the truth, in certain professions to beautify the name.Euphemism指的是已较文雅、悦耳或温婉的说法代替粗野、刺耳或直露的说法的一种修辞格。1. 有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语under the weather (在恶劣天气条件下――指健康欠佳)go west (西去)pass away (离去)return to dust (归于尘土――指死亡)2. 有关人体、排泄、性爱、生育的委婉语in one’s birthday suit (身着生日服装――表示赤身裸体)make a noise (放屁)
do it (干那种事――指性交)answer the call of nature (应付自然本能之需――指大小便)sleep around (到处睡觉――指乱搞男女关系)3. 有关社会职业、社会问题的委婉语domestic engineer (家庭工程师――指家庭妇女)do time (度过时光――指服刑)to lie down (躺下――指抽大烟)to walk the last mile (指上刑场)4. 有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语eyes only (只准用眼――指绝密文件)air support (空中支持――指轰炸)knock doors (到处敲门――指游说议员)九． Hyperbole（夸张）Hyperbole，也叫Overstatement或Exaggeration，是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实的修辞手法，其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写。1. 按性质，Hyperbole可分为扩大夸张（Extended Hyperbole）和缩小夸张（Reduced Hyperbole）两类。扩大夸张是将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别高，特别大；缩小夸张正好相反。① His eloquence would split rocks! (他的雄辩之利，能劈磐石)[扩大夸张]② It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. (骆驼负载过重，加根稻草就能压死)[缩小夸张]2. 按构成方式，Hyperbole可分为五类：1）用数词表示的夸张（一个父亲的作用胜于100个教师。）2）用动词、名词、形容词等表示的夸张It’(今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了/ 是一种犯罪。)3）用形容词比较级和最高级等表示的夸张’s tear.(世界上最有效的水力是――女人的眼泪。)4）用虚拟语气表示的夸张 (他懂得怎么干活，[那么]就是城堡也会在他面前倒塌下去。)5）用其他修辞格表示的夸张……and the fattest woman I have ever seen in my life dozing in a straight-back chair. It was as if a sack of grain was supported by a matchbox.(……还有一位我生平所见过的最胖的女人坐在一把直背椅子上打瞌睡，那简直就像一口袋粮食放在一个火柴盒上一样。)十． Understatement（低调陈述）Understatement是指在陈述事情是有意采取低调、抑制的措辞，轻描淡写，借含蓄与弱化的语言形式来表示强调的一种修辞方式。1. 低调陈述与一般陈述的区别：① We can solve this problem.
(一般陈述)② This problem is not above us. (低调陈述)2. 表现手段1）词汇手段“” she confides to inquiring friends.
(“杂七杂八的开销太大了，”她向询问她的朋友这样说道。)[incidental expense指帕克尔泰太太被敲竹杠的那笔巨款，对此作低调陈述，揭示了她有苦难言的窘状。]2）语法手段Some of the items are good, others might be better.(有些节目还可以，有些有待改进。)十一
Transferred Epithet (移就 / 转类形容词)Transferred Epithet (移就)也叫Hypallage (移位修饰或移就)，其修辞方式是将本该用来修饰某类名词的修饰语移用来修饰按常规不能修饰的另一类名词。英语Transferred Epithet的用法看似有违常理，不合逻辑，实则语言凝练，形式新颖，生动形象，鲜明活泼。Transferred Epithet形式（一）从结构上看，可用于移位修饰的词语或结构主要有以下几种：1. 形容词修饰名词我结结巴巴地用法语对他们说。2. 形容词性名词修饰名词美国现在已创建了一种为孤独老人服务的社会服务项目。3. 分词修饰名词They prolonged (延长) the clasp (握手) for the photographers, exchanging 他们握手时边谈边笑，以此延长握手时间，好让摄影师们拍照。4. of结构用于移位修饰
《愤怒的葡萄》(二) 从修饰语和被修饰语的关系看，Transferred Epithet的运用大致可归纳为以下几种：1. 说明人的修饰语移用于说明事物This is a sleepless night.
这是一个不眠之夜。（“不眠”是形容人的，但此处用来修饰夜晚。）2. 说明动物的修饰语移用于说明事物The American society saw a (/'n?:i? /) poverty during the years of the Great Depression在大萧条年代，美国社会充斥了令人心酸的贫困。（to gnaw通常指动物、昆虫的“叮”“咬”，此处移用于修饰poverty，意为“令人心酸的贫困”。）3. 说明抽象事物的修饰语移用于说明具体事物The sky turned to a tender pallet (调色板) of pink and blue.（tender常用于说明抽象事物，此处移用于具体事物“调色板”）4. 说明具体事物的修饰语移用于说明抽象事物within her.她感到他是永远不会回到她身边了。
（表示具体动作的creep[爬行]转移修饰抽象事物fear）Paradox (隽语)Paradox一词英语意思为：a statement that seems to say sth opposite to common sense or the truth, but which may contain a truth (反论；似非而是的隽语)。Paradox作为一个普通的词，意思是“自相矛盾的话”或“充满矛盾的人或事物”，但作为修辞学术语，却意为表面上自相矛盾，不合逻辑，实际上颇有道理，意味深长。Paradox在英语中运用得相当广泛。例如：① The child is the father of the Man. (Wordsworth)孩子是人的父亲。② More haste, less speed.欲速则不达③ One has to be cruel to be kind.必须残忍才能做到仁慈。英语修辞学例子41_例子英语十二.
Oxymoron (矛盾修饰)Oxymoron源于希腊语oxusmoros一词，意为sharp-foolish（明显的荒谬）。这是一种比较特殊的修辞格，其用法是将意义相反或看似矛盾的词语巧妙地搭配在一起，使之构成修饰关系，借以揭示和强调事物内部或事物之间的矛盾性和复杂性。的运用往往可以产生一种乍看不合逻辑，令人惊讶，细想却自有道理，耐人寻味的效果。从构成方式看，Oxymoron可以归纳为以下8类：1. 形容词+名词painful pleasure (悲喜交集)
a cheerful pessimist (纵情享乐的厌世者)Parting is a sweet sorrow [Shakespeare] (分别是一种甜蜜的痛苦。)2. 形容词+形容词poor rich guys ([精神]贫穷的富人)
bad good news (既坏又好的消息)3. 副词+形容词falsely true (虚伪的诚实)
a wisely stupid idea (自作聪明的糊涂主意)4. 名词+名词a love-hate relationship (既爱又恨的关系)
a life-and-death struggle (生死攸关的搏斗)5. 副词+现在分词changelessly changing (既始终如一，又变化多端)deliciously aching (既令人愉悦，又使人痛苦)6. 分词+名词loving hate (亲亲热热的怨恨)
long-lived death (永生的死亡)7. 动词+副词die merrily (快乐的死去)
hasten slowly (慢慢地快起来)8. of结构the feather of lead (铅铸的羽毛)misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms （整齐的混乱）Oxymoron在英语诗歌里用得十分普遍，在散文及其他文体中也不罕见。如： ① The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.
(这位母亲正经受着分娩时那种欢乐的痛苦和痛苦的欢乐。)[Oxymoron把母亲临产时那种苦中有乐，乐中有苦的复杂感受表达得淋漓尽致] ② It is now an open secret that he is also involved in the scandal.十三. Pun (双关)Pun也叫Paronomasia。该修辞格巧妙利用英语中许多词谐音、多义的特点，在同一句话里同时表达两层意义，以造成语言活泼、幽默或嘲讽的修辞效果。英语双关的构成需要两个基本条件，即双重情境（double context）和多意词或同音义异词。其构成方式主要有三种：1. 同音义异词构成的双关骨灰盒) you dead.人们谋求生计，火化死者。（earn与urn同音义异，用在一起显得别有趣味）2. 多义词构成的双关① ’我要潜回英格兰，上那儿偷去。（动词steel重复使用，前者为“潜行” 之义，后者为“偷窃” 之义） ② We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately.如果我们不团结一致（团结在一起），我们将一个个被绞死。（本句运用双关，深刻而幽默地说明了不团结便灭亡的道理）3. 同形同音异义词构成的双关大使是为了本国利益而在国外撒谎（或居住）的诚实人。（除了“撒谎”外，lie还有“居住”、“驻扎”之义，一语双关，十分风趣）十六、Parallelism （平行）英语Parallelism是英语里最常见的修辞格之一，广泛见诸于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。其基本用法是将结构相同或类似，意义相关或并重、语气也前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起。Parallelism具有结构整齐，节奏鲜明，表达简练，语义突出的特点，能有效地增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理。Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子等，其中以三项式平行结构最为普遍。1. 单词平行Civilized men arrived in the Pacific, armed with 文明人来到了太平洋，带着酒、梅毒、裤子、圣经等一身武器。2. 短语平行。（包括各种短语，如介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等。）例： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.读书是以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。3. 从句平行The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, 阁下于我辛劳之枉顾，如其到来稍早，亦必曾令人感戴。然而延稽至今，我已麻木不仁，而不知感受矣；我已不然一身，而无人得与分享矣；我已功成名就，而无此必要矣。4. 句子平行① We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity.我们卷入战争，渴望着和平。我们被分隔搞得四分五裂，期望着统一。（该句工整、对称、酷似汉语的偶句。国内有些学者将Parallelism评为排偶，因为他们认为该英语辞格相当于汉语的排比与对偶。）② We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. 我们在陆地上打击他，我们要在海上抗击他，我们要在空中袭击他。（Parallelism常与Repetition合二为一，交织运用，以增强修辞效果。We shall fight him 属于反复，而 by land, by sea和in air又互为平行结构。）十七、Repetition (反复)Repetition 是英语里一种重要的常用修辞手法。其基本用法是连续或间隔地反复使用同一单词、短语或句子，以增强语气和语势，强调表述的观点，抒发强烈的情感，阐明深刻的道理。其运用格式可分两在类，即连续反复（immediate repetition）和间隔反复(intermittent repetition).1、连续反复
指同一语言成分紧紧相接，连续出现。例：①Would you please please please please please please stop talking. (Ernest Hemingway)务必请你，千万请你别说了吧！（说话人为了阻止对方继续说下去，竟连续使用了7个please，可见要求之迫切，呼吁之强烈。）② Happy, Happy pair.None but the brave,None but the brave,None but the brave deserves the fair.幸福，幸福的一对。唯有英雄，唯有英雄，唯有英雄堪与美人匹配。2、间隔反复指同一语言成分反复使用，但不连接，而是间隔出现。① Old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.旧柴最好烧，陈酒最好喝，老友最可靠，老作家的书最好读。② O youth! The strength of it! The faith of it, the imagination of it!啊！青春！青春的力量！青春的信仰，青春的想象！十八、Contrast （对照）英语是一种表现力颇强的常用修辞手法。它将两个相反的事物或同一事物的正反两个方面并列在一起，使之相互衬托，形成鲜明对比，更加突出地表达事物的本质。并不要求结构相同或类似。的使用可以使青者更青，白者更白，光明美好愈见其善，黑暗丑陋愈见其劣。① Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.让我们永不因畏惧而谈判，但让我们永不要畏惧谈判。② A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back again when it begins to rain.银行，是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨之时就催你还回去的地方。对照的手法有两种――两物对照和一物两面对照。两物对照是指使用具有相反意义的词或词语，通过两个不相调和、互不相容事物或行为的对比，以突出事物的对立性。例如：③ United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, asunder. （只要我们团结起来，我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜；而一旦分裂，我们就会无所作为。因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。）united (团结）与divided(分裂），little we cannot do (无所不能）与little we can do(无所作为）相互对照，鲜明、形象地阐明了团结与分裂所产生的截然不同的影响，号召与美国具有相同文化和精神渊源的国家与之携手，共同发展，与强大的对手抗衡。一物两面对照是指在一段叙述里，用两个意义对立的词语说明同一事物，以揭示事物复杂矛盾的性质。例如：④ And so, my fellow American ask not what your co ask what you can do for your country. （因此，美国同胞们，你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。）作者把ask not（不要问）与ask（要问）相对照，把your country（你的国家）与you（你）进行对照，揭示和突出了两者间的对立和矛盾，使语言简练，声韵和谐，在历史与现实的衔接时刻，真诚地唤起民众的信心和献身精神，牢牢抓住听众的心。英语修辞学例子41_例子英语Antithesis (排偶 / 对仗 / 平行对照)英语Antithesis一词源于希腊语antithenai, 意为opposition （反对）。作为一种修辞手法，它指的是：把意义相反或相对的语言单位组织排列在平行、对称的结构里，以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感。Antithesis有两个特点，一是语义上的对照性，另一个是结构上的对称性。因此该辞格可看作是parallelism（平行）和 Contrast（对照）的结合，故译作“平行对照”。该辞格句式工整、对称，酷似汉语的排比与对偶，故有些学者将Antithesis译作“排偶”或“对仗”。 Antithesis的运用可增强语势，突出事物的矛盾对比及本质特征。其结构匀称，排列整齐，对照鲜明，寓意深刻，具有很强的修辞效果, 常见于英语谚语、演说、报刊文章及文学作品中。体现Antithesis的语言单位可分四个层次：单词、短语、从句和句子。（一）单词平行对照1. Knowledge make humble (谦恭的), ignorance make proud.（知识使人谦虚，无知使人骄傲。）2. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I give my hand and my heart to thisvote.(沉或浮，生或死，存或亡，我都诚心诚意地投上这一票。)（二）短语平行对照1. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in themidst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.(一百年后的今天，黑人依然生活在一个物质充裕的翰海中的一个贫困的孤岛上。)[本句出自马丁?路德?金于日在华盛顿林肯纪念堂发表的著名演讲――I Have a Dream 《我有一个梦想》。在演讲稿中，马丁?路德讲到：Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation （解放）Proclamation……. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free……One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished （凋萎） in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile （被放逐者） in his own land. (一百年前,一位伟大的美国人签署了解放黑奴宣言，今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。?然而,一百年后的今天，?。一百年后的今天，黑人依然生活在一个物质充裕的翰海中的一个贫困的孤岛上。一百年后的今天，黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里，并且意识到自己是故土家园中的流浪者。)]2. Work has a bitter root, but sweet fruit.
(工作之根苦，工作之果甜。)（三）从句平行对照1. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can neverforget what they did here.(世人将不大会注意，也不会长久记得我们今天在这里所说的，但却会永远被铭记他们在这里所做的。)2. What between the poor men I won’t have and the rich men who won’t haveme, I stand as a pelican ['pelik?n] in the wilderness.(一边是我不欲与之为伍的穷人，一边是不欲与我为伍的有钱人，我好像一只伫立在荒野的塘鸭)（四）句子平行对照1. A miser (守财奴) grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man (挥霍无度的人)grows poor by seeming rich.(守财奴装穷变富，挥霍者装富变穷。)2. Modest helps one go forward, conceit makes one leg behind.(谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。)3. A life is short. (艺术永久，生命短暂。)4. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达)
[又属于Paradox隽语]二十、Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration: the same consonant sound is repeated at intervals in the initial (字首的) position of wordsThis device is extremely popular with both poets and writers.Alliteration一词意为repetition of the same letter (重复使用同一个字母)。作为一种修辞格，它是指在一组词、一句话或一行诗里，有意反复使用起首字母或起首声韵相同的词。头韵一般出现在两个或两个以上邻近的词或音节中，通常为起首辅音的重复。应当注意的是，不发字母本音的字母不构成头韵。例如，physical pain并不构成头韵，因为字母组合ph发[f]音；an honest hostess也无头韵，因为honest中的h不发音。Alliteration的主要修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感，此外头韵还可以用于仿拟许多事物的声响，以使语言表达更加生动形象。Alliteration运用较广，除诗歌外，还常见于散文、谚语、广告、书名等。1. 用于诗歌The reeze blew, the white oam The ollowed We were the Into the ea.和风吹荡，水花飞溅，船儿破浪前进，闯入那沉寂的海洋领域，我们是第一群人。（头韵的运用使诗歌悦耳动听，[f]和[s]两个辅音巧妙地模仿了柔风轻涛的声响。）2. 用于散文Next to ealth, home, for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。（在散文里偶尔运用头韵可起到醒目、突出的作用。）3. 用于谚语或习语① safe and sound 安然无恙② Practice makes perfect
熟能生巧 ③ Money makes the mare go.
有钱能使鬼推磨。④ A fair face may hide a foul heart.
笑里可以藏刀。（头韵的运用不仅可以增强谚语、习语的语义，还能加深读者的印象，使其过目难忘。）4. 用于广告Cost without orners减少花费而不必节省（在广告中运用头韵，可使之悦目悦耳，增强宣传效果，吸引消费者的注意力。）
（cut corners一语双关：抄近路；以经济的方式做事）5. 用于书名或报刊文章标题①
《傲慢与偏见》② Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》③ The inds of ar《战争风云》6. 用于绕口令（tongue twister）A ig ug it a ig ear and made the ig ear leed lood. (头韵运用英语绕口令在游戏和语音练习中具有一定的实用意义。)二十、Onomatopoeia /?n?(?)m?t?'pi:?/ （拟声/象声词）拟声（Onomatopoeia：words imitating the sounds associated with the thing concerned）是模仿某种非语言的声音，其发音近似所描写事物特有的声音。拟声词具有较强的表现力或感染力，所挑选的音响有助于在读者大脑中再创意境的回声，给予读者生动的听觉感受，达到如身临其境，栩栩如生的效果。如to hiss (发嘶嘶声), to coo (鸽子咕咕地叫)等等。1) Little donkeys with harmoniously thread their way among the throngs of people…(Advanced English Book1 L1)一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。 oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can. (Advanced English Book1 L1)一滴滴的油沿着一条石槽流入一只废旧汽油桶里。3) … its blending with the and of the grinding-wheels and the occasional and of the camels. (Advanced English Book1 L1)咕噜的呼吸声和叹息声响成一片。常见象声词creak:
吱吱响声squeak:
尖叫声, 吱吱声rumble:
隆隆声, 辘辘行驶, 低沉地说grunt:
呼噜声, 咕哝sigh:
叹息groan:
呻吟, 受折磨, 受压迫发出嘎吱声英语修辞学例子41_例子英语二十、Zeugma (拈连、轭式搭配)Zeugma一词源于希腊语zeugnynai，本意为用一付轭套两头牲口。作为修辞格，Zeugma 是一种用一个词（通常是形容词、动词或介词）来搭配或修饰两个或两个以上的名词，使其同时产生不同语义的修辞手法。Zeugma采取顺势串用的独特搭配法，将逻辑上并无必然联系，甚至风马牛不相及的事物强扯在一起表达。Zeugma的关键词只能与一个名词构成自然搭配，与另外的名词本来是根本不能搭配的，不过巧妙地借助前一个词的正常搭配，运用得后者身上。这种搭配看似牵强附会，实则具有很强的表现力和修辞作用，它可以使表达言简意赅，生动形象，幽默风趣，因此往往意义深刻，耐人寻味。Zeugma的运用形式：1. 一个动词同时搭配两个或两个以上的名词① The neighbors……would open their windows and then the murmur of talk. 邻居们就会打开窗子，议论也就随之而出。（open可与window搭配，却不会与murmur连用）② He took offense, a poke at his wife, his hat, his leave and a vocation of several years before returning.他生气了，打了老婆一拳，取了帽子，出外度假，几年不归。（动词took同时支配五个作宾语的名词，呈现出丰富多彩的语义层面，表达简练、风趣。）2. 一个介词支配两个或两个以上的名词’ 她戴女仆帽，系白围裙，容光焕发，面带笑容。3. 一个形容词或分词修饰两个或两个以上的名词① 昨天他身着一件兰上衣，心情忧郁。（blue heart为非正常搭配，指心情不好）② It is much better to have a patched jacket than to have a (patched) character.
衣裳打补丁远远强于品格打补丁。[过分+名词]（ patched character为非正常搭配，指品质上的缺陷）③ weeping eyes and hearts （一双双流泪的眼睛和一颗颗哭泣的心灵）（weeping [流泪的]本来只能与eye搭配，不能与heart搭配，通常是用grieving[哀伤的]或bleeding[悲痛的]来修饰heart）4. 两个主语共用一个谓语(A Tale of Two Cities)将来会有慈悲的手在那里找到它的吧，当我和我的忧愁都已化为烟尘的时候。二十一.
Parody (仿拟)英语Parody意思是satirical poem（讽刺诗）。这是一种巧妙、机智而有趣的修辞格。它有意仿照人们熟知的现成语言材料，根据表达的需要，临时创造出新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐。Parody在运用时仿拟的，一般都是人们所熟悉的语言材料，如成语、谚语、名言、警句等。Parody的运用可体现在四个语言层次上，单词、短语、句子和篇章。例如： 【单词】(我没有人生观，倒可以说有一种“上爬观”。我在社会中的地位是最底层的。)Uplook是仿拟outlook而造，生动地表明了作者年轻时一心想出人头地的愿望。2. Modern journalism justifies its own existence by the great Darwinian principle of 【短语】（现代的新闻工作，以“最庸俗者生存”的伟大的达尔文理论来为自己的存在辩护。）短语the survival of the vulgarest是仿拟 the survival of the fittest而造，辛辣地讽刺了西方新闻业中的庸俗性和铜臭味。3. Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 【句子】（有遗嘱必有官司。）活人争夺死人的财产，遗嘱引发官司在西方社会屡见不鲜。该句根据will一词多义的特点，巧仿谚语Where there is a will, there is a way. 幽默之中含有讽刺，妙不可言。4. Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!
小小蝙蝠眨眼睛，How I wonder what you’re at!
你在干嘛我说不清，Up above the world you fly!
高高在上把翅展，Like a teatray in the sky! 【篇章】
好似空中一茶盘。作者此处仿拟的是Jane Taylor所作的、在英国家喻户晓的The Star这首诗歌： Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky!Climax（层递）Climax: deriving from the Greek word for “ladder”, implying the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.英语Climax一词源于希腊语klimax，意为ladder（阶梯），由此可见该修辞手法的基本特点。Climax指的是平行并列一系列的词语或句子，其中表达的意义根据事物发展的逻辑关系，由轻及重，由浅及深，由弱及强，如此等等，依次阶升，层层递进，直至达到高潮。英语Climax的运用，可使思想逐步深化，感情逐步强化，从而增强语言的说服力与感染力。从结构上看，英语Climax所并列的语言单位为三项或三项以上，其中三项式层递最为常见，最为典型。英语Climax的排列格式：1. 按语意的轻重顺序排列① He who los he who loses he who losescourage loses all.失去财产的人损失很大，失去朋友的人损失更大，失去勇气的人损失一切。 ② To aquire wealth is difficult, to preserve it more difficult, but to spend it wisely most difficult.积财难，守财更难，而明智地花钱最难。③ I am sorry. I am so very sorry, I am so extremely, sorry.我抱歉，我很抱歉，我非常抱歉。2. 按时间的先后顺序排列① I came, I saw, I conquered.我来了，我扫视一切，我征服一切。② I was born an A I live an A I shall die an American.我生来是个美国人，我活着是个美国人，我死时也还是个美国人。 ③ The prisoner was first questioned, then tortured, and finally shot.囚犯先受审讯，然后遭拷打，最后被枪杀。3. 按范围的大小顺序排列① He gazed upon the pretty houses, green hills and the broad P his heart was filled with awe.他凝视着美丽的房子、绿色的山岗喝辽阔的太平洋；敬畏之情油然而生。 ② He wanted to educate his children, serve his country, and satisfy his God.
他要教育子女，要服务国家，还要敬奉上帝。③ Some read to think, some to write, and someread to talk, and these form the great majority.有些人为思考而读书，罕见；有些人为写作而读书，常见；有些人为收集谈资而读书，这些人占读书人的大多数。Anti-climax(突降)Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following serious, significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.As the name implies, anti-climax is the opposite of climax and is a device that involves stating one’s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. It is often used to ridicule or satirize. The device is based on the principle that the lower the thought decreases in importance, the higher the force of the ridicule or satire. The effect can range from humorous to devastating (extremely shocking, impressive).英语辞格Anti-Climax（突降、渐降或倒层递），又称Bathos，是与climax相反的一种修辞手法，指在说话或写作时内容急转直下，突然从庄重崇高降至平庸可笑，藉以取得嘲弄讥讽或幽默滑稽的修辞效果。从结构上看，Anticlimax与Climax的不同之处在于：Climax所排列的层递结构一般都在三项或三项以上，而Anticlimax所排列的突降结构两项即可成立，但也不乏三项或三项以上者。Anticlimax在语义上的急转直下往往出人意料，令人猝不及防。这主要是由于其最后一项结构与前一项（或数项结构在内容上形成鲜明对照），其次还在于Anticlimax常采用掉尾句（periodic sentence）[中心意思放在句尾的句子/把重要的信息放在句子的末尾的句子]或破折号等语法手段，从而在读者或听众一方造成一种悬念。例如：1. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)（凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。）
该句采用掉尾结构，语气极为正式，令人预感作者将要高谈阔论一番。岂知笔锋一转，所谓“举世公认的真理”不过是众所周知的平庸之见，滑稽可笑，让人捧腹。2. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.英语修辞学例子41_例子英语3. We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists----and the dust.(我们的旅伴很多，有载客的马车，有当作坐骑的骡子――还有滚滚尘土。)
作者将旅途上扬起的尘埃视为旅伴之一，与乘马车或骑骡子游客相提并论，表现了他的幽默感。4. “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its----oysters.”
(“很少有那个城市在世界上享有这样的盛名。 我非常自豪而且非常高兴地欢迎大家来到广岛。广岛之所以能如此出名，是由于它的――牡蛎。”)该句本应该以“原子弹灾难”而告终，结果出人意料之外，突然降到“牡蛎”一词，收到了一种幽默、嘲讽的效果。英语修辞学例子1 This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. （simile）2 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. (simile)3 It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. (simile)4 He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed sintoshis wrinkled face. (simile)5 The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (simile)6 German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. (metaphor)7 Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. (metaphor)8 Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (metaphor)9 I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants.(metaphor)10 The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. (metaphor) 11 She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer. (personification)12 ... four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, swheres they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road. (personification)13 But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly. (personification)14 My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. (personification)15 My blood froze. (hyperbole)16 When I told our father about this, his heart burst. (hyperbole)17 My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone. (hyperbole)18 Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs―20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds. (hyperbole)19 She gave me the impression of shavings more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose. (hyperbole)20 We are none of us getting any younger. (understatement)21 Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. (understatement)22 …there was a loud cry from a number of voices, and the horses reared and plunged. But for the latter inconvenience, the carriage probably wo carriages were often known to drive on, and leave their wounded behind, and why not? (understatement)23 Those of us are quitting are the impatient ones who lack the imagination to believe that the bright dream will glow again. (understatement)24 No one was more willing to do a favor for friend neighbor than he. (understatement)25 The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. (synecdoche)26 He says that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world. (synecdoche)27 Many eyes turned to a tall,20―year black girl on the U.S. team. (synecdoche) 28 Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. (metonymy)29 Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. (metonymy)30 So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. (metonymy)31 Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (metonymy)32 Senior citizens are respected in our country. (euphemism)33 There are several pensioners in my school. (euphemism)34 He has difficulty distinguishing between imaginary and factual information. (euphemism)35 He needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play.(euphemism)36 Palestinian militants in the Gaza Strip bombarded the western Negev with dozens of Qassam rockets and mortar shells on Wednesday, burdening diplomatic efforts to revive a truce that expired over the weekend. (euphemism)37 Rushing thongs, blinded by the darkness and smoke, rushed up on a street and down the next trampling the fallen in a crazy fruitless dash toward safety. (transferred epithet)38 Sometimes they threw (him) bits of food,
sometimes a mischievous pebble, and a shower of stones and abuses. (transferred epithet)39 And the first tender singing of the passionate throat of a young collier, who has since drunk himself to death. (transferred epithet)40 I suggest too that you avoid the big swamp in the southeast corner of the island. We call it Death Swamp. (transferred epithet)41 Of the thousands of people who stand under Michelangelo’s heroic ceiling in the Sistine Chapel, very few are aware that they are looking a perhaps the greatest watercolor painting in the world. (transferred epithet)42 It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man―made destiny. (parallelism)43 ... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly―cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. (parallelism)44 Napoleon was astonished. “Either you are mad, or I am,” He declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly. (pun)45 First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, but so sound as th impiety has made a feast of thee. (pun)46 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. (synesthesia)欢迎您转载分享：
更多精彩：