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列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·托尔斯泰的《复活》
《Resurrection》be the Russian text Tolstoy in the late is a work.It makes public Russian society to come to a the degree of the unprecedented vehemence with judgment, and make public the law court,jail and the blackness and officialdom of the government agency to faint by main space cruel with the reaction of the law.The row says while evaluate Tolstoy rather very to the point.On the other hand, he is promote&DO not use violence to resist improbity& wildly and hotly etc. doctrine of&the Tolstoy doctrine&, &BE a dispirited and hysterical pitiful insect&.
好的话剧，坚决不能错过，价格也很重要！
列夫·托尔斯泰()俄国最著名的作家。日出生于图拉省克拉皮文县的亚斯纳亚·波利亚纳(今属图拉省晓金区)。托尔斯泰家是名门贵族，其谱系可以追溯到16世纪，远祖从彼得一世时获得封爵。父亲尼古拉·伊里奇伯爵参加过1812年卫国战争，以中校衔退役。母亲玛丽亚·尼古拉耶夫娜是尼·谢·沃尔康斯基公爵的女儿。托尔斯泰一岁半丧母，9岁丧父。1841年他的监护人姑母阿·伊·奥斯坚—萨肯去世后，改由住在喀山的姑母彼·伊·尤什科娃监护。于是他全家迁到喀山。托尔斯泰自幼接受典型的贵族家庭教育。1844年考入喀山大学东方系，攻读土耳其、阿拉伯语，准备当外交官。期终考试不及格，次年转到法律系。他不专心学业，迷恋社交生活，同时却对哲学尤其是道德哲学发生兴趣，喜爱卢梭的学说及其为人，并广泛阅读文学作品。在大学时代，他已注意到平民出身的同学的优越性。1847年4月退学，回到亚斯纳亚·波利亚纳。这是他母亲的陪嫁产业，在兄弟析产时归他所有，他的漫长的一生绝大部分时间在这里度过。回到庄园后，他企图改善农民生活，因得不到农民信任而中止。1849年4月曾到彼得堡应法学士考试，只考了两门课就突然回家。是年秋天为农民子弟兴办学校。11月起名义上在图拉省行政管理局任职，次年12月被提升为十四品文官，实际上却周旋于亲友和莫斯科上流社会之间。但他渐渐对这种生活和环境感到厌倦，1851年4月底随同服军役的长兄尼古拉赴高加索，以志愿兵身份参加袭击山民的战役，后作为“四等炮兵下士”在高加索部队中服役两年半。虽然表现优异，但也有赖亲戚的提携才晋升为准尉。1854年3月，他加入多瑙河部队。克里木战争开始后，自愿调赴塞瓦斯托波尔，曾在最危险的第四号棱堡任炮兵连长，并参加这个城市的最后防御战。在各次战役中，看到平民出身的军官和士兵的英勇精神和优秀品质，加强了他对普通人民的同情和对农奴制的批判态度。托尔斯泰在高加索时开始创作，在《现代人》杂志上陆续发表《童年》、《少年》和《塞瓦斯托波尔故事》等小说。1855年11月他从塞瓦斯托波尔来到彼得堡，作为知名的新作家受到屠格涅夫和涅克拉索夫等人的欢迎，并逐渐结识了冈察洛夫、费特、奥斯特洛夫斯基、德鲁日宁、安年科夫、鲍特金等作家和批评家。在这里他以不谙世故和放荡不羁而被视为怪人，他的不喜爱荷马和莎士比亚也使大家惊异。不久，他同车尔尼雪夫斯基相识，但不同意后者的文学见解。当时德鲁日宁等人提倡为艺术而艺术的所谓“优美艺术”，反对所谓“教诲艺术”、实即革命民主派所主张的暴露文学。托尔斯泰倾向于德鲁日宁等人的观点，但又认为任何艺术不能脱离社会生活。至1859年，他同《现代人》杂志决裂。1856年底以中尉衔退役。次年年初到法国、瑞士、意大利和德国游历。法国的“社会自由”博得他的赞赏，而巴黎断头台一次行刑的情景则使他深感厌恶。在瑞士看到英国资产阶级绅士的自私和冷酷，也激起他很大的愤慨。但这次出国扩大了他的文学艺术的视野，增强了他对俄国社会落后的清醒认识。对于50至60年代之交的农奴制改革以及革命形势，托尔斯泰的思想是极其矛盾的。早在1856年他曾起草方案，准备以代役租等方法解放农民，并在自己庄园试行，因农民不接受而未实现。他同情农民，厌恶农奴制，却认为根据“历史的正义”，土地应归地主所有，同时因地主面临的是要性命还是要土地的问题而深深忧虑。他不同意自由主义者、斯拉夫派以至农奴主顽固派的主张，也看到沙皇所实行的自上而下的“改革”的虚伪性质，却又反对以革命方法消灭农奴制，幻想寻找自己的道路。由于无法解决思想上的矛盾，曾企图在哲学、艺术中逃避现实，但很快又感到失望；1860年因长兄尼古拉逝世，更加深了悲观情绪。年间几乎中辍创作，先后在亚斯纳亚·波利亚纳和附近农村为农民子弟办了20多所学校，并曾研究俄国和西欧的教育制度，年还到德、法、意、英和比利时等国考察学校。后又创办《亚斯纳亚·波利亚纳》教育杂志。这些活动引起沙皇政府的注意。加之在农奴制改革中，他作为本县和平调解人，在调停地主和农民的纠纷时，常常同情农民，又招致贵族农奴主的敌视。1862年7月他外出时，家中遭到宪兵连续两天的搜查。不久他关闭了学校。这段时间他思想上所受的震荡以及因同农民的频繁接触而接受的他们对事物的一些看法，成为他的世界观转变的契机和开端。
《TRANSLATOR*S PREFACE》Opinions about Tolstoy and his work differ, but on one point there surely might be unanimity. A writer of world-wide reputation should be at least allowed to know how to spell his own name. Why should any one insist on spelling it &Tolstoi& (with one, two or three dots over the &i&), when he himself writes it &Tolstoy&? The only reason I have ever heard suggested is, that in England and America such outlandish views are attributed to him, that an outlandish spelling is desirable to match those views.This novel, written in the rough by Tolstoy some years ago and founded upon an actual occurrence, was completely rewritten by him during the last year and a half, and all the proceeds have been devoted by him to aiding the Doukhobors, a sect who were persecuted in the Caucasus (especially from 1895 to 1898) for refusing to learn war. About seven thousand three hundred of them are settled in Canada, and about a hundred of the leaders are exiled to the remote parts of Siberia.Anything I may receive for my work in translating the book will go to the same cause. &Prevention is better than cure,& and I would rather help people to abstain from killing and wounding each other than devote the money to patch up their wounds after the battle.LOUISE MAUDE
《BOOK I CHAPTER I. MASLOVA IN PRISON》MASLOVA IN PRISON.Though hundreds of thousands had done their very best to disfigure the small piece of land on which they were crowded together, by paying the ground with stones, scraping away every vestige of vegetation, cutting down the trees, turning away birds and beasts, and filling the air with the smoke of naphtha and coal, still spring was spring, even in the town.The sun shone warm, everywhere, where it did not get scraped away, the grass revived and sprang up between the paving-stones as well as on the narrow strips of lawn on the boulevards. The birches, the poplars, and the wild cherry unfolded their gummy and fragrant leaves, the limes were expandin crows, sparrows, and pigeons, filled with the joy of spring, were getti the flies were buzzing along the walls, warmed by the sunshine. All were glad, the plants, the birds, the insects, and the children. But men, grown-up men and women, did not leave off cheating and tormenting themselves and each other. It was not this spring morning men thought sacred and worthy of consideration not the beauty of God*s world, given for a joy to all creatures, this beauty which inclines the heart to peace, to harmony, and to love, but only their own devices for enslaving one another.Thus, in the prison office of the Government town, it was not the fact that men and animals had received the grace and gladness of spring that was considered sacred and important, but that a notice, numbered and with a superscription, had come the day before, ordering that on this 28th day of April, at 9 a.m., three prisoners at present detained in the prison, a man and two women (one of these women, as the chief criminal, to be conducted separately), had to appear at Court. So now, on the 28th of April, at 8 o*clock, a jailer and soon after him a woman warder with curly grey hair, dressed in a jacket with sleeves trimmed with gold, with a blue-edged belt round her waist, and having a look of suffering on her face, came into the corridor.&You want Maslova?& she asked, coming up to the cell with the jailer who was on duty.The jailer, rattling the iron padlock, opened the door of the cell, from which there came a whiff of air fouler even than that in the corridor, and called out, &Maslova! to the Court,& and closed the door again.Even into the prison yard the breeze had brought the fresh vivifying air from the fields. But in the corridor the air was laden with the germs of typhoid, the smell of sewage, putrefaction, every newcomer felt sad and dejected in it. The woman warder felt this, though she was used to bad air. She had just come in from outside, and entering the corridor, she at once became sleepy.From inside the cell came the sound of bustle and women*s voices, and the patter of bare feet on the floor.&Now, then, hurry up, Maslova, I say!& called out the jailer, and in a minute or two a small young woman with a very full bust came briskly out of the door and went up to the jailer. She had on a grey cloak over a white jacket and petticoat. On her feet she wore linen stockings and prison shoes, and round her head was tied a white kerchief, from under which a few locks of black hair were brushed over the forehead with evident intent. The face of the woman was of that whiteness peculiar to people who have lived long in confinement, and which puts one in mind of shoots of potatoes that spring up in a cellar. Her small broad hands and full neck, which showed from under the broad collar of her cloak, were of the same hue. Her black, sparkling eyes, one with a slight squint, appeared in striking contrast to the dull pallor of her face.She carried herself very straight, expanding her full bosom.With her head slightly thrown back, she stood in the corridor, looking straight into the eyes of the jailer, ready to comply with any order.The jailer was about to lock the door when a wrinkled and severe-looking old woman put out her grey head and began speaking to Maslova. But the jailer closed the door, pushing the old woman*s head with it. A woman*s laughter was heard from the cell, and Maslova smiled, turning to the little grated opening in the cell door. The old woman pressed her face to the grating from the other side, and said, in a hoarse voice:&Now mind, and when they begin questioning you, just repeat over the same thing, tell nothing that is not wanted.&&Well, it could not be worse than it is now, I only wish it was settled one way or another.&&Of course, it will be settled one way or another,& said the jailer, with a superior*s self-assured witticism. &Now, then, get along! Take your places!&The old woman*s eyes vanished from the grating, and Maslova stepped out into the middle of the corridor. The warder in front, they descended the stone stairs, past the still fouler, noisy cells of the men*s ward, where they were followed by eyes looking out of every one of the gratings in the doors, and entered the office, where two soldiers were waiting to escort her. A clerk who was sitting there gave one of the soldiers a paper reeking of tobacco, and pointing to the prisoner, remarked, &Take her.&The soldier, a peasant from Nijni Novgorod, with a red, pock-marked face, put the paper into the sleeve of his coat, winked to his companion, a broad-shouldered Tchouvash, and then the prisoner and the soldiers went to the front entrance, out of the prison yard, and through the town up the middle of the roughly-paved street.Isvostchiks [cabmen], tradespeople, cooks, workmen, and government clerks, stopped and looked curio some shook their heads and thought, &This is what evil conduct, conduct unlike ours, leads to.& The children stopped and gazed at the robber w but the thought that the soldiers were preventing her from doing more harm quieted their fears. A peasant, who had sold his charcoal, and had had some tea in the town, came up, and, after crossing himself, gave her a copeck.The prisoner blushed an she noticed that she was attracting everybody*s attention, and that pleased her. The comparatively fresh air also gladdened her, but it was painful to step on the rough stones with the ill-made prison shoes on her feet, which had become unused to walking. Passing by a corn-dealer*s shop, in front of which a few pigeons were strutting about, unmolested by any one, the prisoner almost touched a grey-blu it fluttered up and flew close to her car, fanning her with its wings. She smiled, then sighed deeply as she remembered her present position.
《BOOK I CHAPTER II. MASLOVA*S EARLY LIFE》MASLOVA*S EARLY LIFE.The story of the prisoner Maslova*s life was a very common one.Maslova*s mother was the unmarried daughter of a village woman, employed on a dairy farm, which belonged to two maiden ladies who were landowners. This unmarried woman had a baby every year, and, as often happens among the village people, each one of these undesired babies, after it had been carefully baptised, was neglected by its mother, whom it hindered at her work, and left to starve. Five children had died in this way. They had all been baptised and then not sufficiently fed, and just left to die. The sixth baby, whose father was a gipsy tramp, would have shared the same fate, had it not so happened that one of the maiden ladies came into the farmyard to scold the dairymaids for sending up cream that smelt of the cow. The young woman was lying in the cowshed with a fine, healthy, new-born baby. The old maiden lady scolded the maids again for allowing the woman (who had just been confined) to lie in the cowshed, and was about to go away, but seeing the baby her heart was touched, and she offered to stand godmother to the little girl, and pity for her little god-daughter induced her to give milk and a little money to the mother, so that she
and the little girl lived. The old ladies spoke of her as &the saved one.& When the child was three years old, her mother fell ill and died, and the maiden ladies took the child from her old grandmother, to whom she was nothing but a burden.The little black-eyed maiden grew to be extremely pretty, and so full of spirits that the ladies found her very entertaining.The younger of the ladies, Sophia Ivanovna, who had stood godmother to the girl, had the kinder hear Maria Ivanovna, the elder, was rather hard. Sophia Ivanovna dressed the little girl in nice clothes, and taught her to read and write, meaning to educate her like a lady. Maria Ivanovna thought the child should be brought up to work, and trained her to be a good servant. S she punished, and, when in a bad temper, even struck the little girl. Growing up under these two different influences, the girl turned out half servant, half young lady. They called her Katusha, which sounds less refined than Katinka, but is not quite so common as Katka. She used to sew, tidy up the rooms, polish the metal cases of the icons and do other light work, and sometimes she sat and read to the ladies.
Though she had more than one offer, she would not marry. She felt that life as the wife of any of the working men who were courting h spoilt as she was by a life of case.She lived in this manner till she was sixteen, when the nephew of the old ladies, a rich young prince, and a university student, came to stay with his aunts, and Katusha, not daring to acknowledge it even to herself, fell in love with him.Then two years later this same nephew stayed four days with his aunts before proceeding to join his regiment, and the night before he left he betrayed Katusha, and, after giving her a 100-rouble note, went away. Five months later she knew for certain that she was to be a mother. After that everything seemed repugnant to her, her only thought being how to escape from the shame that awaited her. She began not only to serve the ladies in a half-hearted and negligent way, but once, without knowing how it happened, was very rude to them, and gave them notice, a thing she repented of later, and the ladies let her go, noticing something wrong and very dissatisfied with her. Then she got a housemaid*s place in a police-officer*s house, but stayed there only three months, for the police officer, a man of fifty, began to torment her, and once, when he was in a specially enterprising mood, she fired up, called him &a fool and old devil,& and gave him such a knock in the chest that he fell. She was turned out for her rudeness. It was useless to look for another situation, for the time of her confinement was drawing near, so she went to the house of a village midwife, who also sold wine. The
but the midwife, who had a case of fever in the village, infected Katusha, and her baby boy had to be sent to the foundlings* hospital, where, according to the words of the old woman who took him there, he at once died. When Katusha went to the midwife she had 127 roubles in all, 27 which she had earned and 100 given her by her betrayer. When she left she she did not know how to keep money, but spent it on herself, and gave to all who asked. The midwife took 40 roubles for two months* board and attendance, 25 went to get the baby into the foundlings* hospital, and 40 the midwife borrowed to buy a cow with. Twenty roubles went just for clothes and dainties. Having nothing left to live on, Katusha had to look out for a place again, and found one in the house of a forester. The forester was a married man, but he, too, began to annoy her from the first day. He disgusted her, and she tried to avoid him. But he, more
experienced and cunning, besides being her master, who could send her wherever he liked, managed to accomplish his object. His wife found it out, and, catching Katusha and her husband in a room all by themselves, began beating her. Katusha defended herself, and they had a fight, and Katusha got turned out of the house without being paid her wages.Then Katusha went to live with her aunt in town. The aunt*s husband, a bookbinder, had once been comfortably off, but had lost all his customers, and had taken to drink, and spent all he could lay hands on at the public-house. The aunt kept a little laundry, and managed to support herself, her children, and her wretched husband. She offered Katusha the place of an but seeing what a life of misery and hardship her aunt*s assistants led, Katusha hesitated, and applied to a registry office for a place. One was found for her with a lady who lived with her two sons, pupils at a public day school. A week after Katusha had entered the house the elder, a big fellow with moustaches, threw up his studies and made love to her, continually following her about. His mother laid all the blame on Katusha, and gave her notice.It so happened that, after many fruitless attempts to find a situation, Katusha again went to the registry office, and there met a woman with bracelets on her bare, plump arms and rings on most of her fingers. Hearing that Katusha was badly in want of a place, the woman gave her her address, and invited her to come to her house. Katusha went. The woman received her very kindly, set cake and sweet wine before her, then wrote a note and gave it to a servant to take to somebody. In the evening a tall man, with long, grey hair and a white beard, entered the room, and sat down at once near Katusha, smiling and gazing at her with glistening eyes. He began joking with her. The hostess called him away into the next room, and Katusha heard her say, &A fresh one from the country,& Then the hostess called Katusha aside and told her that the man was an author, and that he had a great deal of money, and that if he liked her he would not grudge her anything. He did like her, and gave her 25 roubles, promising to see her often. The 25 some she paid to her aunt f the rest was spent on a hat, ribbons, and such like. A few days later the author sent for her, and she went. He gave her another 25 roubles, and offered her a separate lodging.Next door to the lodging rented for her by the author there lived a jolly young shopman, with whom Katusha soon fell in love. She told the author, and moved to a little lodging of her own. The shopman, who promised to marry her, went to Nijni on business without mentioning it to her, having evidently thrown her up, and Katusha remained alone. She meant to continue living in the lodging by herself, but was informed by the police that in this case she would have to get a license. She returned to her aunt. Seeing her fine dress, her hat, and mantle, her aunt no longer offered her laundry work. As she understood things, her niece had risen above that sort of thing. The question as to whether she was to become a laundress or not did not occur to Katusha, either. She looked with pity at the thin, hard-worked laundresses, some already in consumption, who stood washing or ironing with their thin arms in the fearfully hot front room, which was always full of soapy steam and draughts from the windows, and thought with horror that she might have shared the same fate.Katusha had begun to smoke some time before, and since the young shopman had thrown her up she was getting more and more into the habit of drinking. It was not so much the flavour of wine that tempted her as the fact that it gave her a chance of forgetting the misery she suffered, making her feel more unrestrained and more confident of her own worth, which she was
without wine she felt sad and ashamed. Just at this time a woman came along who offered to place her in one of the largest establishments in the city, explaining all the advantages and benefits of the situation. Katusha had the choice before her of either going into service or accepting this offer--and she chose the latter. Besides, it seemed to her as though, in this way, she could revenge herself on her betrayer and the shopman and all those who had injured her. One of the things that tempted her, and was the cause of her decision, was the woman telling her she might order her own dresses--velvet, silk, satin, low-necked ball dresses, anything she liked. A mental picture of herself in a bright yellow silk trimmed with black velvet with low neck and short sleeves conquered her, and she gave up her passport. On the same evening the procuress took an isvostchik and drove her to the notorious house kept by Carolina Albertovna Kitaeva.From that day a life of chronic sin against human and divine laws commenced for Katusha Maslova, a life which is led by hundreds of thousands of women, and which is not merely tolerated but sanctioned by the Government, anxious for the wel a life which for nine women out of ten ends in painful disease, premature decrepitude, and death.Katusha Maslova lived this life for seven years. During these years she twice changed houses, and had once been to the hospital. In the seventh year of this life, when she was twenty-six years old, happened that for which she was put in prison and for which she was now being taken to be tried, after more than three months of confinement with thieves and murderers in the stifling air of a prison.
复活 - 列夫·托尔斯泰 - 小说在线阅读 中文版复活英文版在线阅读_新学网英文版
《马太福音》第十八章第二十一节至第二十二节：“那时彼得进前来，对耶稣说：主啊，我弟兄得罪我，我当饶恕他几次呢？到七次可以么？耶稣说：我对你说，不是到七次，乃是到七十个七次。”《马太福音》第七章第三节：“为什么看见你弟兄眼中有刺，却不想自己眼中有梁木呢？”《约翰福音》第八章第七节：“……你们中间谁是没有罪的，谁就可以先拿石头打她。”《路加福音》第六章第四十节：“学生不能高过先生，凡学成了的不过和先生一样。”尽管好几十万人聚居在一小块地方，竭力把土地糟蹋得面目全非，尽管他们肆意把石头砸进地里，不让花草树木生长，尽管他们除尽刚出土的小草，把煤炭和石油烧得烟雾腾腾，尽管他们滥伐树木，驱逐鸟兽，在城市里，春天毕竟还是春天。阳光和煦，青草又到处生长，不仅在林荫道上，而且在石板缝里。凡是青草没有锄尽的地方，都一片翠绿，生意盎然。桦树、杨树和稠李纷纷抽出芬芳的粘稠嫩叶，菩提树上鼓起一个个胀裂的新芽。寒鸦、麻雀和鸽子感到春天已经来临，都在欢乐地筑巢。就连苍蝇都被阳光照暖，夜墙脚下嘤嘤嗡嗡地骚动。花草树木也好，鸟雀昆虫也好，儿童也好，全都欢欢喜喜，生气蓬勃。唯独人，唯独成年人，却一直在自欺欺人，折磨自己，也折磨别人。他们认为神圣而重要的，不是这春色迷人的早晨，不是上帝为造福众生所创造的人间的美，那种使万物趋向和平、协调、互爱的美；他们认为神圣而重要的，是他们自己发明的统治别人的种种手段。就因为这个缘故，省监狱办公室官员认为神圣而重要的，不是飞禽走兽和男女老幼都在享受的春色和欢乐，他们认为神圣而重要的，是昨天接到的那份编号盖印、写明案由的公文。公文指定今天，四月二十八日，上午九时以前把三名受过侦讯的在押犯，一男两女，解送法院受审。其中一名女的是主犯，须单独押解送审。由于接到这张传票，今晨八时监狱看守长走进又暗又臭的女监走廊。他后面跟着一个面容憔悴、鬈发花白的女人，身穿袖口镶金绦的制服，腰束一根蓝边带子。这是女看守。“您是要玛丝洛娃吧？”她同值班的看守来到一间直通走廊的牢房门口，问看守长说。值班的看守哐啷一声开了铁锁，打开牢门，一股比走廊里更难闻的恶臭立即从里面冲了出来。看守吆喝道：“玛丝洛娃，过堂去！”随即又带上牢门，等待着。监狱院子里，空气就比较新鲜爽快些，那是从田野上吹来的。但监狱走廊里却弥漫着令人作呕的污浊空气，里面充满伤寒菌以及粪便、煤焦油和霉烂物品的臭味，不论谁一进来都会感到郁闷和沮丧。女看守虽已闻惯这种污浊空气，但从院子里一进来，也免不了有这样的感觉。她一进走廊，就觉得浑身无力，昏昏欲睡。牢房里传出女人的说话声和光脚板的走路声。“喂，玛丝洛娃，快点儿，别磨磨蹭蹭的，听见没有！”看守长对着牢门喝道。过了两分钟光景，一个个儿不高、胸部丰满的年轻女人，身穿白衣白裙，外面套着一件灰色囚袍，大踏步走出牢房，敏捷地转过身子，在看守长旁边站住。这个女人脚穿麻布袜，外套囚犯穿的棉鞋，头上扎着一块白头巾，显然有意让几绺乌黑的鬈发从头巾里露出来。她的脸色异常苍白，仿佛储存在地窖里的土豆的新芽。那是长期坐牢的人的通病。她那双短而阔的手和从囚袍宽大领口里露出来的丰满脖子，也是那样苍白。她那双眼睛，在苍白无光的脸庞衬托下，显得格外乌黑发亮，虽然有点浮肿，但十分灵活。其中一只眼睛稍微有点斜视。她挺直身子站着，丰满的胸部高高地隆起。她来到走廊里，微微仰起头，盯住看守长的眼睛，现出一副唯命是从的样子。看守长刚要关门，一个没戴头巾的白发老太婆，从牢房里探出她那张严厉、苍白而满是皱纹的脸来。老太婆对玛丝洛娃说了几句话。看守长就对着老太婆的脑袋推上牢门，把她们隔开了。牢房里响起了女人的哄笑声。玛丝洛娃也微微一笑，向牢门上装有铁栅的小窗洞转过脸去。老太婆在里面凑近窗洞，哑着嗓子说：“千万别跟他们多罗唆，咬定了别改日，就行了。”“只要有个结局就行，不会比现在更糟的，”玛丝洛娃晃了晃脑袋，说。“结局当然只有一个，不会有两个，”看守长煞有介事地摆出长官的架势说，显然自以为说得很俏皮。“跟我来，走！”老太婆的眼睛从窗洞里消失了。玛丝洛娃来到走廊中间，跟在看守长后面，急步走着。他们走下石楼梯，经过比女监更臭更闹、每个窗洞里都有眼睛盯着他们的男监，走进办公室。办公室里已有两个持枪的押送兵等着。坐在那里的文书把一份烟味很重的公文交给一个押送兵，说：“把她带去！”那押送兵是下城的一个农民，红脸，有麻子，他把公文掖在军大衣翻袖里，目光对着那女犯，笑嘻嘻地向颧骨很高的楚瓦什同伴挤挤眼。这两个士兵押着女犯走下台阶，向大门口走去。大门上的一扇便门开了，两个士兵押着女犯穿过这道门走到院子里，再走出围墙，来到石子铺成的大街上。马车夫、小店老板、厨娘、工人、官吏纷纷站住，好奇地打量着女犯。有人摇摇头，心里想：“瞧，不象我们那样规规矩矩做人，就会弄到这个下场！”孩子们恐惧地望着这个女强盗，唯一可以放心的是她被士兵押着，不然再干坏事了。一个乡下人卖掉了煤炭，在茶馆里喝够了茶，走到她身边，画了个十字，送给她一个戈比。女犯脸红了，低下头，嘴里喃喃地说了句什么。女犯察觉向她射来的一道道目光，并不转过头，却悄悄地斜睨着那些向她注视的人。大家在注意她，她觉得高兴。这里的空气比牢房里清爽些，带有春天的气息，这也使她高兴。不过，她好久没有在石子路上行走，这会儿又穿着笨重的囚鞋，她的脚感到疼痛。她瞧瞧自己的双脚，竭力走得轻一点。他们经过一家面粉店，店门前有许多鸽子，摇摇摆摆地走来走去，没有人来打扰它们。女犯的脚差点儿碰到一只瓦灰鸽。那只鸽子拍拍翅膀飞起来，从女犯耳边飞过，给她送来一阵清风。女犯微微一笑，接着想到自己的处境，不禁长叹了一声。
海外直录硕士，一年读海外硕士找中域
女犯玛丝洛娃的身世极其平几。她是一个未婚的女农奴的私生子。这女农奴跟着饲养牲口的母亲一起，在两个地主老姑娘的庄院里干活。这个没有结过婚的女人年年都生一个孩子，并且按照乡下习惯，总是给孩子行洗礼，然后做母亲的不再给这个违背她的心愿来到人间的孩子喂奶，因为这会影响她干活。于是，孩子不久就饿死了。就这样死了五个孩子。个个都行了洗礼，个个都没有吃奶，个个都死掉了。第六个孩子是跟一个过路的吉卜赛人生的，是个女孩。她的命运本来也不会有什么两样，可是那两个老姑娘中有一个凑巧来到牲口棚，斥责饲养员做的奶油有牛骚气。当时产妇和她那个白白胖胖的娃娃正躺在牲口棚里。那老姑娘因为奶油做得不好吃，又因为把产妇放进牲口棚里，大骂了一通，骂完正要走，忽然看见那娃娃，觉得很惹人爱怜，就自愿做她的教母。她给女孩行了洗礼，又因怜悯这个教女，常给做母亲的送点牛奶和钱。这样，女孩就活了下来。两个老姑娘从此就叫她“再生儿”。孩子三岁那年，她母亲害病死了。饲养牲口的外婆觉得外孙女是个累赘，两个老姑娘就把女孩领到身边抚养。这个眼睛乌溜溜的小女孩长得非常活泼可爱，两个老姑娘就常常拿她消遣解闷。这两个老姑娘中，妹妹索菲雅·伊凡诺夫娜心地比较善良，给女孩行洗礼的就是她；姐姐玛丽雅·伊凡诺夫娜脾气比较急躁。索菲雅把这娃娃打扮身漂漂亮亮，还教她念书，一心想把她培养成自己的养女。玛丽雅却要把她训练成一名出色的侍女，因此对她很严格，遇到自己情绪不好，就罚她甚至打她。由于两个老姑娘持不同的态度，小姑娘长大成人后，便一半成了个侍女，一半成了个养女。她的名字也不上不下，叫卡秋莎，而不叫卡吉卡，也不叫卡金卡。①她缝补衣服，收拾房间，擦拭圣像，煮茶烧菜，磨咖啡豆，煮咖啡，洗零星衣物，有时还坐下来给两个老姑娘读书解闷。--------①她的本名叫卡吉琳娜，卡吉卡是粗俗的叫法，卡金卡是高雅的称呼，而卡秋莎则是普通的小名。有人来给她说媒，她一概谢绝，觉得嫁给卖力气过活的男人，日子一定很苦。她已经过惯地主家的舒适生活。她就这样一直生活到十六岁。在满十六岁那年，两个老姑娘的侄儿，一个在大学念书的阔绰的公爵少爷来到她们家。卡秋莎暗暗爱上了他，却不敢向他表白，连自己都不敢承认产生了这种感情。两年后，这位侄少爷出发远征，途经姑妈家，又待了四天。临行前夜，他引诱了卡秋莎，动身那天塞给她一张百卢布钞票。他走了五个月后，她才断定自己怀孕了。从那时起，她变得性情烦躁，一味想着怎样才能避免即将临头的羞辱。她服侍两个老姑娘，不仅敷衍塞责，而且连自己都没想到，竟发起脾气来。她顶撞老姑娘，对她们说了不少粗话，事后又觉得懊悔，就要求辞工。两个老姑娘对她也很不满意，就放她走了。她从她们家里出来，到警察局长家做侍女，但只做了三个月，因为那局长虽然年已半百，还是对她纠缠不清。有一次，他逼得特别厉害，她发起火来，骂他混蛋和老鬼，狠狠地把他推开，他竟被推倒在地。她因此被解雇了。她再找工作已不可能，因为快要分娩，就寄居到乡下一个给人接生兼贩私酒的寡妇家里。分娩很顺利，可是那接生婆刚给一个有病的乡下女人接过生，便把产褥热传染给了卡秋莎。男孩一生下来就被送到育婴堂。据送去的老太婆说，婴儿一到那里就死了。卡秋莎住到接生婆家里的时候，身上总共有一百二十七卢布：二十七卢布是她自己挣的，一百卢布是引诱她的公爵少爷送的。等她从接生婆家里出来，手头只剩下六个卢布。她不懂得省吃俭用，很会花钱，待人又厚道，总是有求必应。接生婆向她要了四十卢布，作为两个月的伙食费和茶点钱，又要了二十五卢布，算是把婴儿送到育婴堂的费用。另外，接生婆又向她借了四十卢布买牛。剩下的二十几个卢布，卡秋莎自己买衣服，送礼，零星花掉了。这样，当卡秋莎身体复元时，她已身无分文，不得不重新找工作。她到林务官家干活。林务官虽然已有老婆，但也跟警察局长一样，从第一天起就缠住卡秋莎不放。卡秋莎讨厌他，竭力回避他。但他比卡秋莎狡猾老练，主要因为他是东家，可以任意支使她，终于找到了一个机会，把她占有了。做妻子的知道了这件事，有一次看到丈夫同卡秋莎单独待在房间里，就扑过去打她。卡秋莎不甘示弱，两人厮打起来。结果卡秋莎被撵了出来，连工资都没有拿到。此后卡秋莎来到城里，住在姨妈家。姨父是个装订工，原先日子过得不错，后来主顾越来越少，他就借酒解愁，把家里的东西都变卖喝掉了。姨妈开了一家小洗衣店，借以养活儿女，供养潦倒的丈夫。姨妈要玛丝洛娃进她的洗衣店干活。但玛丝洛娃看到洗衣店里女工的艰苦生活，犹豫不决，就到荐头行找工作，给人家当女仆。她找到了一户人家，有一位太太和两个念中学的男孩。进去才一星期，那个念中学六年级的留小胡子的大儿子就丢下功课，缠住玛丝洛娃，不让她安宁。做母亲的却一味责怪玛丝洛娃，把她解雇了。玛丝洛娃没有找到新的工作，但在荐头行里无意中遇到一位手上戴满戒指、肥胖的光胳膊上戴着手镯的太太。这位太太知道了玛丝洛娃的处境，就留下地址，请玛丝洛娃到她家去。玛丝洛娃去找她。这位太太亲热地招待她，请她吃馅饼和甜酒，同时打发侍女送一封信到什么地方去。傍晚就有一个须发花白的高个子来到这屋里。这老头子一来就挨着玛丝洛娃坐下，眼睛闪闪发亮，笑嘻嘻地打量着她，同她说笑。女主人把他叫到另一个房间，玛丝洛娃但听得女主人说：“刚从乡下来的，新鲜得很呐！”然后女主人把玛丝洛娃叫去，对她说他是作家，钱多得要命，只要她能如他的意，他是不会舍不得花钱的。她果然如了他的意，他就给了她二十五卢布，还答应常常同她相会。她付清了姨妈家的生活费，买了新衣服、帽子和缎带，很快就把钱花光了。过了几天，作家又来请她去。她去了。他又给了她二十五卢布，叫她搬到一个独门独户的寓所去住。玛丝洛娃住在作家替她租下的寓所里，却爱上了同院一个快乐的店员。她主动把这事告诉作家，然后又搬到一个更小的独户寓所里去住。那个店员起初答应同她结婚，后来竟不辞而别，到下城去，显然是把她抛弃了。这样，玛丝洛娃又剩下孤零零一个人。她本想独个儿继续住在那个寓所里，可是人家不答应。派出所长对她说，她要领到黄色执照①，接受医生检查，才能单独居住。于是她又回到姨妈家。姨妈见她穿戴着时式的衣服、披肩和帽子，客客气气接待她，再也不敢要她做洗衣妇，认为她现在的身价高了。而对玛丝洛娃来说，她根本不考虑做洗衣妇的问题。她瞧着前面几个屋子里的洗衣妇，对她们充满怜悯。她们脸色苍白，胳膊干瘦，有的己得了痨病，过着苦役犯一般的生活。那里不论冬夏，窗子一直敞开着，她们就在三十度②高温的肥皂蒸汽里洗熨衣服。玛丝洛娃一想到她也可能服这样的苦役，不禁感到恐惧。就在玛丝洛娃没有任何依靠，生活无着的时候，一个为妓院物色姑娘的牙婆找到了她。--------①帝俄政府发的妓女执照。②指列氏温度。列氏温度计把冰点作0度，沸点作80度，列氏30度等于摄氏37．5度。玛丝洛娃早就抽上香烟，而在她同店员姘居的后期和被他抛弃以后，就越来越离不开酒瓶。她之所以离不开酒瓶，不仅因为酒味醇美，更因为酒能使她忘记身受的一切痛苦，暂时解脱烦闷，增强自尊心。而这样的精神状态不喝酒是无法维持的。她不喝酒就觉得意气消沉，羞耻难当。牙婆招待姨妈吃饭，把玛丝洛娃灌醉，要她到城里一家最高级的妓院去做生意，又向她列举干这个营生的种种好处。玛丝洛娃面临着一场选择：或者低声下气去当女仆，但这样就逃避不了男人的纠缠，不得不同人临时秘密通奸；或者取得生活安定而又合法的地位，就是进行法律所容许而又报酬丰厚的长期的公开通奸。她选择了后一条。此外，她想用这种方式来报复诱奸她的年轻公爵、店员和一切欺侮过她的男人。同时还有一个条件诱惑她，使她最后打定主意，那就是牙婆答应她，她喜爱什么衣服，就可以做什么衣服，丝绒的，法伊绉①的，绸缎的，袒胸露臂的舞衫，等等，任凭挑选。玛丝洛娃想象着自己穿上一件袒胸黑丝绒滚边的鹅黄连衣裙的情景，再也经不住诱惑，就交出身份证去换取黄色执照。当天晚上，牙婆雇来一辆马车，把她带到著名的基塔耶娃妓院里。--------①正反两面都有横条纹的丝织品或毛织品。从此以后，玛丝洛娃就经常违背上帝的诫命和人类道德，过起犯罪的生活来。千百万妇女过着这种生活，不仅获得关心公民福利的政府的许可，而且受到它的保护。最后，这类妇女十个倒有九个受着恶疾的折磨，未老先衰，过早夭折。夜间纵酒作乐，白天昏睡不醒。下午两三点钟，她们才懒洋洋地从肮脏的床上爬起来，喝矿泉水醒酒，或者喝咖啡，身上穿着罩衫、短上衣或者长睡衣，没精打采地在几个房间里走来走去，隔着窗帘望望窗外，有气无力地对骂几句。接着是梳洗，擦油，往身上和头发上洒香水，试衣服，为服饰同老鸨吵嘴，反复照镜子，涂脂抹粉，画眉毛，吃油腻的甜点心；最后穿上袒露肉体的鲜艳绸衫，来到灯火辉煌的华丽大厅里。客人陆续到来，奏乐，跳舞，吃糖，喝酒，吸烟，通奸。客人中间有年轻的，有中年的，有半大孩子，有龙钟的老头，有单身的，有成家的，有商人，有店员，有亚美尼亚人，有犹太人，有鞑靼人，有富裕的，有贫穷的，有强壮的，有病弱的，有喝醉的，有清醒的，有粗野的，有温柔的，有军人，有文官，有大学生，有中学生。总之，各种不同身分，不同年龄，不同性格的男人，应有尽有。又是喧闹又是调笑，又是打架又是音乐，吸烟喝酒，喝酒吸烟，音乐从黄昏一直响到天明。直到早晨，她们才得脱身和睡觉。天天如此，个个星期都是这样。每到周末，她们乘车去到政府机关——警察分局，那里坐着官员和医生，都是男人。他们的态度有时严肃认真，有时轻浮粗野，蹂躏了不仅为人类所赋有、甚至连禽兽都具备的那种足以防止犯罪的羞耻心，给这些女人检查身体，发给她们许可证，使她们可以和同谋者再干上一星期同类罪行。下一个星期还是这样。天天如此，不分冬夏，没有假期。玛丝洛娃就这样过了七年。在这期间，她换过两家妓院，住过一次医院。在她进妓院的第七年，也是她初次失身后的第八年，那时她才二十六岁，不料出了一件事，使她进了监狱。她在牢里同杀人犯和盗贼一起生活了六个月，今天被押解到法院受审。
当玛丝洛娃在士兵押送下走了许多路，筋疲力尽，好容易才走到州法院大厦时，她两个养母的侄儿，当年诱奸她的德米特里·伊凡内奇·聂赫留朵夫公爵正躺在高高的弹簧床上，床上铺着鸭绒垫褥，被单被揉得很皱。他穿着一件前襟皱裥熨得笔挺的洁净荷兰细麻布睡衣，敞开领子，吸着香烟。他目光呆滞地瞪着前方，想着今天有什么事要做，昨天发生过什么事。昨天他在有钱有势的柯察金家度过一个黄昏。大家都认为他应该同他们家的小姐结婚。他想起昨晚的事，叹了一口气，丢掉手里的烟蒂，想从银烟盒里再取出一支烟，可是忽然改变主意，从床上挂下两条光溜溜的白腿，用脚找到拖鞋。他拿起一件绸晨衣往胖胖的肩膀上一披，迈着沉重的步子，急速走到卧室旁的盥洗室里。盥洗室里充满甘香酒剂、花露水、发蜡和香水的香味。他在那里用特等牙粉刷他那口补过多处的牙齿，用香喷喷的漱口药水漱口。然后上上下下擦洗身子，再用几块不同的毛巾擦干。他拿香皂洗手，用刷子仔细刷净长指甲，在巨大的大理石洗脸盆里洗了脸和肥胖的脖子，然后走到卧室旁的第三间屋里，那里已为他准备好了淋浴。他用凉水冲洗丰满白净、肌肉累累的身子，拿软毛巾擦干，穿上熨得笔挺的洁净衬衫和擦得象镜子一样光亮的皮鞋，坐到梳妆台前，用两把刷子梳理他那鬈曲的黑胡子和头顶前面已变得稀疏的鬈发。凡是他使用的东西，衬衫、外衣、皮鞋、领带、别针、袖扣，样样都是最贵重最讲究的，都很高雅，大方，坚固，名贵。聂赫留朵夫从好多领带和胸针中随手取了一条领带和一枚胸针（以前他对挑选领带和胸针很感兴趣，现在却毫不在意），又从椅子上拿起刷净的衣服穿好。这下子他虽算不上精神抖擞，却也浑身上下整洁芳香。他走进长方形饭厅。饭厅里的镶木地板昨天已由三个农民擦得锯光闪亮，上面摆着麻栎大酒台和一张活动大餐桌，桌腿雕成张开的狮爪，很有气派。桌上铺一块浆得笔挺、绣有巨大花体字母拼成的家徽的薄桌布，上面放着装有香气扑鼻的咖啡的银咖啡壶、银糖缸、盛有煮沸过的奶油的银壶和装满新鲜白面包、面包干和饼干的篮子。食具旁放着刚收到的信件、报纸和一本新出的法文杂志《两个世界》①。聂赫留朵夫刚要拆信，从通向走廊的门里忽然悄悄地进来一个肥胖的老妇人。她身穿丧服，头上扎着花边头带，把她那宽阔的头路都遮住了。她叫阿格拉斐娜，原是聂赫留朵夫母亲的侍女。前不久母亲在这个房子里去世，她就留下担任少爷的女管家。--------①一八二九年起在巴黎印行的文艺和政论法语杂志，在俄国知识分子中间流行很广。这里原文为法语。以下原文凡用法语的，一律排仿宋体，不再一一作注。阿格拉斐娜跟随聂赫留朵夫母亲前后在国外待了十年，很有点贵妇人的风度和气派。她从小就生活在聂赫留朵夫家，在德米特里·伊凡内奇还叫小名米金卡的时候就知道他了。“您早，德米特里·伊凡内奇！”“您好，阿格拉斐娜！有什么新鲜事儿啊？”聂赫留朵夫戏谑地问。“有一封信，也不知是公爵夫人写来的，还是公爵小姐写来的，她们家的女佣人送来有好半天了，现在她还在我屋里等着呢，”阿格拉斐娜说着把信交给聂赫留朵夫，脸上现出会心的微笑。“好，等一下，”聂赫留朵夫接过信说，察觉阿格拉斐娜脸上的笑意，不由得皱起眉头。阿格拉斐娜的笑容表示，信是柯察金公爵小姐写来的。她以为聂赫留朵夫已准备同她结婚。阿格拉斐娜笑容的含义却使聂赫留朵夫不快。“那我去叫她再等一下，”阿格拉斐娜拿起那把放错地方的扫面包屑小刷子，将它放回老地方，悄悄地走出饭厅。聂赫留朵夫拆开阿格拉斐娜交给他的那封香气扑鼻的信，抽出一张曲边的灰色厚信纸，看见上面的字迹尖细而稀疏，读了起来：“我既已承担责任，把您的事随时提醒您，现在就通知您，今天四月二十八日您应该出庭陪审，因此您不能照您一贯的轻率作风，如昨天所答应的那样，陪我们和柯洛索夫去观看画展，除非您情愿向州法院缴纳三百卢布罚金，相当于您舍不得买那匹马的数目，为的是您没有准时出庭。昨天您一走，我就记起这件事。请您务必不要忘记。玛·柯察金公爵小姐。”信纸背面又加了两句：“妈要我告诉您，为您准备的晚餐将等您到深夜。请您务必光临，迟早听便。玛·柯·”聂赫留朵夫皱起眉头。这封信是柯察金公爵小姐两个月来向他巧妙进攻的又一招，目的是要用无形的千丝万缕把他同自己拴得越来越紧。凡是年纪已不很轻、又不是在热恋中的男人，对结婚问题往往患得患失，犹豫不决。不过，除了这一点，聂赫留朵夫还有一个重大原因，使他就算拿定主意，也不能立刻去求婚。这原因并非他在十年前诱奸了卡秋莎又把她抛弃了。这件事他已经忘记得一干二净，即使想起来，也不会把它看作结婚的障碍。这原因是他同一个有夫之妇有过私情，虽然从他这方面来说，这种关系现在已经结束，但她却不认为已一刀两断。聂赫留朵夫见到女人很腼腆。正因为他腼腆，这个有夫之妇才想要征服他。这个女人是聂赫留朵夫参加选举的那个县的首席贵族的妻子。她终于把聂赫留朵夫引入彀中。聂赫留朵夫一天比一天迷恋她，同时又一天比一天嫌恶她。聂赫留朵夫起初经不住她的诱惑，后来又在她面前感到内疚，因此若不取得她的同意，就不能断绝这种关系。也就因为这个缘故，聂赫留朵夫认为即使他心里愿意，也无权向柯察金小姐求婚。桌上正好放着那个女人的丈夫的来信。聂赫留朵夫一看见他的笔迹和邮戳，就脸红耳赤，心惊肉跳。他每次面临危险，总有这样的感觉。不过，他的紧张是多余的：那个丈夫，聂赫留朵夫主要地产所在县的首席贵族，通知聂赫留朵夫说，五月底将召开地方自治会非常会议，他要求聂赫留朵夫务必出席，以便在讨论有关学校和马路等当前重大问题时支持他，因为估计将遭到反动派的坚决反对。首席贵族是个自由派，他和几个志同道合的人一起反对亚历山大三世①登位后逐渐抬头的反动势力，一心一意投入这场斗争，根本不知道家里出了不幸的变故。--------①俄国沙皇，一八八一——一八九四年在位，因他父亲被民意党人杀害，实行恐怖统治，怂恿反动势力抬头。聂赫留朵夫想起由于这个人而产生的种种烦恼。记得有一次他以为那女人的丈夫已知道这事，就做好同他决斗的准备，决斗时他将朝天开枪。还记得她跟他大闹过一场，她在绝望中奔往花园的池塘，想投水自尽，他连忙追了上去。“我现在不能到她那边去，在她没有答复我以前，我也不能采取任何措施，”聂赫留朵夫心里盘算着。一星期以前，他写了一封信给她，语气很坚决，承认自己有罪，不惜用任何方式赎罪，但认为为了她的幸福，他们的关系必须一刀两断。他现在就在等她的回信，但没有等到。没有回信多少也是个好兆头。她要是不同意断绝关系，早就该来信了，说不定还会象上次那样亲自赶来。聂赫留朵夫听说现在有个军官在追求她，这使他心里酸溜溜的，但同时又因为可以不再撒谎做假而感到高兴，并松了一口气。另一封信是经管他地产的总管写来的。总管在信里说，他聂赫留朵夫必须亲自回乡一次，以便办理遗产过户手续，同时就农业的经营方式作出决定：继续照公爵夫人在世时那样经营呢，还是采取他总管以前曾向公爵夫人提出，如今再向公爵少爷提出的办法，也就是增加农具，把租给农民的土地全部收回自己耕种。总管认为自己耕种要划算得多。此外，总管还表示歉意说，原定月初汇出的三千卢布得耽搁几天，这笔钱将随下一班邮车汇出。耽搁的原因是农民不肯缴租，他收不齐租金，只得求助于官府，强制农民缴纳。聂赫留朵夫收到这封信，又高兴又不高兴。高兴的是他意识到自己掌握了大量产业。不高兴的是他当年原是斯宾塞①的忠实信徒，而且身为大地主，对斯宾塞在《社会静力学》②中所提出的“正义不容许土地私有”这个论点特别折服。他出于青年人的正直和果断，不仅口头上拥护土地不该成为私有财产的观点，在大学里还就这个问题写过论文，而且真的曾把一小块土地（那块土地不属于他母亲所有，而是他从父亲名下直接继承来的）分给农民。他不愿违反自己的信念而占有土地。如今继承了母亲的遗产而成为大地主，他必须在两条道路中间选择一条：或者象十年前处理父亲遗下的两百俄亩土地那样，放弃他名下的产业；或者默认自己以前的全部想法都是荒谬的。第一条道路他不能走，因为除了土地他没有任何其他生活资料。他既不愿意做官，又不能放弃早已过惯的奢侈生活。再说，他也没有必要放弃这样的生活，因为年轻时的信仰、决心、虚荣和一鸣惊人的欲望，如今都没有了。至于第二条道路，要否定他从斯宾塞的《社会静力学》中汲取来、后来又从亨利·乔治③的著作里找到光辉论证的“土地私有不合理”这个论点，他可怎么也办不到。--------①赫伯特·斯宾塞（）——英国社会学家，不可知论者，唯心主义哲学家。②原文是英语。③亨利·乔治（）——美国经济学家和社会活动家。就因为这个缘故，总管的信使他不高兴。
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