I go hiking ( once) a week.(对划线部分提问)_百度知道
I go hiking ( once) a week.(对划线部分提问)
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（How many ） times( do ) you go hiking ?
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＞＞＞句型转换。1. The man is very old, so he can't do the work...
句型转换。1. The man is very old, so he can't do the work. (改为简单句)&&& The man is _____ _____ _____&do the work.2. Bruce has been working in this factory since two years ago. (对划线部分提问)&&& _____& _____ _____ Bruce_____& _____ in this factory?3. If you try your best to study hard,&&you can go to college. (改为同义句)&& If you try your best to study hard,&&you _____ _____ _____ go to college.4. I&&was&&getting out of the shower when the bell rang. (对划线部分提问)&&& _____ _____&you _____ when the bell rang?5. My mother said, "Don't turn on the TV." (改为间接引语)&&& My mother _____ _____ _____ _____&turn on the TV.
题型：句型转换难度：中档来源：期末题
1. too old to 2. H been working 3. are able to&& 4. W doing& 5. told me not to
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“句型转换。1. The man is very old, so he can't do the work...”主要考查你对&&固定搭配，形容词，过去进行时，现在完成进行时，特殊疑问句，直接引语，间接引语&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
固定搭配形容词过去进行时现在完成进行时特殊疑问句直接引语，间接引语
固定搭配：英语中的固定搭配主要是指英语中的习惯用法，如有固定用法的一些动词短语、介词短语、名词词组及形容词词组。例如：take part in (参加)& by accident (偶然地)&lucky dog (幸运儿) be interested in (对…感兴趣) 初中英语常见固定搭配：(一)加-ingenjoy / like doing sth 喜欢做----&&&& spend....(in) doing sth 在做---花费---&& try doing 试着做------&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be busy doing sth 忙于做------finish doing sth 完成做----&&&&&&&&&&& look forward to + doing sth 期待做----(现在进行时)be doing 正在做---&&&&& Thank you for (doing) sth 为了--感谢你
（二）加-to decide to do sth 决定去做-----&&&&&&&&&&&&& ask (sb)to do 要求(某人)去做----&&&&&& It’s+adj +to do sth . 做---(怎么样)&&&&&&&& would like / want to do 想要做-----&&&& It takes sb sometime to do sth在做----花费----（三）加原形let / make sb do sth 让某人做某事&&& be going to / will do sth （一般将来时态）（四）加-to 或-ing意思不同forget doing 忘记做过了-----(已做)&&&& forget to do 忘记去做------(还没做)&&& remember doing记得做过了-----(已做)remember to do记得去做------(还没做)（五）加-to 或-ing意思相同begin / start to do sth = begin / start doing sth开始做------（六）A）动词+ 介词 agree with同意....的意见(想法)；符合&&&& help ... with ...帮助(某人)做(某事)& listen to听...&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ..get to到达....&&&&&&& fall off (从......)掉下base on以....(为)根据&&&&& knock at /on敲(门、窗)&&&&&&&& laugh at嘲笑 learn.. from 向...学习&&&&& live on继续存在；靠...生活& look after照顾，照看look at看；观看&&&&&&&&&&& look for寻找&&&&&&&&&&&&& look like看起来像 pay for (sth.)付钱；支付& point at指示；指向&&&&&&&&&& point to指向....prefer to ...宁愿(选择);更喜欢&&&&&&&&&&& quarrel with (和某人)吵架regard...as ...把....当作....；当作&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& stop...from阻止.....做.....talk about说话；谈话；谈论&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& talk with与......交谈think about考虑&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& think of认为；想起B)动词+ 副词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ask for请求；询问&&&&&&& carry on坚持下去；继续下去&&&&& cut down砍倒& clean up清除；收拾干净&& come down下来；落&&&& come along来；随同come in进来&&&&&&&&&&&& come on来吧；跟着来；赶快& come over过来；顺便来访&&&&&&&&&&& come out出来；出现；(花)开；发(芽)&&&&&& drop off放下(某物)；下车&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& eat up吃光；吃完fall behind落在......后面；输给别人&&&&&&&&&&&& fall down跌倒；从......落下find out查出(真相)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get back回来；取回get down下来；落下；把......取下来&&&&&&&&&&&&& get off下来；从......下来get on上(车)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& get up起床&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give up放弃go on继续&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go out出去&&&&& go over过一遍；仔细检查grow up长大；成长&&&&&& hand in交上来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& hurry up赶快hold on (口语)等一等；(打电话时)不挂断&&&&&&&&&&&&& look out留神；注意look over (仔细)检查&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& look up向上看；抬头看&& pass on传递；转移到....&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& pick up拾起；捡起put away放好；把....收起来&& put on穿上；戴上；(戏剧等)上演；放(唱片等put down把(某物)放下来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& put up挂起；举起run away流失；逃跑；逃走& rush out冲出去& set off出发；动身；启程send up发射；把......往上送&& shut down把......关上&&&&&& sit down坐下slow down减缓；减速&&&&&& take off脱掉(衣服)&&&&&&&&&& take out取出throw about乱丢；抛撒&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& trip over (被......)绊倒try on试穿(衣服、鞋等)；试戴(帽子等)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& try out试验；尝试turn down关小；调低&&&&&&&& turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等turn off关(电灯、收音机、煤气、自来水等)&&&&&&&&&&& turn over (使)翻过来wake up醒来&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& wear out把......穿旧；磨坏work out算出；制订出&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& write down写下....C) be + 形容词+ 介词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be angry with对(某人)发脾气&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &be interested in对......感兴趣& be able to能；会&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &be afraid of害怕be amazed at对......感到惊讶&&&&&&&&&&&& be excited about对......感到兴奋be filled with用......充满&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be full of充满......的be good at =do well in在....方面做得好；善于&&&&&&&&&&&&& be late for迟到be made in在......生产或制造&&&&&&&&&&&& be made of由....组成；由....be pleased with对......感到满意&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be proud of以......自豪/高兴be used for用于D)动词+ 名词/ 代词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& beg one′s pardon请原谅；对不起&&&&&&&&& do morning exercises做早操do one′s homework做作业&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& enjoy oneself =have a good time过得快乐；玩得愉快&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give a concert开音乐会&&&&& go boating去划船&&&&&& go fishing去钓鱼go hiking去徒步旅行&&&&& go skating去滑冰&&&&& go shopping (去)买东西have a cold (患)感冒&&&& have a cough (患)咳嗽&& have a headache (患)头痛&& have a try尝试；努力&&&& have a look看一看&&&&&&&&& have a rest休息& have a seat (= take a seat ) 就坐；坐下&&&&&&&& have sports进行体育活动&& have supper吃晚餐&&& hear of听说&&& hold a sports meeting举行运动会make a decision作出决定&& make a mistake犯错误&& make a noise吵闹make faces做鬼脸&&&&&& make friends交朋友&&&&&&& make money赚钱take one′s place坐某人的座位；代替某人的职务&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& teach oneself (=learn by oneself ) 自学&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& watch TV看电视& take photos照相&&&&&&& take time花费(时间)&&&&&&&&& take turns轮流E)动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& catch up with赶上&&&&&&&&&&& come up with找到；提出(答案、解决办法等) get on well with与......相处融洽&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& give birth to生(孩子)& help yourself / yourselves to自取；随便吃&&& make room for给.....腾出地方play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧&&&&&&&&&&&&&& speak highly of称赞&&& say good bye to告别；告辞&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& take an active part in积极参加 take care of照顾；照料；注意F)其他类型&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& be awake醒着的&&&&&&&&&& be born出生&&&&&&&&& be busy doing忙着做come true实现&&&&& do one′s best尽最大努力&&&&& fall asleep睡觉；入睡&& go home回家&&&& go on doing (sth.)继续做某事；尽力&&& get married结婚 get together相聚&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& go straight along& 沿着...一直往前走had better (do)最好(做...)&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& keep doing sth.一直做某事&&&&&&&& make sure确保；确认；查明&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& make up one′s mind下决心形容词：简称adj.或a，形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏与否，形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。她是一个好学生，她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now.你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?形容词的语法功能：一、作定语He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。二、作补语形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态，也可以表示某一动作的结果，并常用在表示“认为，看待”的动词如believe，prove，consider等候。例如：The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。Don't marry young.不要早婚。三、作状语形容词或形容词短语可作状语，形容词作状语时，可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如：Enthusiastic，they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人，不管是年轻人还是老人，我们都有问题。四、做表语The ship was adrift on unknown seas．那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。五、做主语Old and young joined the discussion.Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语Very good!Say it again.Stupid!He must be crasy.形容词的几个特殊用法：most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事，太难了。 "The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。 " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。&I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。 the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely.　　&&&&&&&&&& （错） He spoke to me very friendly.　　 （对） Her singing was lovely.　　（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型&& “太…而不能”& He is too young to go to school.&=He isn’t old enough to go to school.&=He is so young that he can’t go to school.形容词的位置:1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语?&& 单个形容词修饰名词时，一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如：?&& a red flower一朵红花?an interesting story一个有趣的故事?&& six blind men 六个盲人?my own house我自己的房子?如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面，音节多的形容词放在后面。&& 2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：?&& &&& She has something new to tell me.?她有一些新的情况告诉我。?&& &&& I have nothing important to do today.?今天我没有重要的工作要做。?&& &&& Do you know anybody else here??这儿你还有认识的人吗？?&& 3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时，形容词必须置于名词之后。例如：?&& &&& It is a problem difficult to work out.?这是一道难以解决的问题。?&& &&& Edison is a student difficult to teach.?爱迪生是个很难教的学生。?&& &&& This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.?这是一种易栽的花。?&& 4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如：?&& &&& All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.?&& &&& 所有的人，无论老少，都应该严格要求自己。?&& &&& We are building a new school, modern and super.?&& &&& 我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。?&& &&& All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家，无论穷富都应该互相帮助。?&& 5.有少数形容词，如enough和possible，既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如：?&&& Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗？?&&& Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。6.有些形容词，置于名词之前与之后，含义不尽相同。例如：?&& the writer present 出席的作者?&& the present writer 现在的作者?7.表示长，宽，高，深，及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。This river is about 100 metres wide.The building is more than 50 metres tall.&He is less than 40 years old.8. enough修饰名词时，在名词前后都可以。They said that they had enough food.=&They said that they had food enough.&enough 修饰形容词和副词，位于其后。&He is old enough to join the army.&He isn’t old enough to go to school.9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词，疑问副词或不定代词后&what/who/where/when/when else&something/anything/nothing…else&What else did you do?&Do you have anything else to say?10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。形容词知识拓展:名词化的形容词：有些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，这时，它相当于一个名词，可作主语或宾语；表示一类人时，看作复数，表示一类事物时，通常看作单数。Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor.The old are taken good& care of in American.the+形容词，常见的短语有：the old/the young/the sick/the white/the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)形似副词的形容词：以-ly结尾的词通常是副词，但是下列词为形容词。friendly& lonely (孤独的) ；lively (活着的)；lovely(可爱的)复合形容词的类型：(1)名词+过去分词& man-made satellite 人造卫星(2)形容词+现在分词& a good-looking man(3)形容词+名词& second-hand cars(4)数词+名词-ed&& three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子(5)数词+名词& 400- metre race(6)副词+现在分词& hard-working students(7)副词+过去分词& well-known writers(8)形容词+形容词& a dark-red jacket(9)形容词+过去分词& ready-made clothes 成品服装含有形容词的常用句型：(1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth.(good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… )It’s very kind of you to help me.(2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.(difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…)It’s important for us to learn English well.(3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式&表示情感或情绪的形容词：glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful…&I'm glad to see you.表示能力，意志或推测的形容词：ready,able,sure,certain…&I’m sorry to hear that.某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词the moving story 令人感动的故事a moved boy&& 一个被感动的男孩a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子a frightening film 一个恐怖电影过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night，last Saturday等；或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。过去进行时的结构：1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 现在分词”构成eg: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成eg: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。3. 过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were +主语+ 现在分词”组成eg: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 你们在干什么昨天下午的时间啊& 回答我啊?过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：一、二者概念理解一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。A、一般过去时1.过去状态、动作或事件 He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间）2.过去的习惯a would ,used to与过去时 would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间 used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words. He smoked a lot two years ago. （过去行为）bWould 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。 Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去） She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)c 表示状态时一般只用used to Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于…..” He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常) He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)3.过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。 He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)4.客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want , wonder , hope 等 How did you like the film? / Could you help me?
B. 过去进行时1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生 What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算 During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。 He was always Changing his mind.
二、区别A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.D、While 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) I cooked the dinner while he played the piano. I saw him while I was walking to the station.过去进行时的基本用法:过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如：He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。 　　 2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 　　 【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。 　　 3. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、&厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。 　　 4. 动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。 　　 比较：He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此) 　　 && He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现) 特殊用法1、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时We listened carefully when the teacher read the text. 老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。2、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。如：He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。3、表示故事发生的背景。It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front. 那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。4、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。Five minutes later,he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。5、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。6、用来陈述原因或用作借口。She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。7、与always,constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。The girl was always changing her mind. 这女孩老是改变主意。现在完成进行时:是英语中，动词的一种基本时态，其构成为：主语+have/has+been+现在分词+其他成分。基本结构：I/we/theyhavebeen+动词的现在分词 He/she/ithasbeen+动词的现在分词在当代英语中，现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如：Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t had that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。否定句构成：主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词+其他一般疑问句构成:Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他现在完成进行时主要用法：（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）I study for English since 10 years ago.（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作五年了。（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥。They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥。（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。&I have been knowing...这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等等。（六）一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用，句意相同。例如：She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.（七）表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性It has been raining for 3 days。现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法。2. 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。如：We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。3. 在许多情况下，现在完成时表示动作已经完成，而现在完成进行时却并非如此。如：He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成)He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成)4. 有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，一般不能用于现在完成进行时。如：I’ve known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。5. 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大。如：I’ve lived [been living] here for 30 years. 我在这儿住了30年了。How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这里工作多久了?6. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的相通性：在表达一个从过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时，如:expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如：你学习英语多久了?正：How long have yon learnt English?正：How long have you been learning English?他已经睡了十个小时了。正：He has slept for ten hours.正：He has been sleeping for ten hours.
过去完成时与现在完成区别:1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（强调有包装，可能为不公平竞争。）2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately例：She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例：He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?---He's already been sent for.4）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.与现在完成进行连用的主要时间状语:现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：all day / this month / week / recently / in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段，等等。如：He has been working all day. 他整天都在工作。They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。&Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽车销量近来一直在下降。Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years. 维拉努力学汉语已有好几年了。He has been sleeping for ten hours. 他已经睡了十个小时了。Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期，吉姆天天晚上都给詹妮打电话。The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. 自从新年以来，双方就一直在试图联手。特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。 特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。其回答应当是具体的。特殊疑问句句末一般用降调。&例如：How do I get there?&&&&&&&&&&&&&Why not?&&&&&&&&&&&&&What about the sports news? 常用疑问词可先分为3种:疑问代词：what（什么）who（谁，作主语）which（哪个，在一定范围内选择）whose（谁的，指附属关系）whom（谁，作宾语）疑问副词：when（何时，询问时间）where（何地，询问地点）why（为什么，询问原因）how（如何，询问手段，方式，工具以及程度）疑问形容词：what（which，whose）+名词例词：what time（什么时候） what colour（什么颜色）... ...how much（多少） how long（多长）... 特殊疑问句的特点：一、 特殊的疑问词： 特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头，询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。我们学过的疑问词有what（询问事物）, how much（询问价格）, what time （询问时间，尤其是点钟）, what kind of（询问种类）, why（询问原因），who（询问人）, where（询问地点） 等等。如： —What is this? 这是什么？ —It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。 —How much is it? 这个多少钱？ —It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。 —What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影？ —I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。 二、特殊的语序：特殊疑问句由疑问词开头，其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如： What time is it？ 现在几点钟？ Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师？特殊疑问句有两种语序：1．如疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：Who is singing in the room﹖whose bike is broken﹖2．如疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问，其语序是：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语)What does she like?What class are you in﹖Where are you from﹖What time does he get up every morning﹖How do you know﹖&三、特殊的答语：特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答，而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如： — What time is it, please? 请问几点了？ — It's 7:30. 七点半了。 — Where are they? 他们在哪儿？ —They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。 —What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么？ —English. 英语。 四、 特殊的语调： 一般情况下，特殊疑问句要用降调（↘）来读。如： Who's ↘that? How old is↘Jack?直接引语和间接引语：引用别人的话有两种方式，一种是讲述别人的原话，并把它放在引号里，这叫直接引语；另一种是用自己的话来转述别人，并且不能用引号，这就是间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。直接引语和间接引语关系:直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”）&间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。1.直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that 引导。例如：She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多数情况下，if和whether 可以互换，但后有or not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.&一些注意事项:(1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.(2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：He said to me, "I was born in 1973."→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation." →The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."→He said that he could swim when he was only six. &(7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.直接引语变间接引语:A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句 1.连词 若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句，那么改为间接时，要用连词 that (可以省略) ……………….一般疑问句，…….，要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略) ……………….特殊疑问句，…….，要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省） 2.变化 （1）主句动词的变化 一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said不变。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb. （2）从句人称的变化 由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如： ①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus. ②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science. ③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school. （3）、从句动词时态的变化 a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。①一般现在时→一般过去时；②一般过去时→过去完成时；③现在进行时→过去进行时；④现在完成时→过去完成时；⑤过去完成时→过去完成时（不变）；⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如： The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. b. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如：He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework. She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day. c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如： The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. （4）、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为this→that， these→those等；时间状语的变化为now→then， today→that day， yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等；地点状语的变化为here→there；动词的变化为come→go（go 不要变come）。例如： 1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening. 2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then. B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth
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