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＞＞＞按要求改写句子。1. Ella has got an aunt.(改为一般疑问句，并..
按要求改写句子。
1. Ella has got an aunt.&&(改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答)&&& —______ Ella ______ an aunt?&&& —No, she _______.2. There is a pencil on his desk.&&( 改为同义句)&&& He ______ _______ a pencil on his desk.3. Tom has got a sister. (改为否定句)&&& Tom ______ ______ a sister.4.&I have got four sisters.&&(对画线部分提问)&&& ______ ______ sisters have you got?5. —What're those?&&& —They're photos.&&(改为单数形式)&&&&—______&&&&&&&&&&& &that?&&& —______ a photo.&&&&
题型：句型转换难度：中档来源：同步题
1. Has, hasn't&&& 2. has got&&& 3. hasn't got&&& 4. How many&&& 5. W It's
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“按要求改写句子。1. Ella has got an aunt.(改为一般疑问句，并..”主要考查你对&&一般疑问句，疑问代词，实义动词，系动词，助动词的单数第三人称形式&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
现在没空？点击收藏，以后再看。
因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
一般疑问句疑问代词实义动词系动词助动词的单数第三人称形式
一般疑问句：是疑问句的一种。通常用yes，no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义，句末用升调。 其结构是：系动词be/助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他成分？　 通常回答为： 　　 肯定：Yes+主语+提问的助动词 　　 否定：No+主语+提问的助动词+not&例如： Are you from Japan?&& Yes, I am.／No, I'm not. Do you live near your school?　Yes, I do.／No, I don't.&Can you speak French? 　Yes, I can.／No, I can't. 一般疑问句的特性：1．将陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如句中有be 动词（am/ is/ are）时，可直接将它们提至主语前。如主语为第一人称，应将其改为第二人称。如：I'm in Class 2Grade 1． →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖We're watching TV． →Are you watching TV﹖2．陈述句中有情态动词（can、may、must …）时，也可直接将它们提至主语前，即可成为一般疑问句。如：He can swim now． →Can he swim now﹖The children may come with us． → May the children come with us﹖3．陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时，变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如：I like these animals． →Do you like these animals﹖She wants to go to the movies． → Does she want to go to the movies﹖4．一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)5．一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如：Are they in town now﹖I think so.May I sit here﹖Certainly．Does he like soccer﹖Sorry I don't know．6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧：根据一般疑问句不同的家族，可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。1、第一家族：含be动词或情态动词的句子秘诀：一调二改三问号一调：即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前；二改：改换主语称谓，即将句中的主语I\my \mines\we\our\ours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称you\your\ yours等；三问号：句末的句号改为问号。如：Eg. I am an English teacher.&&& →&&& Are you an English teacher?Eg. We can speak English fluently.&& →&&& Can you speak English fluently?2、第二家族：含行为动词（或称为实义动词）的句子秘诀：一加二改三问号一加：即在句首加助动词Do或Does；二改：1、把谓语动词改为原形；2、改换主语称谓（同第一家组）；三问号：句末的句号改为问号。Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?特别注意：对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原，因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。3、加强记忆口诀：肯变一，并不难，can 或be提在前；谓语若为行为动，do 或does句首用。疑问代词：疑问代词在句中起名词的作用，用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有：　　&what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 　　 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有词性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。&what, which, whose还可作限定词。 Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的书是谁的？What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：指　人： who, whom, whose指　物： what既可指人又可指物： which疑问代词说明：一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘？What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？
二、Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）Who(m) are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）
三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）What are you looking for?你在找什么？（现代英语）
四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：I can't make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。疑问代词用法：1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的：Who is calling? 谁打电话来？Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话？作主语时用who，作宾语时用whom，在口语中用who作宾语时也不少：Who did you mean? 你指的是谁？Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁？直接跟在介词后时只能用whom：With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的？(口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作：1)主语：What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写？Whose is better? 谁的好一些？Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的？2)宾语：What do you mean? 你是什么意思？Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些？Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的？3)表语：What’s her name? 她叫什么名字？Whose is it? 这是谁的？4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词)：What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开？Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房？Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照？实意动词：即行为动词，表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的，能独立用作谓语。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种：及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。实意动词使用方法：及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?英汉实意动词用法比较：与汉语的比较，有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务用于be动词之后，实义动词之前。&实意动词的用法：肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其它否定句：主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他一般过去式：Did+主语+动词原型+其他系动词：亦称连系动词。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类：1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）系动词使用的注意事项：系动词本身有一定的词义，不能单独作，后面必须与连用。复习时，必须注意以下几个问题：
1.be是最重要的系动词，不同，be的形式也不同，且有的变化。
a通常表示的特征、状态和身份等，后面接形容词、、名词、短语、、v-ing、及作表语。
b特别要注意“由be+”所构成的与“由be+过去分词”所构成的的区别。
c前者侧重于表示的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by引导的短语。
如：The door was closed.
后者侧重于强调主语是所示动作的承受者，表示动作；句中可以用由by引导的。如：The door was closed by me.
d还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也可说明主语是什么。如：My job is teaching English.
后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如：Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由转化成的系动词。
a表示人体感官的系动词有sound，taste，look，feel，smell等，后面接形容词；
b表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become，get，go，turn，run，grow，come，fall，prove等，后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词，become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用；
c表示主语继续或保持某种身份、或的系动词有continue，keep，remain，stay，stand lie，rest，stay等，后面接表示状态的形容词；
d表示判断的系动词有seem和appear，后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实意动词的用法。
系动词部分主要注意：其后要求接形容词，而不是做。遇到这种情况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者，然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例：
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时，后面接。）
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中，taste做，可以使用，并且后面接副词做。）系动词用法点拨：1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：He is being kind.（一时而不能持久的性质）他装出和蔼可亲的样子。二是表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？试比较：Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.(×)但可以说：The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意识的动态动作）医生正在给她拿脉。The soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。例如：He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。例如：不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但我们可以说：The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此，在平时的英语教学和学习之 ，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。
4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：①不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a writer since 3 years ago.或It is three years since he turned writer.③不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.应改为：He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didn’t appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。He will grow to like this work gradually.他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走。
6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.举例说明：It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back.He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father.The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。助动词的单三形式：
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与“按要求改写句子。1. Ella has got an aunt.(改为一般疑问句，并..”考查相似的试题有：
8753015664423537229144210755561100She plays sports every day.改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答_百度知道
She plays sports every day.改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答
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Dose she play sports every day?No,she doesn't.解此类题只要做多几题就行了，最重要的是弄清动词，继续努力哦！
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Does she play ssports every day?She doesn't play sports every day
Does she play ssports every day? No,she doesn't.
Does she play sports every day?No,she doesn't.
Does she play sports every day? No,she doesn't.
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＞＞＞句型转换.1．She has studied French for five years.(改为一般..
1．She has studied French for five years.(改为一般疑问句并作否定回答)&&&&-_________she_________ French for five years?&&&&-No, she__________．2. My father has been a pilot for three years.(对画线部分提问)&&&&_________ _________ _________your father been a pilot?3. Tom dislikes pop songs.&&I don't like them, either.(改为同义句)&&&&Tom dislikes pop songs.________ _________I.4. My friend has never learned English.&&I have never learned it, either.(改为同义句)&&&&_________I_________ my friend_________ learned English.5. Is the Science Museum open at weekends?(改为宾语从句)&& Could you tell us_________ the Science Museum _________ open at weekends?
题型：句型转换难度：中档来源：同步题
1. Has, hasn't&& 2. How long has&&3. Neither do&&4. Neither, nor, has&& 5.if, is
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据魔方格专家权威分析，试题“句型转换.1．She has studied French for five years.(改为一般..”主要考查你对&&宾语从句，并列连词，一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，倒装句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下：
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因为篇幅有限，只列出部分考点，详细请访问。
宾语从句并列连词一般疑问句特殊疑问句倒装句
宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句连接代词主要有：who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。 宾语从句的特点:1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.
宾语从句的时态:1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.4.&如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。&宾语从句的语序:A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 　　 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. 　　 Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 　　　 Bad: I thought that he could finish this　job in just two hours impossible. 　　 Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two&hours.　&C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. 　　 Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.&D.&&主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. 　　 Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner
宾语从句的否定转移: 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是? 宾语从句中引导词的用法比较在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有：连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if代词：who, whose, what ,which副词：when ,where, how, why 等。（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略）1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.2.在以下情况中that不能省略a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句a.在带to的不定式前例句：We decided whether to walk there.b.在介词的后面例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.c.在动词后面的宾语从句时例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next weekd.直接与or not连用时例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.&c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. d.在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.简化宾语从句常用六法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window.→She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us.→He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy&并列连词：主要是用来表示并列关系、选择关系、因果推理关系等。也可用来连接平行的词，词组或分句。并列连词表示关系及代表实例:1.表示并列关系表示并列关系的连词主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等意思。用来表达并列关系的连词有如下几个：and 和 both...and...二者都either...or...或者...或者... neither...nor...既不...也不...as well as 也、连同not only...but (also)... 不但...而且...e.g.I used to live in Paris and London.我过去住在伦敦和巴黎。Both Jane and Jim are interested in pop music.詹妮和吉姆对流行音乐都很感兴趣。She is not only kind but also honest.她不但和蔼而且诚实。Bob as well as his parents is going on holiday this summer.鲍勃和他的父母今年夏天要去度假。2.表示转折关系常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有如下几个：but 但是 yet 然而still 仍然 while 然而while 然而、偏偏e.g.The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很温暖。I explained twice, still he counldn't understand.我解释了两遍，然而他却还不懂。3.表示选择关系表示选择关系的并列连词：or 或者 or else 否则otherwise 否则neither...nor... 既不...也不...either...or... 或者...或者...e.g.Would you like leave or would you like to stay?你是想走还是想留？You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。Neither you nor I nor anyone else believes such things.不管你我或者其他任何人都不会相信这件事。4.表示因果推理关系表示因果关系的并列连词主要有so，for，then，therefore 等。e.g.The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying.这里的空气受到了污染，所以庄稼快死了。The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.树叶在落下，因为秋天已经到来了。并列连词注意事项：并列连词for引导的分句只能放在句尾，前面用逗号隔开，表示补充说明的微弱理由，只是为前面的内容提供判断的理由，有时译为并列的某种形式。这与because不同，because引导的是一种明确的因果关系，解释原因，常可回答why的提问。几个特殊并列连词用法：一、表示并列关系的and，or，well，as，not only...but also... 等连词也有比较活跃的用法。and 作为并列连词有多重含义，除了可以表示并列关系外，还可以表示顺承、目的、条件、反复等关系。e.g：He went to market and bought some vegetables.(表示顺承，动作的先后发生）他到市场买了一些蔬菜。Come and help me out.(表示目的）过来帮我一下。Be careful and you'll make fewer mistakes.(表示条件）如果仔细，你所犯的错就少。二、or 与 either...or...or表示为“否则”的话，前句一般是祈使句，后句用一般将来时。在表示选择关系时or 与 either...or... 用法相同，但 either...or...更具强调性。在多个对象进行选择时，可以用A or B or C... , either A or B or C... , neither A or B or C... 。e.g：Either Jim or Jake or Jeff knows about this.三、as well as 与not only... but also...名词+as well as+名词作主语时，强调前面的名词，谓语动词要根据前面的名词而定。not only...but also...连接名词作主语时，其强调在后者，谓语动词要根据后面的名词而定。e.g：China as well as many other countries loves peace.中国与世界上的其他许多国家一样热爱和平。Not only Bill but also his parents want to go traveling by bike.不仅比尔而且他的父母都想骑自行车去旅游。注：当or，neither...nor...，either...or 等连接主语时，谓语动词由or或nor后面的部分而定。并列连词表示关系:
表示转折关系
but, yet等
表示因果关系
表示并列关系
And, or, either…or, neither…nor, not only..but also, as well as等一般疑问句：是疑问句的一种。通常用yes，no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义，句末用升调。 其结构是：系动词be/助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他成分？　 通常回答为： 　　 肯定：Yes+主语+提问的助动词 　　 否定：No+主语+提问的助动词+not&例如： Are you from Japan?&& Yes, I am.／No, I'm not. Do you live near your school?　Yes, I do.／No, I don't.&Can you speak French? 　Yes, I can.／No, I can't. 一般疑问句的特性：1．将陈述句变为一般疑问句时，如句中有be 动词（am/ is/ are）时，可直接将它们提至主语前。如主语为第一人称，应将其改为第二人称。如：I'm in Class 2Grade 1． →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖We're watching TV． →Are you watching TV﹖2．陈述句中有情态动词（can、may、must …）时，也可直接将它们提至主语前，即可成为一般疑问句。如：He can swim now． →Can he swim now﹖The children may come with us． → May the children come with us﹖3．陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时，变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如：I like these animals． →Do you like these animals﹖She wants to go to the movies． → Does she want to go to the movies﹖4．一般疑问句一般读升调(↑)5．一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如：Are they in town now﹖I think so.May I sit here﹖Certainly．Does he like soccer﹖Sorry I don't know．6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧：根据一般疑问句不同的家族，可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。1、第一家族：含be动词或情态动词的句子秘诀：一调二改三问号一调：即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前；二改：改换主语称谓，即将句中的主语I\my \mines\we\our\ours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称you\your\ yours等；三问号：句末的句号改为问号。如：Eg. I am an English teacher.&&& →&&& Are you an English teacher?Eg. We can speak English fluently.&& →&&& Can you speak English fluently?2、第二家族：含行为动词（或称为实义动词）的句子秘诀：一加二改三问号一加：即在句首加助动词Do或Does；二改：1、把谓语动词改为原形；2、改换主语称谓（同第一家组）；三问号：句末的句号改为问号。Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning?Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening?特别注意：对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原，因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。3、加强记忆口诀：肯变一，并不难，can 或be提在前；谓语若为行为动，do 或does句首用。特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。 特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。其回答应当是具体的。特殊疑问句句末一般用降调。&例如：How do I get there?&&&&&&&&&&&&&Why not?&&&&&&&&&&&&&What about the sports news? 常用疑问词可先分为3种:疑问代词：what（什么）who（谁，作主语）which（哪个，在一定范围内选择）whose（谁的，指附属关系）whom（谁，作宾语）疑问副词：when（何时，询问时间）where（何地，询问地点）why（为什么，询问原因）how（如何，询问手段，方式，工具以及程度）疑问形容词：what（which，whose）+名词例词：what time（什么时候） what colour（什么颜色）... ...how much（多少） how long（多长）... 特殊疑问句的特点：一、 特殊的疑问词： 特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头，询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。我们学过的疑问词有what（询问事物）, how much（询问价格）, what time （询问时间，尤其是点钟）, what kind of（询问种类）, why（询问原因），who（询问人）, where（询问地点） 等等。如： —What is this? 这是什么？ —It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。 —How much is it? 这个多少钱？ —It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。 —What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影？ —I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。 二、特殊的语序：特殊疑问句由疑问词开头，其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如： What time is it？ 现在几点钟？ Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师？特殊疑问句有两种语序：1．如疑问词作主语或主语的定语，即对主语或主语的定语提问，其语序是陈述句的语序：Who is singing in the room﹖whose bike is broken﹖2．如疑问词作其他成分，即对其他成分提问，其语序是：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语)What does she like?What class are you in﹖Where are you from﹖What time does he get up every morning﹖How do you know﹖&三、特殊的答语：特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答，而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如： — What time is it, please? 请问几点了？ — It's 7:30. 七点半了。 — Where are they? 他们在哪儿？ —They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。 —What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么？ —English. 英语。 四、 特殊的语调： 一般情况下，特殊疑问句要用降调（↘）来读。如： Who's ↘that? How old is↘Jack?倒装句：为了强调、突出等语的目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中，颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变，句法成分不变。倒装句使用情况：A. 在疑问句中各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如：Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗？Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗？Can you speak another foreign language except English?除开英语，你还能说另一种外语吗？Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?你在哪儿买的这本词典，是在附近的书店还是在新华书店？She is not a student, isn't she ? 她不是个学生，对吗？B. 在感叹句中某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如：Isn't it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊！What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊！（在这种句式中，主语在谓语之前，属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言，语序没有倒装。）Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him ! 你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮！C. 在陈述句中 陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序；但由于英语语法的某些原因，陈述句也要使用倒装语序。这些原因大致可以归纳如下：1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用"so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语"或"neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语"的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示"与前面所述的肯定情况相同"， 第二个句式表示"与前面所述的否定情况相同"。例如：His brother
so is mine.他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。His brother is n nor is min .他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。He used to have his
so did I.他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。He didn't use to have his
neither did I. 他没去国外深造过，我也没有。One of my friends can speak thr so can his wife.我的一个朋友会说三门外国语，他的妻子也会。One of my friends cannot speak thr neither can his wife .我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语，他的妻子也不会。They are now preparing for thei so are we . 他们正在为期末考试作准备，我们也一样。They are not now preparing for thei nor are we .他们没在为期末考试作准备，我们也没有。2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than), hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如：Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。Not until twelve o'clock did he go to bed last night .他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.就我所知，玛利几乎很难回来看她妈妈。Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . （否定词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装。） 去年秋天，这儿几乎没下一滴雨。3）当so, often, only等表示程度、频率的副词放在句首时，句子一般要倒装。例如：Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.只有这样，你才有可能想出解决这个问题的办法。So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。So hard did he overwork that he fell ill at last. 他太操劳过度以致最后病倒了。4）当there, here, then, now等副词在句首，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。例如：Now, here goes the story.这个故事是这样的。Look, there comes the taxi.瞧，出租车过来了。Then came another question.然后又一个问题提出来了。Then followed the four-year War of Liberation.接下来是四年的解放战争。5) 当out, in, away, up, bang等表示方位或拟声词放在句首时，句子一般要全部倒装。这类句子比自然语序的句子更为生动、形象。但如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。例如：Bang goes my ace.我砰地一下打出了"爱司"。Away flew the bird.那鸟飞走了。Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.突然进来一个蒙着面具的人。6) 其他情况还有：省略了if的虚拟条件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些让步状语从句，等等也要用倒装句式。例如：（省略了if的虚拟条件句）Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.如果没有他们的帮助，我们不可能把那件事办的如此成功。Should he come, say "Nobody in" to him.万一他来了,对他说："公司没人。"（某些表示祝愿的句子）May our friendship last forever.愿我们的友谊常存！May your company become prosperous.祝贵公司生意兴隆！（某些让步状语从句）Try as I might, I couldn't lift the stone.无论我使多大的劲，我也无法搬起那块石头。They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.他们说无论发生什么情况，他们都会跟党走的。7) 由于修辞或是平衡句子的原因也可以用倒装句；也可以不用。这不是一条必须的规定。Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated .家饭店隔壁还有一家装修华丽的大饭店。On either side of the great avenue stood many block buildings.这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多综合楼。（这类句子也可以不用倒装句。）"I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow," said Tom to his mother (OR: Tom said to his mother) .汤姆对他妈妈说："我明天动身去北京。"Many block buildings stood on either side of the great avenue. 许多综合楼耸立在这条大街的两侧。Another grand hotel, which is beautifully decorated, is next to this one .这家饭店隔壁还有一家大饭店，那家饭店装修十分华丽。完全倒装与部分倒装:1.完全倒装（Full Inversion）：又称"全部倒装",是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。谓语+主语+……①There be（的各种形式）+主语（+地点或时间状语）例子：There was a drop in the temperature.温度下降了There are brids singing in the tree.鸟儿在树上唱歌。②副词小品词+谓语动词+名词主语+……③过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……2.部分倒装（Partial Inversion）（又称半倒装句）：指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误；后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。倒装的作用:通常是希望强调句中的某一部分1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Here it is.Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree sat a fat man &half asleep.4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5. so + 动词+主语neither/ nor + 动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with…You can ride a bike. So can I .He has been to Beijing. So have I .The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9. hardly… scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10. not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.
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