The Wehrmacht and G.I. Joe: Learning What from History?: A Review Essay on JSTOR
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The Wehrmacht and G....
Journal Article
Reviewed Work:
Fighting Power: German and U.S. Army Performance, .
by Martin van Creveld
Review by:
David Schoenbaum
International Security
Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer, 1983), pp. 201-207
Published by:
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538492
Page Count: 7
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ethnic conflict and peacekeeping
post-Cold War security problems
European, Asian, and regional security
nuclear forces and strategy
arms control and weapons proliferation
post-Soviet security issues
diplomatic and military history
(Vol. 1, No. 1 - Vol. 36, No. 3)
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VOA Special English Word Book
VOA Special English Word BookThe Parts of Speechn. (noun) - a name word v. (verb) - an action word ad. (adjective/adverb) - a describing word prep. (preposition) - a word used to show a relation pro. (pronoun) - a word used in place of a noun conj. (conjunction) - a joining word afraid - ad. feeling fear after - ad. behind again - ad. as before against - ad. not agreeing with something age - n. how old a person or thing is agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group (&an agency of the United Nations&) aggression - n. an attack against the violation of a country's borders ago - ad. before now agree - v. to have the sa to be willing to do something agriculture - n. farming aid - v. n. help, assistance aim - v. n. a goal or purpose air - n. the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that we breathe air force - n. a military organization using airplanes airplane - n. a vehicle with wings that flies airport - n. a place where airplanes take off and land album - n. a collection of recorded music alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used as a drug or in industrial products alive - ad. not dead all - ad. the complete amount ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose almost - ad. a little less than completely alone - ad. separated from others along - ad. near or on (&along the road&) already - ad. even now also - ad. too although - conj. even if it is true that always - ad. every time ambassador - n. a nation's highest diplomatic representative (to another government)Aa (an) - ad. each able - v. having the power to do something about - ad. almost (&about half&); of or having a relation to (&We talk about the weather.&) above - ad. at a higher place abuse - n. bad treatment causing harm or injury accept - v. to agree to receive accident - n. something that happens
an unplanned event accuse - v. to say a person is responsible to make a statement against someone across - ad. to the other side act - v. to do something activist - n. one who seeks change through action actor - n. someone acting in a play or show add - v. to put (something) with anoth to say more administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president or prime minister admit - v. to accept (&admitted to the United Nations&); to express one's guilt or responsibility (&He admitted that what he did was wrong.&) adult - n. a grown person advertise - v. to show or present the qualities of a product to increase sales advise - v. to help with information, knowledge or ideas in making a decision affect - v. to
to influence (&A lack of sleep affected the singer's performance.&)amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law) ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns among - ad. in or part of (a group) amount - n. the number, size or weight of anything anarchy - n. lawlessness ancestor - n. a family member from the past ancient - ad. long ago and - conj. with anger - n. a strong emotion against someone or something animal - n. a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the past announce - v. to to declare officially another - ad. a different one answer - n. a statement pr v. to make a statement after being asked a question any - ad. one or more of no special kind apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts responsibility appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or
to call on somebody for help appear - v. to seem appoint - v. to choose (&appoint a judge&) approve - v. to agree to support archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities area - n. any place or part of it argue - v. to offer reasons for
to disagree arms - n. weapons army - n. military ground forces around - ad. on every side (of) arrest - v. to seize a per to take as a prisoner arrive - v. to come to a place, especially at the end of a tripart - n. expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, writing or statues artillery - n. big guns as - conj. equally (&as fast as&); while ash - n. the part left after something burns ask - v. to say something is wanted (&We ask the teacher questions every day.&) assist - v. to help astronaut - n. a person who travels in space astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person from another country at - prep. in or near (&at the edge&); where (&look at&); when (&at noon&) atmosphere - n. the gases surrounding any star or planet attach - v. to connect attack - n. a violent attempt to damage, v. to start a fight attempt - v. to w to make an effort attend - v. to be present at attention - n. close or careful observing of, or listening to, someone or something (&The student paid attention to his teacher.&) automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels
a car autumn - n. the time of the year between summer and winter available - ad. prese willing to serve or help. (&There was a list of available candidates.&) average - n. something (a number) rep ad. normal avoid - v. to stay away from awake - ad. not sleeping award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service away - ad. not nearBbaby - n. a newly born creature back - n. the p ad. the other way from forward bad - ad. ac not goodbalance - v. to make two sides or forces equal ball - n. something round balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighter than air ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting ban - v. n. an official restriction bank - n. an organization that keeps and lends money bar - v. to prevent or block barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult base - n. v. to establish as a fact (&Her research was based on experiments.&) battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces be - v. to exist beat - v. to hit again and again beauty - n. that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit because - prep. for the reason that (&He left because he was sick.&) become - v. to come to be bed - n. a sleeping place before - prep. earlier begin - v. to do the fir to start behavior - n. the way in which a person or animal acts (&The child s behavior was bad because he fought with other children.&) behind - ad. in back of believe - v. to trust belong - v. to be a member of below - ad. lower than best - ad. the most good betray - v. to be false to better - ad. more good than between - ad. in the space or from one to the other (&talks between two nations&) big - ad. not small bill - n. a legislative proposal biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms bird - n. a creature that flies bite - v. to cut with the teethblack - ad. having the color like that of the night sky blame - v. to hold responsible bleed - v. to lose blood blind - ad. not able to see block - v. to stop somet to prevent movement blood - n. red fluid in the body blow - v. to move with force, as in air (&The wind blows.&) blue - ad. having the color like that of a clear sky boat - n. something built to travel on water that carries people or goods body - n. all o the remains of a person or animal boil - v. to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot bomb - n. a device that explo v. to attack or destroy with bombs bone - n. the hard material in the body book - n. a long written work for reading border - n. a dividing line between nations born - v. to come into existence borrow - v. to take as a loan both - ad. not just one of two, but the two together bottle - n. a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid bottom - ad. the lowest part of something box - n. somethin a container, usually made of paper or wood boy - n. a young male person boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with brain - n. the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all creatures brave - ad. having no fear bread - n. a food made from grain break - v. to divide to destroy breathe - v. to take air into the body and let it out again bridge - n. a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other brief - ad. not longbright - ad. strong and clear in color bring - v. to come with something broadcast - v. to send information, stories or music by n. a radio or television program brother - n. a male with the same father or mother as another person brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee budget - n. a spending plan build - v. to join materials together to make something building - n. anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store or place of entertainment bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun burn - v. to destroy or damage by fire burst - v. to break open suddenly bury - v. to put into the ground and cover with earth bus - n. a public vehicle to carry people business - n. one' buying and s trade busy - ad. very active but - conj. yet buy - v. to get by paying something, usually money by - conj. next to (&by the road&); from (&a play by William Shakespeare&); not later than (&by midnight&)Ccabinet - n. a group of ministers that helps lead a government call - v. to give a name to (&I call myself John.&); to ask for or request (&They called for an end to the fighting.&) calm - ad. opposite tense camera - n. a device for taking pictures camp - n. a place with temporary housing campaign - n. a competition by opposing political candidates seeking a connected series of military actions during a warcan - v.
n. a container used to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal cancel - v. to stop cancer - n. a disease in which dangerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of the body candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor capital - n. the official ce the city where a country's government is capture - v. to make a person
to se to get control of car - n. a vehicle with wheels
a part of a train care - v. to feel worry or interest career - n. a person s working life (&The actor s career lasted for thirty years.&) careful - ad. with much thought carry - v. to take something or someone from one place to another case (court) - n. a legal action case (medical) - n. an incident of disease (&There was only one case of chicken pox at the school.&) cat - n. a small animal that often lives with humans catch - v. to to stop and seize with the hands cause - v. n. the thing or person that produces a result ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities center - n. the the a place that is the main point of an activity century - n. one hundred years ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group champion - n. the winnerchance - n. a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen change - v. to become different charge - v. to accuse someone of something, n. a statement in which someone is accused of something chase - v. to run or go after someone or something cheat - v. to steal from cheer - v. to shout approval or praise chemicals - n. elements found in natu substances used in the science of chemistry chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they form other substances chief - n. the head
ad. most important child - n. a boy or girl children - n. more than one child choose - v. to decide between two or more circle - n. a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the center, like an &O& citizen - n. a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law city - n. any important large town civilian - ad. not military civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people of a nation claim - v. to say something as a fact clash - n. v. to fight or oppose class - n. a group of students who meet to st also, a social or economic group. (&They were members of the middle class.&) clean - v. ad. free from dirt or harmful substances (&clean water&) clear - ad. easy t easily understood clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a placeclimb - v. to go up or down something by using the feet and sometimes the hands clock - n. a device that measures and shows time close - v. to mak ad. near to cloth - n. a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other substances clothes - n. what people wear cloud - n. a mass of fog high in the sky coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean coffee - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name cold - ad. having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature collapse - v. to fall dow to break down or fail suddenly in strength, health or power. (&The building collapsed in the earthquake.?T he government collapsed after a vote in parliament.&) collect - v. to bring or gather t to demand and receive (&collect taxes&) college - n. a small university colony - n. land controlled by another country or government color - n. the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, black, yellow and others combine - v. to mix or bring together come - v. to arrive command - v. to have power over something comment - v. to to express an opinion about something committee - n. a group of people given special work common - ad. same for all (&a common purpose&) communicate - v. to give or exchange information community - n. a group of people living together in one place or area company - n. a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposescompare - v. to examine what is different or similar compete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others complete - ad. ended or finished complex - ad. of or having many parts that are dif not simple compromise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less than first demanded computer - n. an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and for communicating with others concern - n. interest, worry (&express concern about&); v. to fear (&to be concerned&) condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad condition - n. something declared necessary to c a person's health conference - n. a meeting confirm - v. to say that something is true conflict - n. a battle, especially a long one congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United States (the House of Representatives and the Senate); a similar organization in other countries connect - v. to join
to link conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change consider - v. to think about carefully constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that form a nation's system of government contact - n. the act of touching or being close to a person or thing (&He was in contact with animals that had the disease.&) v. to meet or communicate with (&He wanted to contact his local official.&) contain - v. to includecontainer - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world continue - v. to go on doing or being control - v. to have power over convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose cook - v. to heat food before eating it cool - ad. almost cold cooperate - v. to act or work together copy - v. to make something
n. something made to look exactly like another corn - n. a food grain correct - ad. v. to change to what is right corruption - n. actions taken to gain money or power that are legally or morally wrong cost - n. the price or value of something (&The cost of the book is five dollars.&); v. to be valued at (&The book costs five dollars.&) cotton - n. a material made from a plant of the same name count - v. to speak or add numbers country - n. the t land away from cities court - n. whe where judges make decisions about law cover - v. to put something ov n. anything that is put over a person or thing cow - n. a farm animal used for its milk crash - v. to hit with great force create - v. to give life or form to creature - n. any animal or human credit - n. an agreement that payments will be made at a later time crew - n. a group of people working together crime - n. an act that violates a law criminal - n. a person who is responsible for a crime crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may become
a dangerous situationcriticize - v. to say what is wrong with
to judge crops - n. plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits and vegetables cross - v. to go from to go across crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place crush - v. to damage or des to defeat completely cry - v. to express or show sorrow or pain culture - n. all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population cure - v. to make well (&The doctor can cure the disease.&); n. something that makes a sick person well (&Antibiotics are a cure for infection.&) curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses current - n. movement of air,
ad. belonging to the present time (&She found the report in a current publication.&) custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people customs - n. taxes on imports cut - v. to divide or inju to reduceDdam - n. a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water damage - v. to cause i n. hurt or injury, usually to things dance - v. to move the bo n. a series of steps, usually to music danger - n. a strong chance of suffering injury, damage or loss dark - ad. having little or no light (&The room was dark.&) date - n. a a day, month and year daughter - n. a person's female child day - n. twenty- the hours of sunlight dead - ad. not living deaf - ad. not able to heardeal - v. to have to do with (&The talks will deal with the problem of pollution.&); to buy or sell (&Her company deals in plastic.&) debate - v. to argue for
n. a public discussion or argument debt - n. so the condition of owing decide - v. to judge declare - v. to make a statement decrease - v. to make less in size or amount deep - ad. a long way from top to bottom defeat - v. to cause to lose in
n. the condition of having lost defend - v. to guard or
to protect deficit - n. a shortage that results when spending is greater than earnings, or imports are greater than exports define - v. to to explain degree - n. a measure of temperature delay - v. to decide to do somet to cause to be late delegate - n. one sen one who represents another demand - v. to ask with force democracy - n. the system of government in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other important decisions demonstrate - v. to make a public show of opinions or feelings (&The crowd demonstrated in support of human rights.&); to explain by using examples (&The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.&) denounce - v. to accuse of to criticize severely deny - v. to declare that s to refuse a request depend - v. to need help and support deplore - v. to express sadness deploy - v. to move forces or weapons into positions for actiondepression - n. a period of reduced business and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs describe - v. to give a word
to give details of something desert - n. a dry area of land design - v. to plan or create plans for desire - v. to wish for destroy - v.
to end the existence of detail - n. a sma a small piece of information detain - v. to keep or hold (&The police detained several suspects for questioning.&) develop - v. to experience progress device - n. a piece of equipment made for a special purpose dictator - n. a ruler with complete power die - v. to end diet - n. usual daily food and drink different - ad. not the same difficult - ad. hard to do, make or carry out dig - v. to make a hole in the ground dinner - n. the main amount of food eaten at a usual time (&The family had its dinner at noon.&); a special event that includes food (&The official dinner took place at the White House.&) diplomat - n. a person who represents his or her government in dealing with another government direct - v. to aim or show the way (&He directed me to the theater.&); ad. s not through some other person or thing (&The path is direct.&) direction - n. the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came from or went to dirt - n. earth or soil disappear - v. to no longer exist disarm - v.
to no to make a bomb harmless by removing its exploding devicedisaster - n. an event causing widespread destruction or loss of life, such as an earthquake or plane crash discover - v. to find or learn something discrimination - n. unfair treatment or consideration based on opinions about a whole group instead of on the qualities of an individual. (&He was accused of discrimination against people from other countries.&) discuss - v. to exchange ideas disease - n. a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or bacteria dismiss - v. to refuse to consider dispute - v. to oppose
n. an angry debate dissident - n. a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government distance - n. the amount of space between two places or objects (&The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.&) dive - v. to jump into water head first divide - v. to separate into two or more parts do - v. to make an effort doctor - n. a person trained in medicine to treat sick people document - n. an official piece of paper with facts written on it, used as proof or support of something dog - n. a small animal that often lives with humans dollar - n. United States money, one hundred cents donate - v. to present something as a gift to an organization, country or cause. (&She donated money to the Red Cross to help survivors of the earthquake.&) door - n. an opening for entering or leaving a building or room double - v. to increase two times as much in size, strength or number down - ad.
in a low place dream - v. to have a picture or story in t n. a picture or story in t a happy idea about the future drink - v. to take liquid into the body through the mouthdrive - v. to control a moving vehicle drop - v. to go lower drown - v. to die under water drug - n. anything used as a medicine o a chemical substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind dry - ad. without rain during - ad. th while (something is happening) dust - n. pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air duty - n. one's j what one must do because it is right and justEeach - ad. every one by itself early - ad. at or near the beginning, especially the
opposite late earn - v. to be paid in return for work done earth - n. the p the ground or soil earthquake - n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface ease - v. to make less difficult east - n. the direction from which the sun rises easy - ad. not hard to do eat - v. to take food into the body through the mouth ecology - n. the scientific study of the environment and links among living and material things economy - n. the system by which money, industry and trade are organized edge - n. the line where something ends or begins education - n. the act of teaching effect - n. the result or change caused by something (&The storm had a serious effect on the economy.&) effort - n. the work necessary to do something egg - n. the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female birds, a single cell in a female person or animal that can develop into a baby either - ad. one of two, but not the otherelect - v. to choose by voting electricity - n. a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and light, and power to machines embassy - n. the offices of an ambassador and his or her assistants embryo - n. a human or animal in the earliest stages of its development emergency - n. an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action emotion - n. a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness employ - v. to give work in return for wages empty - ad. h v. to remove everything end - v. n. the part which comes last enemy - n. a person opposi a person or people of the other side in a war energy - n. power used to do work, u the ability and willingness to be active enforce - v. to make something be done engine - n. a machine that uses energy to cause movement or to do work engineer - n. a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads enjoy - v. to be pleased or satisfied by something enough - ad.
pro. the amount needed enter - v. to come or go into environment - n. all surrounding things, conditions and influen the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals equal - ad. the same in amount, size, having the same rights equipment - n. things, tools or machines needed for a purpose or activity escape - v. to get out of especially - ad. more than others (&We liked the food, especially the fish.&) establish - v. to
to create estimate - v. to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than complete informationethnic - ad. of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived evaporate - v. to change from a liquid into a gas even - ad. in a way not thought possible (&They survived, even though the building was destroyed.&) event - n. that which happens, especially something of importance ever - ad. at any time every - ad. all evidence - n. material or facts
a reason for believing evil - ad. extremely bad exact - ad. correct in every detail examine - v. to study closely example - n. a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like excellent - ad. extremely good except - prep. but for exchange - v. to give or receive one thing for another excuse - v. n. a reason (sometimes false) for an action execute - v. to kill exercise - n. an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to stay in good health exile - v. to force a person to leav n. a person who is forced to leave his or her country exist - v. to live expand - v. to grow larger expect - v. to think or believe that s to wait for an event expel - v. to send away experience - v. to live through an event, situation or condition (&She experienced great pain.&); n. something that one has done or lived through (&The experience caused her great pain.&) experiment - v. n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true or false, or to discover somethingexpert - n. a person with special knowledge or training explain - v. to tell the meaning explode - v. to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb explore - v. to travel in a place that is not well known to to m to examine closely export - v. to sen n. something sent to another country, usually for sale express - v. to say clearly extend - v. to stretch o to continue for a longer time extra - ad. more than normal, expected or necessary extraordinary - ad. far greater or better than the usual or normal extreme - ad. more than the usual or accepted extremist - n. a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an extreme or violent wayFface - n. the front of the head: eyes, nose, v. to have before you, such as a problem or danger fact - n. something known or proved to be true factory - n. a building or group of buildings where goods are made fail - v. to not reach a goal fair - ad. what is right fall - v. to drop to the ground or a lower position false - ad. not correct family - n. the group that includes children and their parents famous - ad. known very well to many people fan - n. a person who actively supports a sport, activity or performer (&The baseball fan attended every game his team played.&) far - ad. at, to or from a great distance farm - n. land used to grow crops and animals for foodfast - ad. moving or wo quick fat - n. tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store ene ad. heavy father - n. a man who has a child or children favorite - ad. liked more than others (&Ice cream was her favorite food.&) fear - v. to worry that something bad is near or may happen (&He feared falling down.&); n. a strong emotion when there is danger or trouble (&He had a fear that he would fall down.&) federal - ad. of or having to do with a national or central government feed - v. to give food to feel - v. to have or e to know by touching female - n. the
ad. of or about women fence - n. something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or out fertile - ad. rich in production
producing much few - ad. a small number of field - n. an area of open land, usually used to grow crops or to raise animals fierce - ad. angry fight - v. to u to attempt to defeat n. a battle fill - v. to put or pour something into a container until there is space for no more film - v. to record something so
to make a mot n. a thin piece of material for making pi a movie final - ad. last financial - ad. of or about the system that includes the use of money, credit, investments and banks find - v. to discover or learn something by sear to decide a court case (&The jury finds the man guilty of murder.&)fine - n. a payment ordered by a court to punish ad. very small or thin finish - v. to end fire - v. n. the heat and light produced by something burning fireworks - n. rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday celebrations firm - ad. not easily moved or changed (&She is firm in her opinion.&) first - ad. coming before all others fish - n. a creature that lives and can breathe in water fit - v. to be of the correct size or shape (&These shoes fit my feet.&) fix - v. to make good or right again flag - n. a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or organization flat - ad. having no high places flee - v. to run away from float - v. to be on w to move or be moved gently on water or through air flood - v. n. the movement of water out of a river, lake or ocean onto land floor - n. the bottom part of a room for walking on (&The book fell to the floor.&); the level of a building (&The fire was on the first floor.&) flow - v. to move like a liquid flower - n. the colored part of plants that carry seeds fluid - n. any substance that can flow, such as a liquid fly - v. to move through the air with wings, lik to travel in an airplane or flying vehicle fog - n. a mass of wet air that is diff a cloud close to the ground follow - v. to accept
to obey food - n. that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength and growth fool - v. to make someone believe someth n. a person who is tricked easilyfoot - n. the bo the part of the body that touches the ground when a person or animal walks for - prep. because of (&He is famous for his work.&); in exchange (&Give me one dollar for the book.&); through space or time (&They travelled for one hour.&); representative of (&I speak for all people.&); to be employed by (&She works for a computer company.&) force - v. to make someone do something or make something h n. power, strength used agains milita a military group foreign - ad. of, about or not from one's own place or country forest - n. a place of many trees forget - v. to not remember forgive - v. to remove guilt form - v. to shape (&They formed a swim team.&); n. a kind (&Swimming is a form of exercise.&) former - ad. not now forward - ad. the d toward the front free - v. ad. not controlled by another
without cost freedom - n. the condition of being free freeze - v. to cause or to make or to become hard by cold fresh - ad. ne recent friend - n. a person one likes and trusts frighten - v. to cause great fear from - prep. having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause (&It is a message from the president.&); at a place distant, not near (&The school is five kilometers from my home.&); because of (&He is suffering from cancer.&) front - n.
the first part fruit - n. food from trees and plants fuel - n. any substance burned to create heat or power full - ad. containing as much as a pers completefun - n. anything that is pleasing and causes happiness funeral - n. a ceremony held in connection with the burial or burning of the dead future - n. time after now (&We can talk about it in the future.&); ad. in the time to come (&All future meetings will be held in this room.&)Ggain - v.
to increase game - n. an activity with rules in which people or teams play or compete, usually sports gas - n. any substance that is any substance that burns to provide heat, light or power gather - v. to bring or come together i to collect general - n. a
ad. affecting or including all or almost all generation - n. a group of individuals born and living at about the same time. (&The mother and daughter represented two generations.&) genocide - n. a plan of action to kill or destroy a national, religious, racial or ethnic group gentle - ad. not rough or violent get - v.
to become the owner of gift - n. something given without cost girl - n. a young female person give - v. to present to another to keep without receiving payment glass - n. a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for windows or for containers to hold liquids go - v. to move from
to leave goal - n. that toward which a th the end of a trip or race god - n. the spirit that is honored as creator of all things (&They believe in God.&); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have special powers gold - n. a highly valued yellow metal good - ad. not badgoods - n. things owned or made to be sold govern - v. to rule by military or political power government - n. a the organization of people that rules a country, city or area grain - n. the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, those plants that produce the seeds grass - n. a plant with long, narrow, green leaves gray - ad. having the color like that made by mixing black and white great - ad. very large or more than usu important green - ad. having the color like that made by mi having the color like that of growing leaves and grass grind - v. to reduce to small pieces by crushing ground - n. the earth' soil group - n. a number of peopl a gathering of people working for a common purpose grow - v. to deve to increase in size or amount guarantee - v. to promise that something will happen guard - v. to watch and protect a person, place or thing (&He guards the president.&); n. a person or thing that watches or protects (&He is a prison guard.&) guerrilla - n. a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against an official army or police guide - v. n. one who shows the way guilty - ad. having done something wrong or i responsible for a bad action gun - n. a weapon that shoots bulletsHhair - n. the fine material that grows from the skin, especially from the head half - n. one of two equal parts of something halt - v. to come or cau to stophang - v. to place something so the highest part is supported and t to kill by hanging happen - v. to be to take place happy - ad. not sad hard - ad. not
difficult needing much effort or force harm - v. n. hurt harvest - v. n. the crop after it is gathered hat - n. a head cover hate - v. to have str to
opposite love have - v. to hold he - pro. the boy or man who is being spoken about head - v. n. the t the highest position headquarters - n. the center from wh the main offices of a business or organization heal - v. to r to become well health - n. the general condition
the condition of being free from sickness or disease hear - v. to receive so to receive news about heat - v. n. that which is prod energy from the sun heavy - ad. of great amount or force helicopter - n. a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one place above the ground help - v. n. aid here - ad. in, to or at this place hero - n. a person honored for being brave or wise hide - v. to prevent from to make secrethigh - ad.
above others hijack - v. to seize or take control of a vehicle by force hill - n. a small mountain history - n. the written record or descri the study of the past hit - v. to touch with force hold - v. to carry or support, usually
t to organize and be involved in (&The two sides hold talks this week.&) hole - n. a torn or broken place in something holiday - n. a day wh a day on which no work is done to honor or remember a person or event holy - ad. greatly honored in religion home - n. the building where a person lives, es the place where one wa the area or country where one lives honest - ad. able to be trusted honor - v. to show strong, good feelings for (&to honor one's parents&); n. an act of giving special recognition (&He received many honors for his efforts to help others.&) hope - v. to believe there is a good chance that something w to want something to happen horrible - ad. terrible horse - n. a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work hospital - n. a place where sick or injured people are given medical care hostage - n. a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise will be honored hostile - ad. ready for war hot - ad. having or feeling great heat or a high temperature hotel - n. a building with rooms, and often food, for travellers hour - n. sixty minuteshouse - n. a building
a country's parliament or lawmaking group (&House of Representatives&) how - ad. to what amount however - conj. but huge - ad. of great size human - ad. of or about people humor - n. the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh hunger - n. the need for food hunt - v. to search for animals to
to try to find hurry - v. to do or go fast hurt - v. to cause pain, injury or damage husband - n. a man who is marriedII - pro. the person speaking ice - n. frozen water idea - n. a thought or a belief identify - v. to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are if - conj. provided that (&I will go if you go.&) ignore - v. to pay no attention to or refuse to consider (&The president ignored the protesters outside his office.&) illegal - ad. in violation of a law imagine - v. to make a to form an idea immediate - ad. very near in time or place immigrant - n. a person who arrives in a country to live there import - v. to bring
n. something brought from another country, usually for sale important - ad. having great meaning, value or power improve - v. to become better in - prep. during incident - n. an event or something that happens incite - v. to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or violentinclude - v. to make a part of increase - v. to make more in size or amount independent - ad. not influenced by or controlled
separate individual - n. one person industry - n. any business that produces goods
the work and related activity in f all organizations involved in manufacturing infect - v. to make sick with something that causes disease inflation - n. a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down influence - v. to have an effect on
to cause change inform - v. to give knowledge to information - n. facts inject - v. to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the body through the skin injure - v. to cause harm or damage to a person or animal innocent - ad. n not responsible for a bad action insane - ad. mentally sick insect - n. a very small creature, usually with many legs and sometimes with wings inspect - v. to look at to examine, especially by an expert instead - ad. taking the place of instrument - n. a tool or device designed to do something or to make something insult - v. to say something or to do something that makes another person angry or dishonored intelligence - n. the abili information gathered by spying intelligent - ad. quick to understand or learn intense - ad. extremely serious interest - n. what is important to someone (&He acted to protect his interests.& &She had a great interest in painting.&); a share
money paid for the use of money borrowed interfere - v.
to take part in the activities of others, especially when not asked to do sointernational - ad. of or about more than one na of the whole world Internet - n. the extensive communications system that connects computers around the world intervene - v. to come between in order to settle or solve invade - v. to enter an area or country by force with an army invent - v. to plan and make somethi to create a new thing or way of doing something invest - v. to give money to a business or organization with the hope of making more money investigate - v. to study or examine all information about an event, to search for the truth invite - v. to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or gathering involve - v. to include iron - n. a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools island - n. a land area with water all around it issue - n. an important problem or subject that people are discussing or arguing about it - pro. a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about (&The sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.&)Jjail - n. a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or for those serving sentences for crimes that are not serious jewel - n. a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald job - n. the work that one does to earn money join - v. to put toget to become part of or a member of joint - ad. shared by two or more joke - n. something done or said to cause others to laugh judge - v. to f to decide a question, es n. a public official who decides problems of law in a courtjump - v. to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air jury - n. a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial just - ad. only (&Help me for just a minute.&); very shortly before or after the present (&He just left.&); at the same time (&He left just as I came in.&); what is right or fair (&The law is just, in my opinion.&) justice - n. the quality of being right, fair or lawfulKkeep - v. to have for oneself kick - v. to hit with the foot kidnap - v. to seize and take away by force kill - v. to cause to die kind - n. sort (&What kind of dog is that?&); ad. helpful kiss - v. to touch with the mouth to show love or honor knife - n. a tool or weapon used to cut know - v. to understand
to recognize someone because you have met and talked together before knowledge - n. learning or understandingLlabor - n. workers as a group laboratory - n. a room or place where experiments in science are done lack - v. n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having lake - n. a large area of fresh water surrounded by land land - v. to come to the earth from the air (&Airplanes land at airports.&); n. the part of the earth
the ground language - n. what people speak in a country, nation or group large - ad. being of more than usual size, opposite small last - v. to continue (&The talks will last three days.&); ad. the only one remaining (&She is the last person in line.&)late - ad. af opposite early laugh - v. to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings launch - v. t to send into the air or space law - n. all or any rules made by a government lead - v. to go first leak - v. to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole (usually a gas or liquid) learn - v. to to come to know a fact or facts leave - v. to let something stay where it is left - ad. on the side that is toward the west when opposite right legal - ad. of or in agreement with the law legislature - n. a government lawmaking group lend - v. to permit someone to use to make a loan of money less - ad. not as much let - v. to p to make possible letter - n. a mess a communication in writing sent to another person level - n. the amount or height that something the position of something or someone liberal - ad. one who usually supports social progress or change lie - v. to have one's body on the gro to say something that one knows is not true life - n. the time between
all living things lift - v. to take or bring up to a higher place or level light - n. a form of energy that affects the eyes so tha anything ad. not heavy lightning - n. light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm like - v. to have good feelings for
ad. similar tolimit - v. to restrict t n. the greatest amount or number permitted line - n. a long, th a number of people the edge of an area protected by military forces link - v. to unite one thing o n. a relation between two or more things, situations or events liquid - n. a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like water list - v. to put in writing a number of names n. a written series of names or things listen - v. to try to hear literature - n. all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a country little - ad. a small amount live - v. ad. alive load - v. to put objects on or into a
n. that which is carried loan - n. money borrowed that usually must be returned wi something borrowed local - ad. about or having to do with one place lonely - ad. feeling alone visited by few or no people (&a lonely man&) long - ad. measuring f for much time look - v. to turn the eyes t to seem to be lose - v. to be defeated loud - ad. h full of sound or noise love - v. to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for
opposite hate low - ad. bel close to the ground loyal - ad. showing strong friendship and support for someone or something luck - n. something that happens by chanceMmachine - n. a device with moving parts used to do work magazine - n. a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information mail - n. letters, papers and other things sent through an official system, such as a post office main - ad. the most important or largest major - ad. great in size, importance or amount majority - n. more than half make - v. to do something or to to cause to be or to become male - n. the sex that is th ad. of or about men man - n. an adult male human manufacture - v. to make goods in large amounts many - ad. a large number or amount of map - n. a picture of the earth's surface or a part of it march - v. to walk in a to walk together in a large group to protest about something mark - v. to make a sign or cut on something market - n. a place or area where goods are sold, an economic system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are and how much money people are willing to pay for them marry - v. to join a man and woman together to become husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony) mass - n. an amount of matter having no special form and usually of a large size mate - v. to bring together a male and a female to create another creature material - n. the substance, substances or matter of which something is made or from which something can be made, such as wood, anything that can be made into something else mathematics - n. the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by numbers and signs matter - n. anything that what things are made ofmay - v. a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible (&May I go?& &They may leave tomorrow.&) mayor - n. the chief official of a city or town government meal - n. food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner mean - v. to have the idea of measure - v. to learn the amount, size or d n. a legislative proposal meat - n. the part of a dead animal used for food media - n. all public information organizations, including newspapers, television and radio medicine - n. a substance or drug used to t the science or study of treating and curing disease or improving health meet - v. to come together with someone or something at the same time and place melt - v. to make a solid into a liquid by heating it member - n. one of a group memorial - n. something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event memory - n. a picture in the the a thing remembered mental - ad. about or having to do with the mind message - n. written or spoken a note from one person to another person or group metal - n. a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold method - n. the way something is done microscope - n. a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be studied middle - n. a place or time of equal distance fro ad. in the center militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the use of force or violence military - n. the armed forces
ad. of or about the armed forcesmilitia - n. an army of citizens instead of p an armed force or private army milk - n. the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young mind - n. the thinking, feeling part of a person mine - v. to dig useful or valuable substan n. a place in the earth where such
a bomb placed under the ground or under water so it cannot be seen mineral - n. a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such as coal or salt minister - n. a a high government official (&prime minister,&foreign minister&) minor - ad. of little importance minority - n. opposite majority minute - n. one of the sixty eq sixty seconds miss - v. to fail to hit, see, reach or meet missile - n. any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes when it reaches its target missing - ad. not found mistake - n. a wron an action done without the knowledge that it was wrong mix - v. to put different things together to make one thing mob - n. a large group of wild or angry people model - n. something, usually small, made to show how something will look or work moderate - ad. not extreme modern - ad. of the present the most improved money - n. pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things month - n. one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided moon - n. the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth about every twenty-nine days moral - ad. concerning what is right or wrong in someone's actions more - ad. greater in size or amountmorning - n. the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon most - ad. greatest in size or amount mother - n. a woman who has a child or children motion - n. a continuing change of position or place mountain - n. a part of the earth's surface that rises high above the area around it mourn - v. to express or feel sadness move - v. to p to go movement - n. the act of movin a series of acts or efforts to reach a goal movie - n. a film much - ad. great in amount murder - v. to kill anot n. the crime of killing another person music - n. the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument must - v. a word used with an action word to mean necessary (&You must go to school.&) mystery - n. something that is not or cannot be exp a secretNname - v. n. a word by which a person, animal or thing is known or called narrow - ad. limit having a short distance from one side to the other nation - n. a country, together with its social and political systems native - n. someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there natural - ad. common to its kind nature - n. all the plants, animals and other things on earth n events or processes not caused by humans navy - n. the part of a country's military force trained to fight at sea near - ad. close to necessary - ad. needed to ge requiredneed - v. to be necessary to have or to do negotiate - v. to talk about a problem or situation to find a common solution neighbor - n. a person or country that is next to or near another neither - ad. not one or the other of two neutral - ad. not supporting one side or the other in a dispute never - ad. not ever new - ad. recently made, built, different news - n. information about any recent events, especially as reported by the media next - ad. comi nearest nice - ad. kind night - n. the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when there is little or no light no - ad. used to not at all noise - n. sound, especially when loud nominate - v. to name someone as a candi to propose a person for an office or position noon - n. t twelve o'clock in the daytime normal - n. the usual condition, ad. what is expected north - n. the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun not - ad. a word showing that something is denied or untrue (&She is not going.&) note - v. to talk about som n. a word or words written to he a short letter nothing - n. no thing now - ad. immediately nowhere - ad. not in, to or at any place nuclear - ad. of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or br of or about weapons that explode by using energy from atoms number - n. a word or sign used to show the order or amount of thingsOobey - v. to act as one is ordered to act object - v. to show that one does n. something not alive that can be seen or touched observe - v.
to celebrate or honor something (&They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.&) occupy - v. to take and hold or to control by force ocean - n. the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of the earth' any of the five main divisions of this water of - prep. included among off - ad. condition when something is no longer ope not connected offensive - n. a militar ad. having to do with attacking offer - v. t n. the act of pre that which is presented or proposed office - n. a room or building where busi a public position to which one is elected or appointed officer - n. a person in the military any person who is a member of a police force official - n. a person with powe a representative of an organi ad. o approved by the government or someone in power often - ad. many times oil - n. a thick liquid that does not mix with water a a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel old - ad. having lived or existed for many years P on - prep.
touching the pain - n. a hurt or suffering somewhere in the upper surface of (&The book is on the table.&); body supported by (&He is on his feet.&); about (&The paint - v. to cover to make a report on the meeting is ready.&); at the time of pictur n. a colored liquid (&He left on Wednesday.&) used to cover or protect a surfaceonce - ad. one time only only - ad. being th no more than (&We have only two dollars.&) open - v. to start (&They opened talks.&); ad. not secret operate - v. to cut into the body for medical reasons opinion - n. a belief based on one's own ideas and thinking oppose - v. to fight against opposite - ad. d compl exactly the other way (&North is the opposite direction from south.&) oppress - v. t to control by the use of unjust and cruel force or power or - conj. giving an giving the last of several choices orbit - v. to travel in space around a pl n. the path or way an object travels in space around another object or planet order - v. to tel n. the correct or normal way
a peaceful situation in which people obey laws organize - v. to put together into a system other - ad. the remaining one or ones of two or more (&T the other is tall.&) our - ad. of or belonging to us oust - v. to remove by force out - ad.
opposite of in over - conj. across, in or on every part of (&all over the world&) overthrow - v.
to defeat or end by force owe - v. to pay or have to repay (usually money) in return for something received own - v. to have or possess for oneselfpaper - n. a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for writing parachute - n. a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an airplane or helicopter to the ground parade - n. a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a special event or anniversary pardon - v. to forgive for a crime and release from punishment parent - n. a father or mother parliament - n. a government lawmaking group part - n. something not all of something partner - n. a person who takes part in some activity in common with another or others. (&The two men were business partners.&) party - n. a group of people working together for a group of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment pass - v. to go by or m to cause or permit to go passenger - n. a person travelling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the pilot or driver passport - n. a document permitting a person to travel to another country past - n. ad. former path - n. a na a way along which something moves patient - n. a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem pay - v. to give money for work done or for something bought peace - n. the condition of freedom from war, quiet people - n.
all the persons of a group, race, religion or nation (&the American people&) percent - n. a part of every hundred (&Ten is ten percent of one hundred.&) perfect - ad. complete or
comp without mistakes perform - v. to speak, dance or sing in front of othersperiod - n. an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions permanent - ad. lasting for a very long time or for all time permit - v. to make possible person - n. a man, woman or child persuade - v. to cause someone to do something by explaining or urging. (&The police persuaded the criminal to surrender his weapon.&) physical - ad. of the body physics - n. the study of motion, matter and energy picture - n. something that shows what anot an idea or representation of somethin what is made with a camera piece - n. a part of something larger pig - n. a farm animal used for its meat pilot - n. one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter pipe - n. a long, round piece of material used to move liquid or gas place - v. to put n. an area
space where
any room, building, town or country plan - v. to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing something (&They plan to have a party.&); n. an organized or developed idea or method (&The plan will not work.&) planet - n. a large object in space that orbits the sun (&Earth is a planet.&) plant - v. to put int n. a living growth from the ground which gets its food from air, water and earth plastic - n. a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into things play - v. to
to make mu n. a story acted in a theater please - v. to give enjoyment plenty - n. a large enough amount plot - v.
n. a secret plan to do something wrong or illegalpoem - n. words and their sounds organized in a special way to express emotions point - v. to aim one' n. the sharp end of something poison - n. a substance that can destroy life or damage health police - n. a government agency responsible for guarding the public, keeping order, and making sure members of that agency policy - n. an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make decisions in politics, economics or business politics - n. the activities of government and of those who are in public office pollute - v. to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or water poor - n. people wit ad. la of bad quality popular - ad.
generally approved by the public population - n. all the people in a place, city or country port - n. a city where ships
a place on a coast where ships can be safe from a storm position - n. the way the way a th a job (or level of a job) in an organization possess - v. to control or be controlled by possible - ad. can happen or is expected to happen postpone - v. to delay action until a later time pour - v. to cause to flow poverty - n. the condition of being poor power - n. the ability to cont force or energy used to do work (&Water power turns the wheel.&) praise - v. to s to approve pray - v. to make a reques to praise a god or spirit predict - v. to say what one believes will happen in the future. (&The weather scientist predicted a cold winter.&)pregnant - ad. carrying a child within the bo expecting to give birth to a baby present - v. to offer for consideration (&We will present our idea to the committee.&); n. a gift (&I gave them a present for their anniversary.&); now (&The present time is a good time.&); ad. to be at a place (&I was present at school yesterday.&) president - n. the chief official of a countr the leader of an organization press - v. n. newspapers, magazines and other publications pressure - n. the force produced when something is pushed down or against something else prevent - v. to keep or stop from going or happening price - n. the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale prison - n. a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime private - ad. of or about a person or
opposite public prize - n. something offered or
something of value that one must work hard for to get probably - ad. a good ch a little more than possible problem - n. a difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer process - n. an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result produce - v. to c to manufacture profession - n. a job that requires special training professor - n. a teacher at a college or university profit - n. money gained from a business activity after paying all costs of that activity program - n. the different events or parts of a meeting or show progress - n. movement forward or toward improvement or a goal project - n. a planned effort to do somethingpromise - v. to say o n. a spoken or written agreement to do something propaganda - n. ideas or information used to influence opinions property - n. anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods propose - v. to present or offer for consideration protect - v. to prevent from being harmed or damaged protest - v. to object prove - v. to show to be true provide - v. to give something needed or wanted public - ad. of or about all the people in a
opposite private publication - n. something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine publish - v. to make public somet to include something in a book, newspaper or magazine pull - v. to use force to move something toward the person or t opposite push pump - v. to force a gas or liquid up, into or through punish - v. to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal purchase - v. to buy with money or with some n. that which is bought pure - ad