Real Wages in Early Economies: Evidence for Living Standards from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE on JSTOR
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Real Wages in Early ...
Real Wages in Early Economies: Evidence for Living Standards from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE
Walter Scheidel
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
Vol. 53, No. 3 (2010), pp. 425-462
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Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/
Page Count: 38
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Price and wage data from Roman Egypt in the first three centuries CE indicate levels of real income for unskilled workers that are comparable to those implied by price and wage data in Diocletian's price edict of 301 CE and to those documented in different parts of Europe and Asia in the eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries. In all these cases, consumption was largely limited to goods that were essential for survival and living standards must have been very modest. A survey of daily wages expressed in terms of wheat in different Afroeurasian societies from 1800 BCE to 1300 CE yields similar results: with a few exceptions, the real incomes of unskilled laborers tended to be very low. Dans l'?gypte romaine des trois premiers siècles après J.-C., les données disponibles sur les prix et les salaires suggèrent que les revenus réels de la main-d'oeuvre non qualifiée étaient comparables à celles de l'édit de Dioclétien sur les prix, en 301 apr. J.-C., ainsi qu'aux données relatives à plusieurs régions d'Europe et d'Asie au XVIII e ou au début du XIX e siècle. Dans tous ces cas, la consommation se limitait le plus souvent aux produits de première nécessité et les niveaux de vie devaient être très modestes. Une enquête consacrée aux rémunérations journalières, exprimées en blé, dans plusieurs sociétés afro-eurasiennes de 1800 av. J.-C. à 1300 apr. J.-C., aboutit à des résultats similaires: à quelques exceptions près, les revenus réels des travailleurs non qualifiés étaient généralement très bas.
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2008;24 Suppl 2:S209-23; discussion S224-34.[Strategies for obesity prevention in children and adolescents]. [Article in Portuguese]1, .1Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. sichieri@ims.uerj.brAbstractFew studies on treatment or prevention of obesity have shown significant results. Theoretically, in children and adolescents as compared to adults, prevention of excessive weight gain should be easy due to the energy expended during growth, associated with more time spent in leisure-time activities. However, numerous factors that stimulate overeating and sedentary behaviors are difficult to overcome. Additionally, most intervention studies have focused on a minor portion of the many factors associated with obesity. Important aspects of the obesity epidemic such as the role of the food industry, fast food chains, advertising, and a lifestyle that limits children to sedentary activities and overeating cannot be explored by a traditional clinical trial design. At any rate, among the published interventions, those including the family in weight-reduction strategies have shown the best results, as compared to children-centered approaches. Meanwhile, studies on specific nutrient or dietary composition (such as calcium, protein, or glycemic index) related to prevention or treatment of obesity have failed to yield good results. Reducing the intake of high-sugar carbonated drinks and juices has shown promising but still inconclusive results.PMID:
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