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中考英语听力测试命题原则与方法
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中考英语听力测试命题原则与方法
作者：谷俊明
通讯地址：152211黑龙江省绥棱县克音河中学
本稿为本人在&黑龙江省首届课改试验区命题员研修班&上的讲座稿
作者简介：曾在《中小学英语》、《中学英语教学参考》、《外语学法教法研究》、《英语周报》、《学英语》、《英语辅导报》、《英语通》、《中学英语之友》等刊、报上发表文章近400篇，主编、参编图书二十余册，、2005年三次参加黑龙江省中考英语命题工作。
中考英语听力测试命题原则与方法
黑龙江省绥棱县克音河中学 谷俊明
[摘要] 本文阐述了中考英语听力测试命题的原则，并结合实例介绍命题的方法，以期对各省市中考命题起到指导作用。
[关键词] 中考英语；命题；原则；方法
听力理解能力应是英语教学的重要内容。听是理解和吸收口头信息的手段，听力理解能力是提高口语表达能力的基础。卡尔&韦弗（CarI Weaver）曾经说过：&听是交际活动的核心&。和读一样，听是感知技能，是对听觉器官接收到的信息的感知，这种感知叫做听觉感知。&听&在英语的&听、说、读、写&四技能中处于最基础的地位。&听&是输入，是人们学习、吸收语言的重要途径，没有输入就没有输出。从第二语言习得规律方面讲，&说&是通过模仿而获得的言语行为，模仿的渠道就是&听&。
听的技能就是通过听获取信息、处理信息，并完成相关任务。听力测试，即对听的技能的评价手段，主要检测考生理解口头英语的能力，对特定情景中的对话或独白的整体输入和理解。对于某些听力试题，考生无法直接从对话或独白中捕捉现成的答案，要求考生经过对所听到的信息进行处理后才能得到正确答案。
一、设计听力测试题应遵循的几个原则
1．题型要根据测试目的来确定，主观题型与客观题型相结合。
2．原文最好是口语材料，要反映交际功能，涉及词汇应是口语涉及的高频词汇。
3．原文要适合考生的年龄特点和生活实际。
4．试题的设计要充分考虑卷面上的阅读负担问题，要突出听力理解的考查，尽量减少阅读量。
5．要确保听力题必须通过听作答，通过读题可作答的题没有意义。
6．选项以3个为宜，力争简洁，这样有助于控制阅读量，也有助于降低命题的难度。
7、不设置语法错误的选项，以免混淆考查重点。
8、朗读速度以每分钟80－100为宜。
二、听力测试题型及命题办法
第一类 听句子
具体分以下四种
（一）听句子选词语。
题型一：听句子，选出你在句中听到的单词或短语
原文：There is a dog under the table.
书面选项：A. on &&&& B. under & C. over&
原文：My brother is going abroad for further study next year. .
书面选项：A. further study B. favorite story C. nice start&
题型二：选出你所听到的句子
原文：Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday.
书面选项：&&& A. Both Tom and Jim would go to Hawaii for a holiday.
B. Both Tom and Jim won&t go to Hawaii for a holiday.
C. Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday.
&& &这种题型重复信息多，浪费试卷版面，其实与&题型一&测试目的相同，目前中考题中不再被使用。
总之，这两个题型旨在考查在语境中听辨读音近似的词语的能力，其中语境为考生作答提供了修正机会。该题型有利于培养与训练学生的语音意识，兼顾对句意理解的考查，但这种题不具有交际意义。
（二）听句子，从选项中选择意思相同或相近的一项
原文：I prefer pop music to classical music.
书面选项：A. I like classical music better.
&&&&&&&&& B. I like pop music better than classical music.
&&&&&&&&& C. I&d like to listen to all kinds of music.
&&& 本题答案句在结构、词序上有了根本的变化，要求听懂一句的同时，需要读懂多句，与笔试题中&同义句转换&的命题素材相似。
（三）听句子或句组选图画
原文：Bill likes ball games. Look! He is playing football with his classmates.
书面选项：图A 踢足球& 图B 打篮球& 图C 打排球
另一种是，图画选项一同给出，可加两个干扰项，这样可以使试卷结构更加简约。
听一句或多句描述选择图画。该题型的优点是，以图片呈现情景直截了当，考生没有阅读负担。要注意图片应绘制简洁清晰，不要起到视觉模糊而影响学生理解。
(四)听句子做应答
原文：Would you like to go out with us to have a cup of coffee now?
书面选项：A. I&d love to, but I&m not free now.
B. Yes, please, and we&ll have a good time.
C. No, it&s not a good idea, for I like tea.
原文： I&m sorry I have broken your cup.
书面选项：A. No problem. B. Never mind. C. My pleasure.
我这里所说的&应答&有两个含义：1. 对所听到的某个情景的陈述做出反应，例1&道歉和应答&&邀请和应答&；2. 对所听到的某一问题而做回答。本题型要求考生理解原文语句的语义及功能。命题时应按照课标中的功能意念项目表选材
第二类 听对话
（一）听短对话
短对话可以是一问一答，也可以问题两三个轮次，但不要过长。针对每一段短对话设置一个问题，考查细节信息或考查考生理解谈话双方的身份、关系、态度、意图等。可以设置选择题，也可以设置非选择题。最好由男女声录音，问题由第三个人提出，同时录在磁带上。为降低难度，也可以将问题印制在试卷上。
听短对话选择正确答案
2、听短对话回答问题
3、听短对话及问题选择正确答案
4、听短对话及问题选择正确图画（如我省中考英语听力第一题）
原文： W: (Excuse me, sir.) Where is the nearest bookshop, please?
M: Sorry, I don&t know. (Er&I think you can ask the policeman over there.)
W: Thank you all the same.
(添加括号中的语句更好些,在实际生活交谈时,经常使用零碎语, 如er,mm,hm, ah, well等)
Q: Where does the woman want to go?
书面选项：（选择式） (文字) A. The book shop. B. The food shop. C. The bus shop.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (图片) A. 书店&&&& B. 食品商店&&& C.& 公共汽车站
&&&&&&&&& (非选择式） && _________________. (The nearest bookshop)
（二）听长对话
长对话分为两人对话或多人对话，为方便录音，多采用两人对话。长对话自然是多个问答轮次。设置的问题一般包括谈话人之间的关系、事件、原因、结果、态度、情感、赞同、反对等，可以设置两个或多个题目。
1、听对话选择正确答案（问题在试卷上）&&&&&
2、听对话及问题选择正确答案（问题在录音中）
W： Are you going to the cinema tonight? I hear there is an American film.
M： I&d like to. I happen to be free this evening. What&s the film about？
W： It&s about &How black people were brought to America from Africa&． I remember the name now. It&s &Roots&.
M： Oh！It&s a world famous story written by William Hadley. I&ve heard about it, but I&ve never read it.
W： My mother has bought two tickets already. Let&s go together．
M： Thank you, then when shall we meet？
W： The film starts at six forty-five. I&11 wait for you at No.3 bus stop at six o&clock. Don&t be late.
M： OK. See you later．
W： See you later.
Questions:
1. What wiIl the boy and the girl do this evening？
2. When wiIl they meet at the bus stop？
3. Who bought the tickets？
1. A. See a film. (比They will see a film.更简洁)
B. Go for a walk.
C. Read a book.
2. A. At 6:45.
B: At 6:00. (原文信息词At six.用阿拉伯数字体现转换)
C. At 6:30.
3. A. The boy.
B. The girl.
C. The girl&s mother.
3、听对话连线（我省中考英语听力B）
Ms Liu: What are you doing in Beijing, Tim?
Tim: I&m studying Chinese at Beijing University.
Ms Liu: That&s a good university. Do you think it&s hard?
Tim: A little. I have homework every day, and there are so many tests!
Ms Liu: Well, keep studying, and you&ll get on well with your studies. .
Tim: I&m sure I will.
Ms Liu: By the way, are you parents with you here?
Tim: No, I&m alone here. What do you do for a living, Ms Liu?
Ms Liu: I work in a bank.
Tim: That sounds interesting.
Ms Liu: Sometimes it is, but it&s also hard work. We&re always very busy.
Tim: I know how you feel. So, do you take long vacations?
Ms Liu: Not really. The bank needs us to work all year. Of course, we can take vacations, but only for a few days or a week.
书面题目：
1. Tim&& & &&&&&&&&&& A. is working at Beijing University.
2. Ms Liu &&&&&&&&&& B. isn&t in Beijing.
3. Tim&s father&& &&&&&&&& C. works in a bank.
4. Tim has&&&&&&& && &&&&D. is a student of Beijing University.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&& E. only a little work to do.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& F. lots of homework and many tests.
Key：1-4 DCBF
&&& 这种题的缺点是,有的选项靠语法或搭配便可排除。
4、听对话或短文在表格或图表中填入正确的信息（如我省中考英语听力D题）
A: Hello, who&s that speaking?
B: Hello, this is Mike. May I speak to Mary, please?
A: I&m sorry she is not in. she went to the shop just now.
B: I &m sorry to hear that.
A: This is Jack speaking. Can I take a message for you?
B: Yes, please. When she comes back, tell her to ring back at about 5:30 this afternoon. I&m waiting for her call. I have bought two tickets for the film this evening. Please tell her not to buy any more.
A: What is your telephone number, please?
B: My number is 5878320. Thank you for your help.
A: You are welcome. Bye!
B: Goodbye!
TELEPHONE MESSAGE
From: (1)_______&&&&&&& To: _______
Date: March 23& &&&&&&&&Time: 10:30
Message: (3)_______ (4)_______ to him at about (5)______ in the (6)_______. Don&t buy any more (7)_______. His phone number is (8)_______.
Key: 1. Mike 2. Mary && 3. Ring && 4. back &&
5. 5:30 && 6. afternoon 7. tickets 8. 5878320
第三类 听短文（独白）
一定要注意作为听力材料的小短文，最好不含生词，语句简单，叙述直白，易于理解。听短文理解其情节发展、人物关系、时间、原因及结果等具体信息。讲话者或作者的态度、意图等推理等深层次理解也可以考虑设题。要注意，形式上本题与书面阅读理解相象，但题干和选项设置要简要，一目了然，不设置文字障碍。
听短文选择正确答案
听短文回答问题
听短文判断正误
听短文完成句子
听短文填写所缺的单词（听写，很少使用）
（六）听短文在表格或图表中填入正确的信息
用表格设题，使得任务更明确，可以节省很多文字信息，给予考生更多的思考时间与空间。
My name is Li Hua. I&m 25 years old. I live at 128 Qingbin Road, Nangang District in Harbin. My telephone number is . I like listening to music and reading in my free time. I&m free on Saturdays and Sundays. I graduated from Heilongjiang University. I&m very good at English. I&d like to be an English teacher in a middle school. I&m sure that I can teach English well.
APPLICATION FORM(申请表)
Job: (1)__________
Name: Li Hua
Age: (2)__________
Address: (3)__________ Qingbin Road, Nangang District in Harbin
Telephone: (4)__________
Interests: (5)__________ and reading
Key: 1. Teacher 2. 25/Twenty-five 3. 128 4. . Music
听力试题的原文选材来源于生活,体现生活,和我们日常生活有密切联系，最好能体现中西方文化差异与交融。具体涉及到的有:问路,购物,助人,询问时间,问候,新闻,约会,打电话等功能项目。话题内容为英语课程标准中规定的话题。朗读速度约为每分钟100个单词左右。
陈琳，王蔷，程晓堂. 2003. 英语课程标准解读 [M]. 北京：北京师范大学出版社.
教育部. 中考命题指导&英语 [M]. 南京：江苏教育出版社.
吕良环. 2003. 外语课程与教学论 [M]. 杭州：浙江教育出版社.
武尊民. 2002. 英语测试的理论与实践 [M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
杨钟琳. 1992. 英语测试的原则与方法 [M]. 杭州：杭州大学出版社.
中国教育学会外语教学专业委员会. 2004. 习思五级评价标准 [M]. 长春：吉林教育出版社.
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