新世纪初等院校英语业余本科生系列教材（修订版）旨在打造完好的英语业余学科体系，片面促成先生的言语技艺、学科素养和翻新才能的造就，必将为我国造就国内化、翻新型、高素质的英语业余人才奠定松软的根底！
权威性和先进性的表现：依照《初等学校英语业余英语教学纲要》提出的造就指标、课程设置、教学要求和教学准则精心设计，凝聚海外外英语业余教育界专家学者的智慧，反映英语业余教育、科研的最新效果。
前瞻性和翻新性的结晶：基于宽泛的市场调研、详尽的需要剖析和谨严的迷信判别，梳理现有教程，优化教材构造，更新教学办法和手段，强化先生综合才能的造就。
业余素质和人文素养的同步晋升：业余技艺、业余常识、相干业余常识的完满婚配，协助先生打下扎实的言语根本功，加强其剖析成绩、处理成绩的才能，进步业余素质和人文素养，使先生真正成为国内化、翻新型、高素质的英语业余人才。
Unit 1 Communication Across Culturrswarm upReading IIntercultural Communication： An IntroductionDiscovering Problems： Slim Is Beauifuf?Group WorkDebateReading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationWritingIdentifying Difference Difference： How We Address Each OtherSurveyInterculturar InsiqhtTranslationCase Studu： Cases i-4Further Reading IStumbling Blocks in Intercultural CommunicationFurther Reading IICommunication in the Global VillageUnit 2 Culture and CommunicationWarm UpReading IWhat Is Culture.Fill-in TaskSharing Knowledge： More About CultureWritingReading IIElements of CommunicationDiscovering Problems： Misfeading Commerciaf SignsMatching TaskIdentifying Difference Commuicating EffectvelyGroup WorkTranslationCase Study： Cases 5-8Further Reading IUnderstanding CultureFurther Reading IIEssentials of Human CommunicationUnit 3 Cultural DiverslWarm UpReading IDifferent Lands， Different FriendshipsCultural!n formation： American FriendshipSurveyIdentifying Difference ：Famifu StructureReading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesInterviewGroup WorkSharing Knowledge： Confucian Culturaf PatternsWritingIntercufturaf lnsigfitTranslationCase Study： Cases 9-12Further Reading ICultural DimensionsFurther Reading IIHigh-Context and Low-Context CulturesUnit 4 Language and Culture.Warm UpReading IHow Is Language Related to CultureFill-in TaskGroup Workldentifying Difference： Kinship Terms and More.Reading IILanguage-and-Culture， Two Sides of the Same CoinSharing Knowledge： How to Say \"Yes\" and \"No\".SurveyWritingDiscovering Problems： Translating Across LanguagesTranslationCase Study： Cases 13-16Further Reading iThe Sapir-WhorfHypothesisFurther Reading II Language， Thought， and CultureUnit 5 Culture and Verbal CommunicationWarm UpReading IUnderstanding the Culture of ConversationFill-in TaskIdentifying Difference： Com.pfiment ResponseInterviewReading IIThe Way People SpeakGroup WorkCufturaf Information： Making Tefephone CallsIntercu fturaf lnsightTranslationCase Studua： Cases 17-20Further Reading ICross-Cultural Verbal Communication StylesFurther Reading IIPreferences in the Organization of Verbal CodesUnit 6 Culture and Nonverbal CommumcationWarm UpReading IAn Overview of Nonverbal CommunicationMatching TaskObservation TaskSharing Knowledge： Factors That Inflfuence TouchReading IIGender and Nonverbal CommunicationWritingGroup WorkIdentifying Difference： Posture and Sitting HabitsCufturaf lnformation： How the Japanese Communicate NonverballyTranslationCase Study： Cases 21-24Further Reading IFunctions of Nonverbal CommunicationFurther Reading IISounds and SilenceaUnit 7 Time and Space Across CulturesWarm UpReading IThe Heartbeat of CuhurcIdentifying Difference： Whats the Rush?Group WorkIntercufturaf lnsightReading IIThe Language of SpaceWritingCufrural lnformation： Home in Various CulturesSharing Knowledge： Cultures Built Into the LandscapeTranslationCase Studu： Cases 25-28Further Reading ICultural Conceptions of TimeFurther Reading IIGerman Use of SpaceUnit 8 Cross-Culturai PereeptionWarm UpReading IFrench Leave and Dutch CourageFill-in TaskCufturaf lnformation： Wfio Is Gaijin?SurveyReading IIEthnocentrism and EthnorelativismDiscovering Problems： Tile Image o fOtfiers....Group WorkWritingSharing Knowledge： Culture and PerceptionTranslationCase Study： Cases 29-32Further Reading IBehaviors That Separate UsFurther Reading |1Stereotype and PrejudiceUnit 9 Intercultural AdaptationWarm UpReading IAdapting to a New CultureSfiaring Knowledge： Two Views of Culture ShockDiscovering Problems： Cfiinese Students AbroadReading |1Overcoming Ethnocentrism in CommunicationGroup WorkTest YourselfIdentifying Difference： Little Things Where Theey DifferDebateTranslationCase Study： Cases 33-36Further Reading ISojourner AdaptationFurther Reading IIDeveloping MindfulnessUnit 10 Aequiring Intercultural Comtetence
Posture and sitting habits ofrer insiightinto a culture’s deep structure.In many Asiancultures，the bow is much more than agreeting.it signifies the culture’s concernwith status and rank.In Japan，for example，low posture is an indicator of respect.AI—though it appears simple to the outsider，thebowing ritual is actually rather complicated.The person who occupies the lower stationbegins the bow，and his or her bow must bedeeper than the other person’s.The superior，on the other hand，determines when the bow-ing is to end.When the participants are ofequal rank，they begin the bow in the samemanner and end at.the same time.
The manner in which we sit also can corn.municate fl message.In the United States，where“casualness”is considered a greatvirtue，people often sit with feet on chairsor even desks.They sometimes sit with theirbacksides（buttocks）on tables and desks as flway of expressing their individuality or care-free attitude.Slumping oneself over whilesitting in a chair and placing feet on what—ever object around is a common U.S.behavior.it is intended to show that the person iscasual，honest，sincere，and‘just one of thefolks.”In the United States，even millionaires，corporation presidents，government leaders.and movie stars try to pretend they are ordi-nary people by using“the U.S.slouch”and“the feet—on-the—furniture”maneuver,
Unfortunately，people of other countries may interpret this behavior as being sloppyand as reflecting a general lack of alertness，interest，and respect.Americans do not USU—ally realize that what they think of as casual——ness is viewed very differently and very nega?tively by many people around the world.People in many cultures are expected to sit erect.Such cultures include many countriesjn Latin America，Asia，Europe，and the Middle East.For instance.in countries such as Ger.many and Sweden，where lifestyries tend tobe more formal，slouching is considered a sign of rudenes、s and poor manners.
In the United States，crossing legs is a sign of good etiquette.Americans feel com-fortable crossing their legs and sitting with one ankle on the other knee.Many cultures say that crossing legs is okay，but placing the ankle on the knee while crossing one’s legsis totally unacceptable.You can cross your legs but not put your ankle on your knee in some Latin and Asian countries.in Peru，men can place the ankle on knee，but women must cross their entire legs at the knee.In Syriawomen must not cross their legs at all in public，though men can cross at the knee.in Ghana and in Turkey，sitting with one’s legs crossed is extremely offensive.People in Thai?Jand believe that because the bottoms of thefeet are the lowest part of the body，they should never be pointed in the direction of
我国英语业余本科教学与学科建立，随同着我国变革开放的步调，失去了长足的倒退和晋升。回顾这30多年英语业余教学变革和倒退的历程，无论是英语业余教学纲要的制定、颁布、施行和修订，还是四、八级考试的开发与推广，以及多项英语教学变革名目的开辟，无不是围绕英语业余的学科建立和人才造就而进行的，正如《初等学校英语业余英语教学纲要》提出的英语业余的造就指标，即造就“具备扎实的英语言语根底和博大的文明常识并能纯熟地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文明、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、治理、钻研等工作的复合型英语人才。”为促成英语业余本科建立的倒退和教学品质的进步，外语业余教学指点委员会还施行了“新世纪教育品质变革工程”，包括推广“十五”、“十一五”国度级教材布局和外语业余国度精品课程评审，从各个教学环节增强对外语教学品质的微观监控，从而确保为我国的经济建立保送大量的优秀人才。
跨人新世纪，英语业余的建立面临新的情势和义务：经济寰球化、科技一体化、文明多元化、信息网络化的倒退趋向放慢，世界各国之间的竞争日趋强烈，这对我国英语业余本科教学理念和造就指标提出了新的应战；大学英语教学变革如火如荼；数字化、网络化等多媒体教学辅佐手段在外语教学中宽泛使用和一直倒退；英语业余本科教育的变革和学科建立也出现出多样化的趋向，翻译业余、商务英语业余相继降生——这些变动和倒退无疑对英语业余的学科定位、人才造就以及教材建立提出了新的、更高的要求。
上海内语教育出版社（简称外教社）在新世纪之初邀请了全国30余所驰名高校百余位英语教育专家，对面向新世纪的英语业余本科生教材建立进行了深化、片面、宽泛和具备前瞻性的研讨，胜利地推出了理念新鲜、特征显著、体系齐备的“新世纪初等院校英语业余本科生系列教材”，并被列入“十五”国度级布局教材，以其前瞻I生、先进性和翻新性等特点遭到全国泛滥应用院校的宽泛好评。
面对疾速倒退的英语业余本科教育，如何保障业余的教学品质，造就具备国内视野和翻新才能的英语业余人才，是国度、社会、高校老师独特关注的成绩，也是教材编撰者和教材出版者关怀和注重的成绩。
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英语论文 跨文化交际中肢体语言的沟通.doc
论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQIntroductionAsthetrendofglobalizationisstrengthenedstepbystep,internationalcommunicationisfrequentandimportantdaybyday.Thus,thesignificanceofbodylanguageininterculturalcommunicationhasbeengreatlyrealized.Researchshowsthatwhenpeoplemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,only7oftheirinitialimpactonothersisdeterminedbythecontentofwhattheysaytheother93oftheirmessageismadeupofbodylanguage55andthetoneoftheirvoice（38）.Bodylanguagehelpsustomanageandguardagainstthesetendencies,andalsosignificantlyespeciallyinflirting/dating/matingritualsbodylanguageoftenhelpspeopletocommunicateandresolverelationshipissueswhenconsciousbehaviourandspeechfailstodoso.Bodylanguagehasevolvedinspiteofhumanawarenessandconsciousintelligenceratherlikeaguardianangel,bodylanguagecanhelptakecareofus,connectingustokindredsouls,andprotectingusfromthreats.Whiletheimportanceofbodylanguageincommunicationsandmanagement,etc.,hasbecomeapopularinterestandscienceinthelastfewdecades,humanbeingshavereliedonbodylanguageinstinctivelyinmanywaysformanythousandsofyears.Andthusthispaperintendstopresentitsmeaningandclassification,culturaldifferencesandanalyzethefactorsthatinfluencebodythatinfluenceourcommunicationofbodylanguagesothatwecanimproveourcommunicationskillsandabilitiesbyunderstandingitwell.论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQBodyLanguage2.1DefinitionofBodyLanguageBodylanguageisatermforcommunicationusingbodymovementsorgesturesinsteadof,orinadditionto,sounds,verballanguageorothercommunication.Itformspartofthecategoryofparalanguage,whichdescribesallformsofhumancommunicationthatarenotverballanguage.Thisincludesthemostsubtleofmovementsthatmanypeoplearenotawareof,includingwinkingandslightmovementoftheeyebrows.Inadditionbodylanguagecanalsoincorporatetheuseoffacialexpressions.Westernscholarshavemadealotofdefinitionsaboutit,themostvividandspecificdefinitionisthatbodylanguageisthenonverballanguagewhichcanexpressinformationthatlanguagecannotexpressandtheactionsmostpeoplecanunderstand.Togetgoodatreadingbodylanguage,gooutanddotheRoverandover.Openyoureyesandears.Turnoffyourbiased,overanalyticalbrainandobservethewayachildobserves.Atoddlerseesobjectsandactionsinamorestandalonewaythanadults,whogotoextraordinarymeanstomakeconnections.Hehasnopreexistingframeworktooverlayhisobservationsonto,sohesamuchbettercollectorofpurebodylanguagethanolder,wellsocializedpeople.Ifyouplaceawrappedboxonthetableinfrontofayoungchildcapableofspeech,thequestionsareendless.Asyougetolder,youanswerthequestionsforyourself,assumingyouknowwhateverythingmeans.2.2TheClassificationofBodyLanguageBodylanguagecanbedividedintoeyecontractlanguage,bodytoucheslanguage,postureandgesture,manner,facialexpression,flavorlanguage,proxemicsandclotheslanguage.Andinthispaperjustintroducefourofthemeyecontract,bodydistance,facialexpressionandgesture.2.2.1EyecontractA16thcenturyproverbcallstheeyesthewindowstothesoul.Morethan500years论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQlater,theproverbhasassumedthestatureofgospel.Whenyoureallyunderstandtheeyes,youllseehowclosetheproverbistothemark.Someofthefollowingwordsusedtodescribeapersonseyesarehearddailydirect,sensual,sardonic,expressive,intelligent,penetrating,sad,cheerful,worldly,hard,trusting,andsuspicious.Moststudents,aswellasyourpersonalobservations,tellyouthatculturemodifiestheamountofeyecontactinwhichyouengageandwhoistherecipientoftheeyecontact.IftwoArabiansareinconversation,theywilllookateachotherwarmly.Becausetheythinkeyesarethekeyoftheirexistence.ButinAmericaneyes,theythinkthisbehaviorisunsuitableorahomosexualbehavior.TheeducatedEnglishmenbelievedirecteyecontactwithourcommunicatorsisgentlemanly.Japaneseoftenlookattheothercommunicatorsneckwhentheyareinconversation.Theybelieveeyecontactisimpolite.AndChineseconsidergazingpeopleisanunfriendlybehavioranditisachallenge.SomeSouthAmericanIndiansusedtolookatdifferentdirectionswhentheyaretalking.IntheMiddleEast,itisconsideredextremelyprovocativeforawomantoletamancatchhereyes,letalone,returnhisgaze.2.2.2GestureGestureactionlanguageisahighlyexpressivebodylanguage,itisnotonlyrichindiversity,butalsosimpleandintuitive,soIuseawiderange,highfrequency,effectivegood.Agoodexampleistheawardin2005CCTVSpringFestivalGalasmostpopulardanceaudienceshowspecialawardcategoryofAvalokitesvara,21liveinthesilentgirlintheworldofsignlanguagewiththeirhundredsofmillionstothenationtransmissionofinformationtheaudiencetoexpressNewYearsblessing.Inaverygeneralsense,weallusegesturestoreinforceanideaortohelpdescribesomething.Whenwesay,ThatsanEnglishbook,atthesametimewearepointingtothebook.Ifsomeoneasksusthewaytothelibrary,wepointtotheright,addingalittleinformationaboutit,whichwillbemoreclearandconcrete.Weliketouseourhandsto论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQindicatethedimensionswhensomeoneasksustodescribethesizeorshapeofsomething.Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebodyscleverness.ButthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithonesmindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChinese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,2.2.3FacialexpressionFaceistheorganofexpression.Morrisconjecturedthatitistheeasiesttocontrolbecauseitistheclosesttothebrain.Whenitcomestotheface,IthinkweredealingwithaparadoxThefaceisboththeeasiestandthehardestareaofthebodytocontrol.Therearemanythingswedowithourfacesthatwearentevenawareofbecausetheyaresecondnature.Alotofemotioncomesoutthroughthebrowinbothvoluntaryandinvoluntaryexpressions.Weusetheforeheadmuscleswhenwenormallyinteractwithpeople,evenonthephone,andwedevelopwrinklesasaresult.IfMorriswererightandwecancontrolthemusclesinthefacemoreeasilythanothers,thenwewouldntbeusingsomuchBotox.Wecouldvoluntarilystopusingthemusclesthatcreatetheproblem,andevenvoluntarilyreversetheprocessofwrinklingbyexercisingthem.Inaddition,ifthefacewereunderourcontrol,morefacialmovementswouldbecultural,notuniversal.Facialmovementsbecomepracticedbehaviorovertime,becausewelearnhowtopresentanevensmilewhenmeetingsomeoneandanarchedeyebrowwhenourkiddropsmustardonthefloor.Buttheplethoraofmusclesinourfacesmakesithardforustokeeptrackofthem.Weoftendonotevenrealizetherangeofemotionsandphysiologicalreactionsweexpresswithourfaces.WhatdoesthatupturnedbrowmeanIsthereadifferenceifthepersonsendingthemessageismaleorfemaleIfthereceiverismaleorfemaleTheheadistheworkhorseofcommunication.Andalthoughmuchofwhatitconveysisintentional,westillleakmessagesthatareimpossibletocover.2.2.4Bodydistance论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQPsychologistsdiscoveranypersonneedspersonalspace,yetskinsarenottheboundaryofpersonalspace,theirpersonalspacesareencircledbybubblesandotherpeoplecantbreakinatwill.Peoplealwayscarrypersonalspacewiththemnomatterhowfartheywillgo,andtheyalwayshaveakindofinstinctivecommonsenseofselfguard.Sothespeakerstalkingwithhimneedtokeepadistanceduringconversationtoavoidoffence.TheanthropologistandsocialistDoctorHalladvanced4kindsofdefinitionsforit.1.Intimatedistance045cmproperforspouseandlovers2.personaldistance5120cmProperforfriends,acquaintances,andrelatives3.socialdistance120360cmproperfordealingwithimpersonalthing4,publicdistance360750cmproperforinformalparty.TakeBritainandItalianforexample,therewouldbeaveryinterestingsensewhenpeoplefromthetwocountriesaretalkingtoeachother.ItseemsthattheItalianwouldalwaysbetheaggressorwhiletheEnglishbethedefender.However,intheirowncondition,theyjustwanttoholdthecommunicationspacetheyusedto.Apersonsuseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemoftheirculture.Forexample,orientalpeoplecouldbearthephysicaltouchinacrowdbus,whilewesternpeoplemayfinditunabletoendure.Astopersonalspace,Chinese,Japanese,evenmostofAsianpeoplehavefewerrequirementsthanwesternpeople.Forwesternersvaluemoreonindividualism.2.3FunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunication,likeverbalcommunicationisalsoapartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Thefunctionofnonverbalcommunicationinthewholecommunicationcantbeoverlooked.Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecantcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.Soincommunicativeactivities,nonverbalcommunicationalsoplaysagreatrole.Ofcourse,weshouldpaycloseattentiontothefunctionsof论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQnonverbalcommunication.Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbalcommunication,peoplearewillingtoaccepttheinformationnonverbalcommunicationdelivers.Becausenonverbalcommunicationsoundsmorenatural,moreinstinctiveanditishardtopretend.Obviously,weshouldmakefulluseofnonverbalcommunicationtoachieveefficientcommunication.Now,wewilldiscussthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.Repetition.Forexample,whenwetellpeoplehowtogettothenearesthospital,wearenotonlytellingthemthedirectionbutalsopointingtothedirectionwithhands.Supplement.Forinstance,wegreetpeoplewithasmile.Smilefunctionsasasupplementtothepleasureofmeetingpeople.Replacement.Whenwecommunicatewithothers,wewillfrowninsteadofaskingdirectlytohintthatwedontunderstandandexpectrepetitionorexplanation.Emphasis.Whenwearetalkingormakingaspeech,weoftenraiseourvoicetostressthecontent.Andsometimes,wesay,Itismyfaultwhilehungdownourheads.Wesmileandsay,Welcome.Weshoutouttothepeoplewhilewavingourfists.Allthenonverbalcommunicationhereemphasizeswhatwesay.Adjustment.Weoftensuggestthatourtalkisoverbyourtone,eyes,headnoddingandothernonverbalcommunicativebehaviors.Forexample,themanagerstandsuptoshowtheendoftheinterview.论文写作指导、各类文案代写QQTheCommonlyUsedofBodyLanguageBodylanguageisthemostimportantbehaviorofnonverbalcommunication.Forexample,ChineseTibetansstretchouttheirtongueswhenmeetingpeople,thisisthewaytoexpresstheirpolitenessandrespect,butwhenAmericansdoingthis,theywanttoexpressdespitetoothers.Sobodylanguagemaycausedifficultiesandmisunderstanding,leadtofailureininterculturalcommunication.Followingaresomeexamplesofusesomeofthenonverbalmessagesininterculturalcommunicationwhichfrequentlyappearinthecourseofcommunicationandmighteasilycausemisunderstanding.Followingaresomeexamplesofusesomeofthenonverbalmessagesininterculturalcommunicationwhichfrequentlyappearinthecourseofcommunicationandmighteasilycausemisunderstanding.3.1GreetingInAsiancountries,therearesomecommongreetinggestures,theyarehandshaking,bowing,avoideyecontact.InChina,thewesterncustomofshakinghandsisthecustomaryformofgreeting,butoftenanodoftheheadorslightbowissufficient.Huggingandkissingwhengreetingareuncommon.Businesscardsareoftenexchanged,andyoursshouldbeprintedinyourownlanguageandinChinese.Also,itismorerespectfultopresentyourcardoragiftoranyotherarticleusingbothhands.TheChineseareenthusiasticapplauders.Youmaybegreetedwithgroupclapping,evenbysmallchildren.Whenapersonisapplaudedinthisfashionitisthecustomforthatpersontoreturntheapplauseorathankyou.Whenwalkinginpublicplaces,directeyecontactandstaringisuncommoninthelargercities,especiallyinthoseareasaccustomedtoforeignvisitors.However,insmallercommunities,visitorsmaybethesubjectofmuchcuriosityandthereforeyoumaynoticesomestares.InJapan,thegracefulactofbowingisthetraditionalgreeting.However,theyhavealsoadoptedthewesterncustomofshakinghands,albeitwithalightgripandperhapswith
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