Green Snake (青蛇) (1993)
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Joey Wong and Maggie Cheung are the sister snakes in Green
青蛇
, Lillian Lee
(Chiu Man-Cheuk), ,
movie that's probably as reviled as it is beloved. Tsui Hark's
over-the-top romantic fantasy/political allegory is a potentially
alienating experience, but it's also an intensely interesting
and even beautiful ride.
Tsui Hark puts himself into “great director” mode to retell
the ancient Chinese story of the Green Snake (Maggie Cheung)
and sister White Snake (Joey Wong). The two snakes are immortal
creatures who manage to attain human form after hundreds of
years of practicing their sorcery. However, this disrupts
the natural order, meaning many Buddhist boosters are soon
after the two sisters.
Meanwhile, the two snakes contend
themselves with human lives. The elder, more mature White
Snake marries a scholar (Wu Xing-Guo), but the younger Green
Snake finds herself puzzled by this notion of being human.
While attractive to her, she still relishes her snake form,
and chooses to use it occasionally.&
Things get complicated when all the
monks start showing up to take down our snake heroines. Chief
among these is Fa-Hoi (Zhao Wen-Zhou), a die-hard monk who
finds himself torn between earthly desires and the spiritual
pull of his religion. He initially lets the snakes have their
way since they aren't really harming anyone. However, circumstances
won't allow the snakes to get on with their lives. Fate, love,
sex, hate, religion and desire all play a role in eventually
bringing down the world that the two snakes attempt to build.
And, in trying to end their unnatural existences, Fa-Hoi reveals
the hypocrisy at the heart of his strict Buddhist life.&
Tsui Hark’s direction is a lurid
mishmash of comedy, slow-motion eroticism, and obvious political
allegory (meaning it's typical Tsui). The variety of themes
let loose in this overdone art-house fantasy flick could fill
a small book. The snakes are portrayed as beings who simply
want to live their chosen lives in the human world, but are
denied and persecuted by strict societal mores and overzealous
individuals enforcing the &natural order.& The main
enforcer of these rules is Fa-Hoi, who's also revealed as
given towards desire, anger and even hypocrisy. Since what
the snakes want is love, family and hope, Fa-Hoi and his Buddhist
Gestapo are denying the very humanity they are supposedly
trying to uphold.
Made in 1993, this movie allowed
Tsui Hark plenty of time to ruminate on what would happen
post-1997. The political allegory is obvious when you look
closely (Fa-Hoi’s large red surplice can mean only one thing:
China). In that respect, the film has debatable merit. Also
in question is the film's success at being a simple cheesy
fantasy. The large rubber snakes and poor special effects
don't help matters, as they relegate the film to a low-budget
fantasy spectacle. That, added to Tsui's usual over-the-top
direction and the bizarre histrionics, could induce snickering
in more than a few audience members.
Still, there are more moments of
sheer beauty in this overdone art-house wuxia than in any
other Hong Kong film in recent memory. Tsui Hark isn't a great
director because he makes cohesive films - he's a great director
because his films manage to elicit the full gamut of emotions
in ninety minutes or less. His pet political themes could
easily be ignored, and the plight of the snakes would still
register as one of simple humanity. Bringing weight to the
proceedings are Joey Wong and Maggie Cheung, who turn in fine,
lovely performances. The art direction, astounding musical
score, and beautiful costume designs all add to the spectacle. Green Snake may not be a great film, but it's most
definitely great cinema. (Kozo )
Availability:
(Hong Kong)
Region 0 NTSC
Mei Ah Entertainment
16x9 Anamorphic Widescreen
Cantonese and Mandarin Language Tracks
Dolby Digital 5.1 / DTS 5.1
Removable English and Chinese Subtitles
image courtesy
of Tai-Seng Video Marketing, Ltd.
Copyright (C) Ross&ChenFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the color. For other uses, see .
    Color coordinates
B  (, g, )
(0, 255, 0)
sRGB approximation to NCS S 2060-G
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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Green is the color between
of visible light. It is evoked by light with a predominant
of roughly 495–570 . In the
system, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combination of yellow and blue, in the , used on television and computer screens, it is one of the , along with
and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors.
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the
of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is , the chemical by which plants
and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as . Several
have a green color, including the , which is colored green by its
In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with , , , , ,
and . In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the , but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The
wears green, showing she is not the benches in the British
are green, while those in the
are red. Green is also the traditional color of s a green light means go ahead, a
permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in . It was the color of the banner of , and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of . It is also often associated with the culture of , and is a color of the . Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the . Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the , some naming themselves . This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or , products.
The word green has the same Germanic root as the words for grass and grow
The word green comes from the
word grene, which, like the German word grün, has the same root as the words grass and grow. It is from a
-, which is also reflected in
gruoni (but unattested in ), ultimately from a
*ghre- "to grow", and root-cognate with
and . The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca. AD 700.
also has a genuine and widely used term for "green". Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several , French vert, Italian verde (and English ,
etc.). Likewise the
also had a term for yellowish, pale green – , chloros (cf. the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερ?? "verdant" and χλ?η "the green of new growth".
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However,
makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single
or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with
"yellow, ochre, golden". The
also have ja??l "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".
Main article:
In some languages, including old , , old , and , the same word can mean either blue or green. The
(pronounced qīng in ,
in Japanese, and
in ) has a meani blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "". In more contemporary terms, they are
(lán, in Mandarin) and
(lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green,
(midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, "aoi", because green is consi similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green
(as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word "aoi". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, , with variants such as xanh da tr?i (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and l?c ( also xanh lá c?y, lit. "leaf green").
"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[] In the comparative study of
in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective
being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the
word ????? kheīyw, besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.
had a term for "blue/green/grey",
*glasto-, which gave rise to
glas "green, grey" and to
glas "blue". This word is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκ?? "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρ?? "yellowish green" discussed above.
In modern Japanese, the term for green is , while the old term for "blue/green", blue (青 Ao) now means "blue". But in certain contexts, green is still conventionally referred to as 青, as in blue
(青信号 ao shingō) and blue
(青葉 aoba), reflecting the absence of blue-green distinction in old Japanese (more accurately, the
grouped some
with blue, and others with yellow tones).
is traditionally lacking a black/blue/green distinction. The Persian word ??? sabz can mean "green", "black", or "dark". Thus, Persian erotic poetry, dark-skinned women are addressed as sabz-eh, as in phrases like ??? ???? ??? sabz-eh-gandom-gun (literally "dark wheat colored") or ??? ???? sabz-eh-malih ("a dark beauty"). Similarly, in , dark-skinned people are described as ???? akh?ar, the term which in
stands unambiguously for "green".
Main article:
from the , Washington.
. A jade dragon from the , China. Jade can be many different shades of green.
A 10th-century
pot from China (, Paris). Celadon is a pale greyish green which takes its name from a character in the French romance Astrée by d'Urfe (1610).
vase in the , , Russia.
, Named for the
fruit, inclines toward yellow.
or olive green.
was the standard color of U.S. Army combat uniforms from World War II through the .
. , also known as the "Moss Garden", in , Japan, begun in 1339
takes its name from the color around the eyes of the .
668–789 THz
380–450 nm
606–668 THz
450–495 nm
526–606 THz
495–570 nm
508–526 THz
570–590 nm
484–508 THz
590–620 nm
400–484 THz
620–750 nm
Green, blue and red are . All the colors you see on your computer screen are made by mixing them in different intensities.
In optics, the
of green is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a
of roughly 495–570 . The sensitivity of the dark-adapted human eye is greatest at about 507 nm, a blue-green color, while the light-adapted eye is most sensitive about 555 nm, a yellow- these are the peak locations of the rod and cone (scotopic and photopic, respectively) .
The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the
mechanisms in human ) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M
in the eye more than the long-wavelength L cones. Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green. A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm.
Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types. In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause , including the common inability to distinguish red and yellow from green, known as
or red–green color blindness. Green is restful to the eye. Studies show that a green environment can reduce fatigue.
system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, in the , used on television and computer screens, it is one of the , along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the , also known as the , that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of
light (one of the ). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.
In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the
light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550  this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – the RGB color model. A
(green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.
emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state () technology to create the green light. An infrared
at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium- yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (;nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from , including the
(543 nm), the Argon- (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid . Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, , , , , , ,
As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available, although the price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use. The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%)[] compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%)[] may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses.
is dyed green every year to mark [[St. Patrick's Day]]
Many minerals provide
which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through
qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the , which is colored green by trace amounts of
and sometimes . Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called , also called
or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of
color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to
because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of
and water in the . Copper is the source of the green color in
pigments, chemically known as basic .
is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by . It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate,
it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. , in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable . Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic.
used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting .
Green earth is a natural pigment used since the time of the . It is composed of clay colored by , , , or . Large deposits were found in the South of France near , and in Italy around , on , and in . The clay was crushed, washed to remove impurities, then powdered. It was sometimes called Green of Verona.
Mixtures of oxidized
were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century.
, sometimes known as Rinman's green or Zinc Green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide. , a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780. Green chrome oxide was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835. Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide. It was also known as Guignet Green.
typically use
salts to create green sparks
There is no natural source for green
which has been approved by the US . Chlorophyll, the
E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials.
(E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.
(E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause , , , and .
To create green sparks,
, such as ,
crystals, or , also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but
(also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of
and . Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, ,
added to .
The chloroplasts of plant cells contain a high concentration of , making them appear green.
often appear green because light reflects off of a blue underlayer through a yellow upperlayer, filtering the light to be primarily green.
A yellow-naped Amazon , colored green for camouflage in the jungle
is green due to the presence of
pigments in the spider's
Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in . Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple
were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using . The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.
Animals typically use the color green as , blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a
of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of
pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are
(lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include , the green pigment in , and , a
that carries copper
is green due to the presence of bilin pigments in the spider's hemolymph (circulatory system fluids) and . It hunts insects in green vegetation, where it is well camouflaged.
Green eyes
Main article:
There is no green p like the color of blue eyes, it is its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the
of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in
and . They can also be found in , , , and . In , 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among , green eyes are most common among those of recent
ancestry, about 16%.
cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make a green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the
tree. it was of very poor quality, more brown than green. Ceramics from ancient
show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced.
The gardens of ancient Egypt were symbols of rebirth. Tomb painting of the gardens of Amon at the temple of Karnak, from the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener. Early 14th century BC.
The Ancient Egyptian god , ruler of the underworld and of rebirth and regeneration, was typically shown with a green face. (Tomb of ,
Ancient Roman fresco of Flora, or Spring, from
(2nd century AD)
green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King . They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue . To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from
and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the
For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The
for green represented a growing
sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, , was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of
made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."
In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher
cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or
considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of G red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.
The Romans had a greater appreciation it was the color of , the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of , , , , and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.
(1434), the rich green fabric of the dress showed the wealth and status of the family.
painted the faces in this painting () with an undercoat of green earth pigment. The surface pink has faded, making the faces look green today.
The green costume of the Mona Lisa shows she was from the gentry, not from the nobility.
In the 15th century " and the Devil" by , the
is green. Poets such as
also drew connections between the color green and the devil.
In this 1503 painting by , malachite pigment was used to paint the bright green garments of the worshippers, while the background greens were painted in green earth pigments.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession. Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families. The
wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfini portrait by .
Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the , ,
berries, the juice of
and of , the
plant, the
plant, the leaves of the , or ash tree, and the bark of the
tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with , also known as yellow-weed.
The pigments available to paint monks in monasteries used use of verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts. They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green. They used green earth colors for backgrounds.
During the early Renaissance, painters such as
learned to paint faces first with a green undercoat, then with pink, which gave the faces a more realistic hue. Over the centuries the pink has faded, making some of the faces look green.
Dedham Vale (1802) by . The paintings of Constable romanticized the vivid green landscapes of England.
In the paintings of
(), the green of trees and nature became the central element of the painting, with the people secondary.
"Sympho The Ocean" by
The Night Cafe, (1888), by , used red and green to express what Van Gogh called "the terrible human passions."
– Still life with green teapot, cup and fruit, 1890
– Woman at the Champs-?lysées by night
wearing a dark green velvet mantle
The 18th and 19th century brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes. These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than the vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of , and were eventually banned.
In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the
in literature and art. The French philosopher
celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher
declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as
depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.
The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist , who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including "Sympho The Ocean" between 1866 and 1872.
The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."
In the 1980s green became a political symbol, the color of the
and in many other European countries. It symbolized the , and also a new politics of the left which rejected traditional socialism and communism. (See Politics section below.)
A green light is the universal symbol of permission to go
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the
in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in , . Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both
and completed objectives, opposite red.
Green is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the U.S. with nature, vivacity and life. It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as , and of the
in Europe. Many cities have designated a garden or park as a green space, and use green trash bins and containers. A green cross is commonly used to designate pharmacies in Europe.
In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth. In Thailand, the color green is consider
for those born on a Wednesday day (light green for those born at night).
Green is the color most commonly associated in the U.S. and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope. Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality. In Ancient E the god Osiris, king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned. Green as the color of hope is connected with the hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season.
Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the U.S. with youth. It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by the analogy to immature and unripe fruit. Examples include , a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and , an inexperienced person.
Surveys also show that green is the color most associated with the calm, the agreeable, and tolerance. Red is associated with heat, blue with cold, and green with an agreeable temperature. Red is associated with dry, blue with wet, and green, in the middle, with dampness. Red is the most active color, b green, in the middle, is the color of neutrality and calm, sometimes used in architecture and design for these reasons. Blue and green together symbolize harmony and balance.
Green is often associated with
and . The expression "green-eyed monster" was first used by
in : "it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on." Shakespeare also used it in the , speaking of "green-eyed jealousy."
Green today is not commonly associated in Europe and the United States with love and sexuality, but in stories of the
it sometimes represented love and the base, natural desires of man. It was the color of the serpent in the
who caused the downfall of . However, for the , green was the color of growing love, and light green clothing was reserved for young women who were not yet married.
In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women, were considered erotic. The Chinese term for
is "to wear a green hat." This was because in ancient China, prostitutes were called "the family of the green lantern" and a
family would wear a green headscarf.
In , the color green was associated with .
and the Devil, by .
A medieval illustration of a dragon (1460)
A 20th-century depiction of a
In legends, folk tales and films, , , , and the devil are often shown as green.
In the Middle Ages, the devil was usually shown as either red, black or green. Dragons were usually green, because they had the heads, claws and tails of reptiles.
are also often green, but unlike European dragons, Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. The Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength. The
is a popular feature of Chinese festivals.
and , the color was sometimes was associated with witchcraft, and with
and spirits. The type of Irish fairy known as a
is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit.
In the theater and in films, green was often connected with horror or ghost stories, and with corpses. The earliest films of Frankenstein were in black and white, but in the poster for the 1935 version , the monster had a green face. Actor
wore green-hued makeup for the role of
Broadway stage production.
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with
and poison. There was a solid foundation
in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic. The intoxicating drink
was known as "the green fairy".
A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness. The expression 'green at the gills' means appearing sick. The color, when combined with gold, is sometimes seen as representing the fading of youth. In some Far East cultures the color green is used as a symbol of sickness and/or nausea.
The famous British fashion leader
wore a green suit (1805)
The reverse of the
has been green since 1861, giving it the popular name greenback.
Green in Europe and the United States is sometimes associated with status and prosperity. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century it was often worn by bankers, merchants country gentlemen and others who were wealthy but not members of the nobility. The benches in the , where the landed gentry sat, are colored green.
In the United States green was connected with the dollar bill. Since 1861, the reverse side of the dollar bill has been green. Green was originally chosen because it deterred counterfeiters, who tried to use early camera equipment to duplicate banknotes. Also, since the banknotes were thin, the green on the back did not show through and muddle the pictures on the front of the banknote. Green continues to be used because the public now associates it with a strong and stable currency.
One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in . In this story is the , where everyone wears tinted glasses which make everything look green. According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city’s color is used by the author, , to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold.
(1797) was modeled after the flag of France. It was originally the flag of the , and the green came from the uniforms of the army of Milan.
(1889). The green color was inherited from the flag of the , where it represented the color of the .
(1919). The green represents the culture and traditions of .
(1947). The green has been said at different times to represent the Muslim community of India, hope, or prosperity.
(1971). The green field stands for the
of the land of
(1973) has the green color of . The inscription in Arabic says: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet,"
(1994) includes green, yellow and black, the colors of the .
The former
() was the only monochromatic flag in the world, with no design or details.
(1960). The green represents the forests and natural wealth of the country.
(1947). The green part represents the Muslim majority of the country.
(1797) was modeled after the French tricolor. It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, red and white were the colors of Milan, and green was the color of the military uniforms of the army of the Cisalpine Republic. Other versions say it is the color of the Italian landscape, or symbolizes hope.
has a green field adapted from the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The green represented the royal family.
was inspired by an earlier flag of the independence movement of , which had a red band for Hinduism and a green band representing Islam, the second largest religion in India.
The flag of Pakistan symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and equal rights of religious minorities where the larger portion (3:2 ratio) of flag is dark green representing Muslim majority (98% of total population) while a white vertical bar (3:1 ratio) at the mast representing equal rights for religious minorities and minority religions in country. The crescent and star symbolizes progress and bright future respectively.
The Flag of Bangladesh has a green field based on a similar flag used during the
of 1971. It consists of a red disc on top of a green field. The red disc represents the sun rising over , and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh.
Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of . Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including , , , , , , , , , and . The
are borrowed from the , one of the oldest independent African countries. Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa.
Many flags of the
are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of , as well as the , is green, symbolizing their
ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the , and hope in the future, as in the flags of
and Nigeria. The green
of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.
has original text related to this article:
Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the "Emerald Isle". The color is particularly identified with the
traditions in modern times. It is used this way on the flag of the , in balance with white and the Protestant orange. Green is a strong trend in the Irish holiday .
was the banner of Irish nationalism from the 17th century until the early 20th century.
The emblem of the . The party won 13 percent in the 2010 elections for the Australian Senate.
A demonstration by , the green party of France, in Lyon.
The , the ship of the
environmental movement.
The first recorded green party was a political faction in
during the 6th century . which took its name from a popular
team. They were bitter opponents of the blue faction, which supported Emperor
and which had its own chariot racing team. In 532 AD rioting between the factions began after one race, which led to the massacre of green supporters and the destruction of much of the center of Constantinople. (See ).
Green was the traditional color of , beginning in the 17th century. The green harp flag, with a traditional , became the symbol of the movement. It was the banner of the , which organized the , calling for Irish independence. The uprising was suppressed with great bloodshed by the British army. When Ireland achieved independence in 1922, green was incorporated into the national flag.
In the 1970s green became the color of the third biggest Swiss Federal Council political party, the
SVP. The ideology is Swiss nationalism, national conservatism, right-wing populism, economic liberalism, agrarianism, isolationism, euroscepticism. The SVP was founded on September 22, 1971 and has 90,000 members.
In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of . Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of
in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the .
Green parties in Europe have programs based on , , , and . Green parties are found in over one hundred countries, and most are members of the .
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which emerged from the anti-nuclear and peace movements in the 1970s. Its ship, the , frequently tried to interfere with nuclear tests and whaling operations. The movement now has branches in forty countries. The Australian Greens party was founded in 1992. At the 2010 federal election, the party received 13 percent of the vote (more than 1.6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party.
Green is the color associated with
, the smallest of Puerto Rico's three major political parties and which advocates for Puerto Rican independence from the United States.
Green is the traditional color of Islam. According to tradition, the robe and banner of
were green. and according to the
(XVIII, 31 and LXXVI, 21), those fortunate enough to live in paradise wear green silk robes. Muhammad is quoted in a
as saying that "water, greenery, and a beautiful face" were three universally good things.
("The Green One"), was an important
figure who was said to have met and traveled with . He was given that name because of his role as a diplomat and negotiator. Green was also considered to be the median color between light and obscurity.
and more traditional
clergy wear green
at liturgical celebrations during . In the , green is the color of . Green is one of the
colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green
as decorations for their
celebration called , which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and
especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while
is used to represent . This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.
A green belt in .
palette and cards on a casino gambling table,
table, colored green after the lawns where the ancestors of the game were originally played.
tables in a
are traditionally green. The tradition is said to have started in gambling rooms in
in the 16th century.
are traditionally covered with green woolen cloth. The first indoor tables, dating to the 15th century, were colored green after the grass courts used for the similar lawn games of the period.
Green was the traditional color worn by hunters in the 19th century, particularly the shade called . In the 20th century most hunters began wearing the color , a shade of green, instead of hunter green.
Green is a common color for sports teams. Well-known teams include
of France, known as Les Verts (The Greens). The
has a green uniform.
was the international motor racing color of Britain from the early 1900s until the 1960s, when it was replaced by the colors of the sponsoring automobile companies.
symbolizes a level of proficiency in the sport.
Having a green thumb. To be passionate about or talented at gardening. The expression was popularized beginning in 1925 by a BBC gardening program.
Greenhorn. Someone who is inexperienced.
Green-eyed monster. Refers to jealousy. (See section above on jealousy and envy).
Greenmail. A term used in finance and corporate takeovers. It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman. It originated in the 1980s on , and originates from the green of dollars.
Green room. A room at a theater where actors rest when not onstage, or a room at a television studio where guests wait before going on-camera. It originated in the late 17th century from a room of that color at the
in London.
Greenwashing. Environmental activists sometimes use this term to describe the advertising of a company which promotes its positive environmental practices to cover up its environmental destruction.
Green around the gills. A description of a person who looks physically ill.
Going green. An expression commonly used to refer to preserving the natural environment, and participating in activities such as recycling materials.
The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 2060-G using the "NCS Navigator" tool at .
62 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with springtime, (18 percent choosing yellow); 27 percent associated green with freshness (24 percent choosing blue.) 48 percent associated green with hope (18 percent choosing blue)
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