From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Public Affection" redirects here. For the band formerly known as Public Affection, see .
For other uses, see .
A kiss on the cheek, forehead, nose, mouth or lips expresses affection.
Affection, attraction, infatuation, or fondness is a " or rare state of mind or body" that is often associated with a
or type of . It has given rise to a number of branches of
concerning emotion, disease, influence, and state of being. "Affection" is popularly used to denote a feeling or type of , amounting to more than goodwill or . Writers on
generally use the word to refer to distinct states of feeling, both lasting and spasmodic. Some contrast it with
as being free from the distinctively sensual element.
A simple expression of affection -through word or deed – can have a wide variety of emotional effects that range from joy to discomfort to outright fear. In fact, affection also has distinct physical effects – both for the receiver and the giver.
More specifically, the word has been restricted to
states, the object of which is a living thing such as a human or animal. Affection is compared with passion, from the Greek "". As such it appears in the writings of
philosopher ,
philosopher , and most of the writings of early British ethicists. However, on various grounds (e.g., that it does not involve anxiety or excitement and that it is comparatively inert and compatible with the entire absence of the sensuous element), it is generally and usefully distinguished from passion. In this narrower sense the word has played a great part in ethical systems, which have spoken of the social or parental affections as in some sense a part of moral obligation. For a consideration of these and similar problems, which depend ultimately on the degree in which the affections are regarded as voluntary, see , Methods of Ethics pp. 345–349.
Further information:
Affection can be communicated by words, gestures, or touches. Affectionate behavior may have evolved from parental nurturing behavior due to its associations with hormonal rewards. Such affection has been shown to influence brain development in infants. Expressions of affection can be unwelcome if they pose implied threats to one's well being. If welcomed, affectionate behavior may be associated with various health benefits. It has been proposed that positive sentiment increases the propensity of people to interact and that familiarity gained through affection increases positive sentiment among them.
Affection can be displayed in different manners in different cultural societies. For example, in the
ethnic group, mothers publicly kissing their infant is viewed as inappropriate, while publicly performing
on their infant son is considered an appropriate act of affection.
. researchmatters.asu.edu.
according to
professor Kory Floyd of the
Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications
Clarke, John R. (2001).
(1st paperback print ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 15–16.  . In the Manchu tribe, a mother will routinely suck her small son's penis in public but would never kiss his cheeks. Among adults, the Manchu believe, fellatio is a sexual act, but kissing—even between mother and infant son—is always a sexual act, and thus fellation becomes the proper display of motherly affection.
(1975). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In Davis, Martha. . Arno Press. p. 56.  . Manchu kissing is purely a private sexual act, and though husband and wife or lovers might kiss each other, they would do it stealthily since it is shameful to do ... yet Manchu mothers have the pattern of putting the penis of the baby boy into their mouths, a practice which probably shocks Westerners even more than kissing in public shocks the Manchu.
Barre, Weston La (1974). "The Cultural Basis of Emotions and Gestures". In
. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 79.
Halperin, David M.; Winkler, John J.; Zeitlin, Froma I. (1990). Before Sexuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 3.  .
Walls, Neal (2001). . Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 81.  .
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "".
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Janice Raymond. 2001. A Passion for Friends. Publisher. Spinifex Press, , 6
Elizabeth Sibthorpe Pinchard.2012. Family Affection: A Tale for Youth. Publisher- Hardpress Publishing, 2012 , 5
Joshua Hordern. 2013. . Oxford University Press.
Robin Becker. 2006. Domain of Perfect Affection. Publisher University of Pittsburgh Press. , 1
Kory Floyd. 2006. Communicating Affection: Interpersonal Behavior and Social Context. Advances in Personal Relationships. Publisher Cambridge University Press. , 2
Tuan Yi-fu. 1984. Dominance & affection: The making of pets. Publisher-Yale University Press (New Haven).
International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications. 2011. ISSN
 ; Vol 16 Issue 2. 2006.
Infant Observation: International Journal of Infant Observation and Its Applications.Why love matters: .2006.
Gustav Moritz. 1850. Duty and Affection. Publisher-Oxford University
Sue Gerhardt. 2004. Why Love Matters: How Affection Shapes a Baby's Brain. Publisher-Taylor & Francis. , 3
Gretchen Reydams-Schils. 2005. The Roman Stoics: Self, Responsibility, and Affection. Publisher University of Chicago Press. , 1
Ariel Knafo & Robert Plomin. 2006.
MAURICE A. FELDMAN, LAURIE CASE ET AL. 1989.
Halliday, James L. 1953. Concept of a Psychosomatic Affection. Publisher- Ronald Press Company
Kory Floyd & Mark T. Morman. . 2009.
has the text of the
Quotations related to
at Wikiquote
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理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate Androids深情的机器人Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。那些有着人类的皮肤、敏捷性、智力的机器人，已经离我们不远了。它们将被设计成能满足我们所有的需求。Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.（1）我们会不会想和机器人结婚呢？人工智能研究人员大卫莱维曾出版过一本书，在书中，他认为，人与机器之间的交流在几十年内将会变得很常见，而如果你想和你的特别的电子朋友恋爱结婚，莱维认为，这种婚姻关系将在2050年左右得到社会认可。Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures―even objects.人们真的能够对机器产生深厚的感情吗？事实上，产生这种感情不难，因为人脑喜欢将物体拟人化，也就是给其他生物甚至物体赋予人类特质。For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.（2）The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.比如说，圣地亚哥的研究人员曾将一个小型的人形机器人放置在一个儿童游乐场里几个月时间。这个机器人认识每一个孩子，因为内在的程序系统赋予了他人脸识别和声音识别能力，并且当有人给它挠痒痒的时候它还会笑。最后，孩子们都把它当做自己的同伴。当它因为没电而躺倒在地的时候，孩子们甚至给它盖上毯子。In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions―soul mates, even? Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.（3）And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.几十年之后，当人形机器人有着类似人类的皮肤，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的时候，人们会不会想和它们发展深入的关系呢？要是机器人能进行对话，情况会怎样呢？要是编程能使它们变成完美的同伴，甚至灵魂伴侣，情况又会怎样呢？可能我们这一代人会反对这种情况，但是最终会有一代人将同机器人一同长大，将机器人视为正常生活的一部分。The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.下一个问题是，同机器人发展感情关系有没有什么问题。即使是现在，也有许多人对他们的宠物产生深厚的依恋，并以此代表朋友甚至孩子。很少有人认为这种行为有违道德。But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.（4）For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”但是复杂的机器人可能更有吸引力。对于那些看上去老是和错误的人结婚的人来说，一个机器人另一半可能非常有诱惑力。人工智能之父马文明斯基谈到孤独的老人与机器人产生亲密关系这一问题时说：“如果机器人有人类所拥有的所有美德，并且更聪明，更善解人意，那么老人干吗还要费劲同另一个脾气暴躁的老人交谈呢？”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.（5）一台机器人可以按照主人的要求被设定成蠢笨的，也可以设定成聪明的，或者性格独立的，或者屈从温顺的，而这正是机器人的一大缺陷。拥有这样一个完美的机器人伙伴会损害人们形成亲密的人与人之间关系的能力，因为其他人同机器人比起来，总是显得不够完美。当你有做的不对的地方时，好朋友总是会告诉你，但是很少有人会将自己的机器人设定为会指出自己的不足。People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.处在人际关系中的人必需要学会互相适应：享受共同的兴趣，同时妥善处理分歧，这使得我们更充盈、更强大、更富有智慧。在一开始的时候机器人朋友也会显得很完美，但这对于我们将关系深入发展没有益处。答案与题解：1．C 前文讲到David在书中认为人与机器人的关系在几十年后将变得普遍，因此接下来应该继续讲这种普遍性是怎样的。2．F 前文讲在圣地亚哥的一个实验，研究人员将机器人放在儿童游乐园里，要填的句子应该是介绍这个机器人。3．E 前文提了几个问题，是关于我们对人与机器人关系的看法，而后文讲“他们”会乐于接受，因此要填的句子应该是两类人的对比。E项讲我们这一代人可能会反对，但下一代人就不一定了，符合意思。4．B 前文讲有人和宠物发展深厚关系，后面讲的是与机器人发展深厚关系的吸引人之处，因此这里应该讲机器人做伴侣的好处。5．D 前文讲好朋友会在你犯错的时候指出来，这里应该是表示对比――机器人不会这么做。*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a newstudy．Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood.A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 词汇：statin/'st? tIn! n．降胆固醇药物outlet/'autlit/ n．销售点cholesterol/ k?'lest?r?l / n．胆固醇offset /,?f'set/ V. 抵消，补偿cheeseburger/ 't?i:z,b?:? / n．芝士汉堡包milkshake! 'milk?eik / n．奶昔condiment /'k?ndim?nt]! n ．调味品sachet /'s?t?ei / ii ．小袋，小包rational / 'r???n?l / adj．合理的注释：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志6. French fries:炸薯条7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。 练习：1．A change B charge C chain D chance2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate3．A number B amount C volume D product4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk5．A severe B enough C weak D active6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility9．A degree B dimension C angle D range10．A use B hate C reject D like11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking答案与题解：1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。3.B 与降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lower treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就??而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸 (dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。take measure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。buying a seatbelt, cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage1The massive subduction zone earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil2"liquefaction" that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a newanalysis shows.3"We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before,but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott45Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University."Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The6shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines, crippling the utilitiesand infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sankas much as four feet."7Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It'sa phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in8situations such as this."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect 9the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts.1011"There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities. 12Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect, and the OregonDepartment of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.词汇：subduction /s?b'd?k??n/ n．俯冲 sediment /'sedim?nt/ n．沉积；沉淀物 liquefaction /likwi'f?k??n/ n．液化 infrastructure /'Infr?,str?kt??/ n．基础设施geotecnical /d?i?u'teknik?l] adj．岩土技术 compaction /k?m'p?k??n/ n．压紧的 vulnerable /'v?ln?r?bl/ ad]．易受伤害的注释：1. subduction zone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergent boundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioff seismic zone)"。2. soil "liquefaction"：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液态的现象。3. localized：小范围的4. geotechnical engineering：岩土工程。5. Oregon State University：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。"water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines"。7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规模。9. recovery efforts：重建工作10. that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句no doubt的内容。11. that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。练习：1.A．internal B. different C. difficult D. widespread2.A．volume B. length C. extent D. width3.A．function B. repair C. build D. remove4.A．durability B. strength C. ability D. property5.A．ascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.A．shorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.A．when B. what C. how D. which8.A．occasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently9.A．development B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition10.A．unless B. until C. after D. before11.A．findings B. locations C. events D. sources12.A．delivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.A．near B. from C. inside D. over14.A．prevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect15.A．styles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案与题解：1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significantlevel。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to?”中，"these communities need to...”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都不合适。4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通。8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment?"。recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付 未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。1O.D 选unless、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similar events指的是“类似的地震事件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对。12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。"young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是construction styles（建筑风格）、construction sites（建筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑设备）。日本的construction standards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。2014年职称英语教材理工补全短文第十四篇：Robotic Highway ConesA University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones andparticular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the application for robots,” Farritor said. “The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said ina report oh his creation. students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enoughnot to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. “It would look exactly the Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be pickedup and moved as the operation proceeds. “That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said heabout marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them. 词汇：cone / k??n / n．圆锥体hazardous / 'h?z?d?s / adj．有危险的aide / e?d / n．辅助用具rubbery / 'r?b?r? / adj．类似橡胶的strip / str?p / n．条，带asphalt / '?sf?lt / n．沥青prototype / 'pr??t?ta?p / n．原型patent / 'pe?tnt, 'p?t- / n．专利权注释： 1．on their own：独立地，靠自己的力量2．graduate students：研究生3．they：指代officials。4．come in handy：派得上用处5．That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation：可译为“采用了这种方法，施工时就不用封锁10英里的地带”。6．while：虽然7．who：指代roads departments and others。练习：A And they can return to the original place at the end of the day.B He is thinking about starting a small business.C Farritor was “Inventor of the Year” in 2003.D Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. E We replace that with a robot.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away.2014年职称英语教材理工补全短文第十四篇：Robotic Highway Cones答案与题解：1．F 第一段要恢复的句子的内容应该与robotic cones and barrels有关。F句中的These robotic cones and barrels正好说明F句是第一句的后续句，these这个代词把第一、二句连接起来。第一、二句内容上是连贯的，证实第二句是第一句的后续句。2．A 本段第一句有两处与A句在内容上相连。第一句的at 6 am与A句的at the end of the day相对应；第二段第一句的move from the side of the highway与A句的return to the original place相连。所以，A句是第一句的后续句。3．D 本段第二句有The fiind. ftmd之前用的是定冠词the，说明前面已有句子提到过fiind或其他类似资助的词。D句说的是grant，所以是答案。4．E 这一段说机器人安装在锥形路标和路障的底部，其原来外貌几乎没有什么改变。原来的底部是黑色的，用类似橡胶的材料制成。而E句的that指的是底部（base），E句的意思是“用机器人置换底部”。5．B 本段的第四句He is also thinking iabout ...中的also是一个重要的线索，说明前面一定出现过he is thinking。但是在前面两句中没有找到。那么，本段中要恢复的句子一定是练习中的B句。第十一篇 Virtual DriverDriving involves sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzing with a brain, and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car withApparently there isn’t anyone in the driver’s cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well 1as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the objects surrounding the car are moving at, analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver’s best advantage is that it reacts quickly. However, it takes the world’s best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn’t include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control, the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate onexpressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel at any time and With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and , people still have high hopes about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like. 词汇： virtual /5vE:tjuEl/ adj.虚拟的 built-in /5bilt5in/ adj.嵌入的 coordination /kEu7C:di5neiFEn/ n.协调，配合 racecar n.赛车 cab /kAb/ n.驾驶室 expressway /Ik5spresweI/ n.高速公路 minicamera n.小型照相机 driverless adj.无驾驶员的boot /bu:t/ n.（车身后部的）行李箱 注释：1. virtual driver：虚拟驾驶员2. The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at：大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度。 The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at = The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds at which objects surrounding the car are moving3. have the wheel：驾驶汽车4. This being the case虽然情况是这样。 This being the case是独立主格结构。5. highly intelligent cars arc what the cars of the future should be like：未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。练习：A Experts say that we cannot do that just yet. B In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation. C This is the brain of the car.D But how does an intelligent car control itself? E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds. F However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.答案与题解：1. D “空 1”前面三个句子讲的是真人驾驶员驾驶汽车时脑、眼、耳、手、脚并用，而且要协调配合。“空 1”之后话题转入虚拟驾驶员。“空 1”之后的第一句“ Apparently there isn’t anyone in the driver’s cab?”似乎来得有些突然，与前面句子接得很生硬。所以，中间应该有个过渡句。选项 D就是连接上下文的过渡句。2. C “空 2”前面一句说，如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就能看到自动驾驶系统的昀重要的部件，嵌入式电脑。“空 2”后的句子中的 The brain of the car自然是指前句的 built-in 5432computer，但接得太突然。选项 C的 “This is the brain of the car”就把前后句子联系起来了。 This指代上一句的 built-in computer。后面句子的 The brain of the car是重复选项 C中的 the brain of the car，显得很自然。所以， C是答案。3. E “空 3”前面一句说，虚拟驾驶员昀大的优点是反应快。“空 3”后面一句说，越好的赛车手至少要 1秒钟才能作出反应。“至少要 1秒钟”已经暗示，虚拟驾驶员反应速度要比真人驾驶员快。一找，选项 E果然说，虚拟驾驶员只需 100毫秒就能作出反应。选项 E使上下文的意思完整，因此是答案。4. A “空 4”前面是一句问句，即“在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车 ? “空 4”的句子应该回答这个问题：“让还是不让？”选项 A回答了这个问题，因此是答案。5. F “空 5”前面一句说，“ The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. (智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定向己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。 )选项 F的内容正好相反。上一句说 “recognizes”，还有“mark the lanes clearly”，而 F说：“ cannot recognize”，又说“ no clear markings”。从意思表达上和词汇重复上，都能判断出， F的句子应该出现在“空 5”的位置上。第十一篇虚拟驾驶员驾驶需要敏锐的视觉与听觉，大脑分析，手、脚和大脑的协调配合。人具有敏锐的视觉与听觉能力，他能用大脑进行分析，保持手和大脑的配合，人能用身体不同的部分来操控一辆快速行驶的汽车，但是智能化的汽车怎样自动驾驶呢？显然驾驶室里无人驾驶，但实上的确存在一个虚拟驾驶员，他有眼睛、大脑和手、脚。汽车两边的小型照相机就是它的眼睛，负责观察前方的路况信息和左右两侧的交通状况。如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就会看到自动驾驶系统中昀重要的部件：嵌入式电脑。它是汽车的大脑，这个大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度，分析它在路上的位置，选择正确的道路，并对方向盘和操控系统下达指令。与人脑相比，虚拟驾驶员昀大的优点是反应快。对照相机发送的图像，它能在 100毫秒内完成对其的分析处理。可是世界上是好的赛车手至少要 1秒钟内能做出反应，并且这个时间还不包括他采取应对措施的时间。由于虚拟驾驶员反应迅速，操控准确，它能大量减少高速公路上的事故率。在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车？专家们认为目前尚不可以。由于虚拟驾驶员识别物体的能力有限，目前这种智能化汽车只可以在高速公路上行驶。智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。然而，它却不能识别在普通道路上行驶的没有清晰标记的自行车和行人。显然情况是这样，人们始终认为未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。欢迎您转载分享：
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