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Autor:Dummee V; Tanhan P; Kruatrachue M; Damrongphol P; Pokethitiyook PEndere?o:Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, T Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Earth System and Andaman Natural Disaster Management, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand....
Título:Histopathological changes in snail, Pomacea canaliculata, exposed to sub-lethal copper sulfate concentrations.
Fonte:Ecotoxicol Environ S 122:290-5, 2015 Dec.
ISSN:País de publica??o:United States
Idioma:engResumo:The acute toxicity test of Cu including range-finding and definitive test, was performed on golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of Cu at exposure times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 330, 223, 177 and 146 ug/L, respectively. P. canaliculata were exposed to Cu at 146 ug/L for 96 h to study bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in various organs. Snails accumulated elevated levels of Cu in gill, and lesser amounts in the digestive tract, muscle, and digestive gland. Histopathological investigation revealed several alterations in the epithelia of gill, digestive tract (esophagus, intestine, rectum), and digestive gland. The most striking changes were observed in the epithelium of the gill in which there was loss of cilia, an increase in number of mucus cells, and degeneration of columnar cells. Similar changes occurred in digestive tract epithelium. The digestive gland showed moderate alterations, vacuolization and degeneration of cells and an increase in the number of basophilic cells. We concluded that, P. canaliculata has a great potential as a bioindicator for Cu, and a biomarker for monitoring Cu contamination in aquatic environment.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); LRX7AJ16DT (Copper Sulfate)
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Autor:Hobbs CA; Swartz C; Maronpot R; Davis J; Recio L; Koyanagi M; Hayashi SMEndere?o:Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Electronic address: chobbs@....
Título:Genotoxicity evaluation of the flavonoid, myricitrin, and its aglycone, myricetin.
Fonte:Food Chem T 83:283-92, 2015 Sep.
ISSN:País de publica??o:England
Idioma:engResumo:Myricitrin, a flavonoid extracted from the fruit, leaves, and bark of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra SIEBOLD), is currently used as a flavor modifier in snack foods, dairy products, and beverages in Japan. Myricitrin is converted to myricetin by i myricetin also occurs ubiquitously in plants and is consumed in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. The genotoxic potential of myricitrin and myricetin was evaluated in anticipation of worldwide marketing of food products containing myricitrin. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, myricetin tested positive for frameshift mutations under metabolic activation conditions whereas myricitrin tested negative for mutagenic potential. Both myricitrin and myricetin induced micronuclei formation in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells under conditions lacking
however, the negative response observed in the presence of metabolic activation suggests that rat liver S9 homogenate may detoxify reactive metabolites of these chemicals in mammalian cells. In 3-day combined micronucleus/Comet assays using male and female B6C3F1 mice, no induction of micronuclei was observed in peripheral blood, or conclusive evidence of damage detected in the liver, glandular stomach, or duodenum following exposure to myricitrin or myricetin. Our studies did not reveal evidence of genotoxic potential of myricitrin in vivo, supporting its safe use in food and beverages.
Tipo de publica??o: COMPARATIVE STUDY; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Flavonoids); 0 (Food Additives); 0 (Glycosides); 5Z0ZO61WPJ (myricitrin); 76XC01FTOJ (myricetin)
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Autor:Zhu Z; Wu N; Kuang M; Lamikanra O; Liu G; Li S; He JEndere?o:College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 430023 Wuhan, China. Electronic address: zhenzhou.....
Título:Preparation and toxicological evaluation of methyl pyranoanthocyanin.
Fonte:Food Chem T 83:125-32, 2015 Sep.
ISSN:País de publica??o:England
Idioma:engResumo:Anthocyanins are increasingly valued in the food industry for their functional properties and as food colorants. The broadness of their applications has, however, been limited by the lack of stability of these natural pigment extracts in a number of food systems. The potential application of pyranoanthocyanins, anthocyanin derivatives with better stability conferred by the added pyran ring, as a food ingredient was determined. Methylpyranoanthocyanin (MPA) was prepared from reaction of acetone and anthocyanin extracts from red grapes. Reaction products were sequentially purified with polyamide resin, TSK gel resin and semi-preparative HPLC to a purity level >98%. Cytoprotective influence tests of the purified MPA indicated its significant protective effect against H2O2 induced MRC-5 cell damage. Results of evaluations of possible acute toxicity effects on MPA-fed mice, including macro and microscopic assessments, support the conclusion of a non-toxic effect of MPA, and its potential safe use as a food additive.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Anthocyanins); 0 (Antioxidants); 0 (Food Coloring Agents); 0 (Glucosides); 0 (methyl pyranoanthocyanin);
(malvidin-3-glucoside)
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Autor:Thomas P; Dawick J; Lampi M; Lemaire P; Presow S; van Egmond R; Arnot JA; Mackay D; Mayer P; Galay Burgos MEndere?o:CEHTRA/KREATiS, ZAC de Saint Hubert, 23 rue du Creuzat, 38080 L'Isle d'Abeau, France....
Título:Application of the Activity Framework for Assessing Aquatic Ecotoxicology Data for Organic Chemicals.
Fonte:Environ Sci T 49(20):15 Oct 20.
ISSN:País de publica??o:United States
Idioma:engResumo:Toxicological research in the 1930s gave the first indications of the link between narcotic toxicity and the chemical activity of organic chemicals. More recently, chemical activity has been proposed as a novel exposure parameter that describes the fraction of saturation and that quantifies the potential for partitioning and diffusive uptake. In the present study, more than 2000 acute and chronic algal, aquatic invertebrates and fish toxicity data, as well as water solubility and melting point values, were collected from a series of sources. The data were critically reviewed and grouped by mode of action (MoA). We considered 660 toxicity data to be of acceptable quality. The 328 data which applied to the 72 substances identified as MoA 1 were then evaluated within the activity-toxicity framework: EC50 and LC50 values for all three taxa correlated generally well with (subcooled) liquid solubilities. Acute toxicity was typically exerted within the chemical activity range of 0.01-0.1, whereas chronic toxicity was exerted in the range of 0.001-0.01. These results confirm that chemical activity has the potential to contribute to the determination, interpretation and prediction of toxicity to aquatic organisms. It also has the potential to enhance regulation of organic chemicals by linking results from laboratory tests, monitoring and modeling programs. The framework can provide an additional line of evidence for assessing aquatic toxicity, for improving the design of toxicity tests, reducing animal usage and addressing chemical mixtures.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Organic Chemicals)
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Autor:Frew JA; Grue CEEndere?o:Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Título:Assessing the risk to green sturgeon from application of imidacloprid to control burrowing shrimp in Willapa Bay, Washington--Part II: controlled exposure studies.
Fonte:Environ Toxicol C 34(11):15 Nov.
ISSN:País de publica??o:United States
Idioma:engResumo:The activities of 2 species of burrowing shrimp have a negative impact on the growth and survival of oysters reared on intertidal mudflats in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, Washington (USA). To maintain viable harvests, oyster growers proposed the application of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid onto harvested beds for the control of burrowing shrimp. In test applications, water column concentrations of imidacloprid were relatively low and dissipated rapidly. The foraging activities of the green sturgeon (listed in the US Endangered Species Act) could result in exposure to higher, more sustained imidacloprid concentrations within sediment porewater and from the consumption of contaminated shrimp. Controlled experiments were conducted using surrogate white sturgeon to determine acute and chronic effect concentrations, to examine overt effects at more environmentally realistic concentrations and durations of exposure, and to assess chemical depuration. The 96-h median lethal concentration was 124 mg L(-1) , and the predicted 35-d no-observed-adverse-effect concentration was 0.7 mg L(-1) . No overt effects were observed following environmentally relevant exposures. Imidacloprid half-life in plasma was greater than 32 h. Measured concentrations of imidacloprid in porewater were significantly lower than the derived acute and chronic effect concentrations for white sturgeon. Exposure risk quotients were calculated using the effect concentrations and estimated environmental exposure. The resulting values were considerably below the level of concern for direct effects from either acute or chronic exposure to an endangered species.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Imidazoles); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Nitro Compounds); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 3BN7M937V8 (imidacloprid)
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Autor:Au SY; Bruce TF; Bridges WC; Klaine SJEndere?o:Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina, USA....
Título:Responses of Hyalella azteca to acute and chronic microplastic exposures.
Fonte:Environ Toxicol C 34(11):15 Nov.
ISSN:País de publica??o:United States
Idioma:engResumo:Limited information is available on the presence of microplastics in freshwater systems, and even less is known about the toxicological implications of the exposure of aquatic organisms to plastic particles. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of microplastic ingestion on the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Hyalella azteca was exposed to fluorescent polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers in individual 250-mL chambers to determine 10-d mortality. In acute bioassays, polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly more toxic than polyethylene mi 10-d lethal concentration 50% values for polyethylene microplastic particles and polypropylene microplastic fibers were 4.64 × 10(4) microplastics/mL and 71.43 microplastics/mL, respectively. A 42-d chronic bioassay using polyethylene microplastic particles was conducted to quantify effects on reproduction, growth, and egestion. Chronic exposure to polyethylene microplastic particles significantly decreased growth and reproduction at the low and intermediate exposure concentrations. During acute exposures to polyethylene microplastic particles, the egestion times did not significantly differ from the egestion of normal food mate egestion times for polypropylene microplastic fibers were significantly slower than the egestion of food materials in the control. Amphipods exposed to polypropylene microplastic fibers also had significantly less growth. The greater toxicity of microplastic fibers than microplastic particles corresponded with longer residence times for the fibers in the gut. The difference in residence time might have affected the ability to process food, resulting in an energetic effect reflected in sublethal endpoints.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S.
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Plastics); 0 (Polypropylenes); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
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Autor:Ngueguim TF; Djouwoug Noussi C; Donfack JH; Gounoue KR; Mbatchou A; Kamtchouing P; Dimo TEndere?o:Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon. Electronic address: tsngueguim@yahoo.fr....
Título:Acute and sub-acute toxicity of a lyophilised aqueous extract of the aerial part of Spilanthes africana Delile in rats.
Fonte:J E 172:145-54, 2015 Aug 22.
ISSN:País de publica??o:Ireland
Idioma:engResumo:ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Spilanthes africana is a plant used in several countries for the treatment of toothache, malaria, fracture, pneumonia, and dysentery. In order to establish the safety of aerial part of the plant extract, the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of this plant has been evaluated in male and female young rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In acute toxicity, the effects of a single oral dose (2,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg) of the lyophilised aqueous extract have been determined. General behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In sub-acute treatment, the effects of the extract in daily single oral administration at the doses of 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg during 28 days were evaluated. One group treated at the dose of 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days was let without treatment during 14 days to assess the possible reversibility of the harmful effects of the extract. Body weight, food and water intakes, biochemical and haematological parameters were recorded. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and lungs were assessed. RESULTS: In acute study, a single administration of the aqueous extract at the doses of 2,000 mg/kg or 5,000 mg/kg did not induce mortality. Thus, the LD50 of the aqueous extract of S. africana has been estimated higher than 5,000 mg/kg. Four hours after administration of the extract, a reduction of the mobility, sensitivity to the noise and to touch has been observed. In sub-acute study, the administration of the extract during 28 days at all doses did not significantly modify the body weight. On the haematological analysis, a decrease of the rate of monocytes and a rise of lymphocytes counts were observed among the male group. In both sexes, it appeared a decrease of the rate of granulocytes two weeks after stopping the treatment. It has also been observed in different groups among the females, an increase of the mean corpuscular content and the mean concentration in haemoglobin as well as an increase of platelets. A significant decrease of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, and a significant increase of total bilirubin compared to the normal group has been observed. There was a significant decrease in renal catalase in both sexes compared with different control groups. Besides, a significant increase of the kidney rates of glutathione and malondialdehyde have also been observed in the female treated at the doses of 1,000 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis has shown vascular congestion and leucocyte infiltrations in the liver of animals treated at the dose of 1,000 mg/kg. This congestion has been marked in satellite group. In the kidney female satellite group, tubular clarifications have been observed and disappear when stopping the treatment. CONCLUSION: These results show that the aqueous extract of S. africana given by the oral route is slightly toxic. However in sub-acute treatment, higher doses could provoke functional and structural changes in the organism which could in part reversible. Thus the extract should be used with caution.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Plant Extracts)
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Autor:Shi M; Fortin D; Sanche L; Paquette BEndere?o:Center for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
Título:Convection-enhancement delivery of platinum-based drugs and Lipoplatin(TM) to optimize the concomitant effect with radiotherapy in F98 glioma rat model.
Fonte:Invest New D 33(3):555-63, 2015 Jun.
ISSN:País de publica??o:United States
Idioma:engResumo:The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma remains poor with current treatments. Although platinum-based drugs are sometimes offered at relapse, their efficacy in this setting is still disputed. In this study, we use convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to deliver the platinum-based drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, and Lipoplatin(TM) - liposomal formulation of cisplatin) directly into the tumor of F98 glioma-bearing rats that were subsequently treated with ?? radiation (15 Gy). CED increased by factors varying between 17 and 111, the concentration of these platinum-based drugs in the brain tumor compared to intra-venous (i.v.) administration, and by 9- to 34-fold, when compared to intra-arterial (i.a.) administration. Furthermore, CED resulted in a better systemic tolerance to platinum drugs compared to their i.a. injection. Among the drugs tested, carboplatin showed the highest maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Treatment with carboplatin resulted in the best median survival time (MeST) (38.5 days), which was further increased by the addition of radiotherapy (54.0 days). Although the DNA-bound platinum adduct were higher at 4 h after CED than 24 h for carboplatin group, combination with radiotherapy led to similar improvement of median survival time. However, less toxicity was observed in animals irradiated 24 h after CED-based chemotherapy. In conclusion, CED increased the accumulation of platinum drugs in tumor, reduced the toxicity, and resulted in a higher median survival time. The best treatment was obtained in animals treated with carboplatin and irradiated 24 h later.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Antineoplastic Agents); 0 (lipoplatin); 49DFR088MY (Platinum); Q20Q21Q62J (Cisplatin)
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Autor:Xu K; Lin Y; Zhang R; Lan M; Chen C; Li S; Zuo C; Chen C; Zhang T; Yan ZEndere?o:School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China....
Título:Evaluation of safety of iridoids rich fraction from Valeriana jatamansi Jones: Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study in mice and rats.
Fonte:J E 172:386-94, 2015 Aug 22.
ISSN:País de publica??o:Ireland
Idioma:engResumo:ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Valeriana jatamansi Jones named Zhizhuxiang in China is one of the most popular traditional medicine for varied ailments related to malaise, abdominal distention, insomnia, and rheumatism. AIM OF THE STUDY: Evaluate the safety of iridoids rich fraction from V. jatamansi Jones (IRFV) and to provide data for clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The acute and sub-chronic toxicity of IRFV were investigated by employing established methods. The acute toxicity study was conducted through oral administration of a single dose (3,200 mg/kg body weight) of IRFV to adult mice. The vehicle used for dilution of the IRFV was a mixture of 0.5% CMC-Na and 99.5% water. The weight, diet, toxic reaction, and death after 14 days were observed. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, low doses (240 mg/kg bw), middle doses (960 mg/kg bw), and high doses (1,200 mg/kg bw) of IRFV were administered daily to adult rats for 6 days a week (except Sunday) for 3 months. The general behavior of the rats was observed and recorded daily. The weight and food consumption of rats were tested weekly. The effect on organs, the hematological and blood biochemical parameters, and the histopathology were assessed after 1.5 months (five males and five females) and after 3 months (10 males and 10 females).The remaining 10 rats (five males and five females) in each group were fed for 2 weeks to observe reversible and delayed toxicity after the medicine was administered. RESULTS: In the acute toxicity study, no significant difference was found in the body weight of the mice in the control group and those in the drug group (p>0.05). The maximum tolerated dose of IRFV on mice was 3,200 mg/kg, which is 2666 times of the clinical adult daily dose. In the sub-chronic toxicity study on rats, the daily single oral doses of the IRFV did not result in death nor affected the general behavior, including appearance, activities, discharge, and waste at all tested doses. Moreover, no significant difference was found (p>0.05) between the body weights of the rats from the drug groups and those from the control group. Food consumption was significantly affected (p0.05) were observed in the hematological and blood biochemical parameters, and no abnormality of other organs were noted in both gross and histopathological examinations, except several animal transients (p<0.05) or spontaneous lesions (abnormality). CONCLUSION: IRFV is extremely safe in the usual clinical dose, and may not have any single dose toxicity. The lethal dose with 50% mortality rate (LD50) on mice is over 2,000 mg/kg bw. The no-observed adverse effects level is 1,200 mg/kg/day for rats. No direct correlation was found between the hematology, blood biochemical indexes, and organ coefficient of tested rats and the toxicity of IRFV.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Iridoids); 0 (Plant Extracts)
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Autor:Périco LL; Heredia-Vieira SC; Beserra FP; de Cássia Dos Santos R; Weiss MB; Resende FA; Dos Santos Ramos MA; Bonifácio BV; Bauab TM; Varanda EA; de Gobbi JI; da Rocha LR; Vilegas W; Hiruma-Lima CAEndere?o:Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, CEP , Botucatu, SP, Brazil....
Título:Does the gastroprotective action of a medicinal plant ensure healing effects? An integrative study of the biological effects of Serjania marginata Casar. (Sapindaceae) in rats.
Fonte:J E 172:312-24, 2015 Aug 22.
ISSN:País de publica??o:Ireland
Idioma:engResumo:ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Serjania marginata (Sapindaceae), a medicinal plant commonly found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, is also known as "cipó-uva" or "cipó-timbó". Ethnopharmacological studies indicate that the leaves from this medicinal plant are used in folk medicine to treat gastric pain. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective and healing effect of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from S. marginata (HESM) leaves using rodent experimental models. As part of the integrative study of this medicinal plant, we also evaluated the acute toxicity, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, (anti)mutagenic, and hemodynamic effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a pharmacological study to test the acute toxicity and antimutagenic effect (Ames assay) of the HESM. The HESM was tested against different necrosis-promoting agents and experimental manipulations, such as absolute ethanol, cysteamine, pyloric ligature, and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The gastroprotective effect of the HESM was assessed by analyzing the gastric juice (volume, pH, total acidity) and the mucus in the gastric mucosa from rats. We assessed the levels of NO, sulfhydryl compounds, PGE2, vanilloid receptor, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The gastric healing effects of the HESM were evaluated during 7 or 14 days of treatment. The intestinal motility, antidiarrheal action, and antibacterial effects (microdilution methods) of the HESM were also evaluated. RESULTS: The phytochemical analysis of the HESM revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoid glycosides, and tannins. The extract exhibited no sign of acute toxicity or mutagenic effect in vitro. In contrast, this extract exhibited a protective effect against the mutagenic action of direct- and indirect-acting mutagens. Only the oral administration of HESM (250mg/kg) significantly decreased the severity of gastric damage induced by ethanol (60.13%) and I/R (58.31%). The HESM exerts its gastroprotective effects by decreasing the MPO and MDA activities in the gastric tissue and by increasing the amount of adherent mucus covering the gastric mucosa. In vitro, the extract also displayed evident antimicrobial effects against Helicobacter pylori. However, the preventive effect of the HESM was not accompanied by an ulcer-healing effect. The treatment with HESM (14 days) significantly increased gastric lesions in 99% of the tested animals compared with the control group. This result represents a highly relevant piece of evidence that should resonate as an alert against the chronic use of this medicinal plant as an antiulcer in folk medicine. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the anti-H. pylori and gastroprotective actions of S. marginata in experimental models, the gastric injuries aggravation induced after chronic treatment with the HESM argues against the use of this plant species in folk medicine.
Tipo de publica??o: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T
Nome de subst?ncia:0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (Anti-Ulcer Agents); 0 (Antidiarrheals); 0 (Plant Extracts)
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