You mustn t等于't talk here(同义句) You _______ ________to talk here

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Module 12 Unit 2 You mustn’t talk too loudly课件2(外研版八上)|Y​o​u​ ​m​u​s​t​n​’​t​ ​t​a​l​k​ ​t​o​o​ ​l​o​u​d​l​y​课​件​2
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>>>You shouldn’t talk until ________ to.A.askingB.having aske..
You shouldn’t talk until ________ to.A.askingB.having askedC.to askD.asked
题型:单选题难度:中档来源:不详
D试题分析:句意:你不应该讲话直到你被问。这里until后是省略句,完整的是until you are asked;省略的条件是从句的主语与主句的主语一致,并且从句的谓语动词用be动词,这里把从句中的主语与be动词都省略,故选D。考点:
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据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“You shouldn’t talk until ________ to.A.askingB.having aske..”主要考查你对&&全部倒装,部分倒装,省略句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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因为篇幅有限,只列出部分考点,详细请访问。
全部倒装部分倒装省略句
全部倒装的概念:
倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前,这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要,需要将谓语动词放在主语之前,这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和谓语完全倒置叫完全倒装。完全倒装完全倒装的基本形式是“谓语+主语”,主要见于以下情况:
1、here和there位于句首时的倒装:表示地点的here和there位于句首时,其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come,go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词: 如:Here's Tom. 汤姆在这里。 &&&&&&& There's Jim. 吉姆在那儿。 &&&&&&& Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。&&&&&&&&&There goes the bell. 铃响了。 &&&&&&& There goes the last train. 最后一班火车开走了。注:(1)以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态,即不能说:Here is coming the bus.&&&&&&& &&&&&&& (2)若主语为代词,则不倒装:如:Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。 &&&&&&& Here it comes.它来了。&&&&&&& (3)其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在): 如:There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。 &&&&&&& Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。 2、away和down等位于句首时的倒装:地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up等位于句首时,其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词: 如:Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。 &&&&&&& Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。 &&&&&&& The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了,史密斯先生进了来。 &&&&&&& Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了,伞都撑起来了。注:若主语为人称代词,则不能用倒装: 如:Away he went. 他跑远了。 &&&&&&& Down it came. 它掉了下来。 3、某些状语或表语位于句首时的倒装:为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密,有时可将状语或表语置于句首,句中主语和谓语完全倒装: 如:Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。&&&&&&& By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人,手里拿着一本杂志。注:在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中,要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致,而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较:In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。 &&&&&&&&&&& In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。 4、现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首的倒装:有时为了强调,可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装: 如:Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。 &&&&&&& Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。 &&&&&&& To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。部分倒装的概念:
倒装英语句子的主语通常位于谓语动词之前,这种语序被称为正常语序。但有时出于修辞或某种特殊的语法结构的需要,需要将谓语动词放在主语之前,这种语序则叫倒装语序。主语和助动词倒置叫部分倒装。部分倒装:1、含有否定意义的副词位于句首时的倒装:在正式文体中,never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首,则其后要用部分倒装: 如:I shall never forgive him./ Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。 &&&&&&& He seldom goes out for dinner./Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。 &&&&&&& She hardly has time to listen to music./Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他几乎没时间听音乐。 &&&&&&& He little realize show important this meetingis./Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。&&& &&&&&&& We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off./No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。注:(1)对于not…until句型,当not until…位于句首时,其后的主句要用倒装语序: 如:He didn't leave the room until the rain stopped./Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。 &&&&&&& (2)某些起副词作用的介词短语,由于含有否定词,若位于句首,其后要用部分倒装: 如:On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。 &&&&&&& In[Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him. 无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是,in no time(立即,马上)位于句首时,其后无需用倒装语序: 如:In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。 2、“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装:当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序: 如:Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。 &&&&&&& Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。 &&&&&&& Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。3、“so+形容词或副词”位于句首时的倒装:副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时,其后用部分倒装: 如:So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷,我们只好呆在家里。 &&&&&&& So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快,我们几乎没法像它的速度。 &&&&&&& So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,我们来不及逃跑。 4、“So+助动词+主语”倒装:当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者,通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构: 如:You are young and so am I. 你年轻,我也年轻。 &&&&&&& She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐,我也喜欢。 &&&&&&& If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事,我也能。注:(1)若前面提出某一否定的情况,要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况,则应将其中的so改为neither或nor: 如:You aren't young and neither am I. 你不年轻,我也不年轻。 &&&&&&& She hasn't read it and nor have I. 她没有读它,我也没有读。 &&&&&&& (2)注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别: 如:"It was cold yesterday." "So it was."“昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”&&&&&& &"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did."“爸爸,你答应过的。”“嗯,是答应过。” 5、由not only…but also引出的倒装:当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时,not only后的句子通常用部分倒装形式: 如:Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师,而且是一位诗人。 &&&&&&& Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。 6、虚拟条件句省略if后构成的倒装:当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时,如将if省略,则要将had, were, should等移到主语前,构成倒装句: 如:Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. 若你昨天来,你就会见到他了。 &&&&&&& Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么,可以给我打电话。 &&&&&&& Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助,我会仍然无家可归。注:省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词: 如:Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱,我就会买它。 省略句的概念:
在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。简单句中的省略:
1、省略主语: 1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。 2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法。如:(I)Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。&&&&&&&& (It)Doesn't matter. 没关系。 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分:如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽烟 &&&&&&& (Is there)anything else? 还有其他事吗? &&&&&&& (You come)This way please. 请这边走。 &&&&&&& (Will you)Have a smoke? 抽烟吗? 3、省略宾语:如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你认识李先生吗?&&&&&&& —I don't know (him.) 我不认识他 4、省略表语:如:—Are you thirsty? 你30岁了吗? &&&&&&& —Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。 5、同时省略几个成分:如:—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗?&&&&&&& —(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。 &&&&&& (I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好运/祝你顺利。省略句在复合句中的应用:
一、并列复合句中的省略:并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.&&&&&&&& 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 &&&&&&& Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 &&&&&&& Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework. &&&&&&& 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。 &&&&&&& Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。 二、主从复合句中的省略: 1、状语从句中的省略:一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;2)由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;4)由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;5)由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则: 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:连词(as,as if, once)+名词;连词(though, whether, when)+形容词;连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语;连词(when, while, though)+现在分词;连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词;连词(as if,as though)+不定式。如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer. &&&&&&& 庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。& &&&&&&& Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。&&&&&&&&&He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到处看似乎在找什么东西。&注意: ①当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。 ②当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容词的结构。如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。 2、定语从句中的省略:1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which, whom不可以省略。比较:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)&& 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。 &&&&&&&&&&& Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。 2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when, where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss. 这是他第一次麻烦老板。 &&&&&&& He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday. 他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。 &&&&&&& Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he&was so unhappy? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗? 3)当先行词为表示方式的the way时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或in which,或将它们全部省略。如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。 3、宾语从句中的省略:1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。 &&&&&& He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order. 他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。 2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city). 我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。 &&&&&& He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad) 他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。 4、在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略:如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms. 法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。 5、主句省略多用于句首:如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday. 很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。 6、在答语中,主句可全部省略。如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?&&&&&&& —(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.&&&&&&& —上周五你为什么没有上学?&&&&&&& —因为我妈妈病了。 动词不定式省略:
1、保留to的场合: (1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。如:—You should have thanked her before you left.&&&&&&& —I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.&&& &&&&&&& —你本该在离开前谢谢她。&&&&&&& —我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。&&&&&& You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以这么做。 (2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。&&&&&&& She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。 (3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat? &&&&&&& —Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat). &&&&&&& —我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?&&&&&&& —没关系,我很愿意。 (4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。 2、省略to的场合: (1)主语部分有to do,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。 (2)作介词but, expect, besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。 (3)主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。&&&&&&&&& 如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。(4)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。&&&&&&&&& 如:It is easier to say than to do. 说起来容易,做起来难。 (5)在would rather...than...等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略。&&&&&&&&& 如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。 (6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。&&&&&&&&& 如:I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间。 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Why not join us? 为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
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442406392387446694348178216786433517大学英语六级模拟试题题库
本试题来自:(2006年大学英语六级模拟试题,)Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Structure
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.I have something important to talk over with you. Can you ______ to be here at 8 o'clockA.conceiveB.manipulateC.assumeD.contrive正确答案:有, 或者 答案解析:有,
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单项选择题:()According to the author, the distinction between violent acts and non-violent ones in sports is ______.A.impossible to makeB.not very clear in any circumstancesC.too obvious to escape observationD.not very difficult to make if enough attention is paid to答案:有,答案解析:有,单项选择题:()In the last paragraph the author indicates that ______.A.nothing can be done about violence in sportsB.football players are concerned about violence in sportsC.violence in sports is worse now than it ever wasD.athletes are confused about what should be permitted in sports答案:有,答案解析:有,
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>>>She doesn’t know anyone here.She has got __________ to tal..
She doesn’t know anyone here.She has got __________ to talk to.A.anyoneB.someoneC.everyoneD.no one
题型:单选题难度:偏易来源:不详
D此题考查不定代词的用法。关键是“She doesn’t know anyone here.”所以要选no one。句意:她在这里一个人也不认识。她找不到人说话。
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据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“She doesn’t know anyone here.She has got __________ to tal..”主要考查你对&&不定代词,人称代词,相互代词,疑问代词,关系代词&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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因为篇幅有限,只列出部分考点,详细请访问。
不定代词人称代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词
不定代词概说:
英语的不定代词有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词none以及由some, any, no和every构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而no和every则只用作定语。不定代词用法对比:
1、so little与such little的区别:用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的“少”,则用so little;若表示形状体积的“小”,则用such little:&如:He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。&&I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。 2、some与any的用法区别:一般说来,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some而不用any: 如:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗? &&&&&&& Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢? &&&&&&& Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?注:any有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”: 如:Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。 &&&&&&& Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。 3、many与much的用法区别:两者都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与few(少数)相对;而much用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:&如:Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? &&&&&&& We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修饰,也可用于肯定句中: 如:Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。 &&&&&&& Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 &&&&&&& You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 &&&&&&& Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。&&&&&&&&&I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 4、few, a few与little, a little的用法区别: (1)few和a few后接可数名词的复数形式。few表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义: 如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。 &&&&&&& It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。 (2)little和alittle之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few和a few之间的区别相似: 如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。 &&&&&&& Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。 5、other, the other, another与others的用法区别:这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:&(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other: 如:Give me another(one). 另外给我一个。&&&&&&&&&Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。 (2)指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词): 如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。 &&&&&& Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了? (3)others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,同样地the others大致相当于“the other+复数名词”: 如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。 &&&&&&& He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。 (4)another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或few修饰时,则也可接复数名词: 如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。 &&&&&&& In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。 (5)与some对比使用时,用others(此时与some同义): 如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。不定代词用法点拨:
1、指两者和三者的不定代词:有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混: 如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。 &&&&&&& All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。 &&&&&&& There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。 &&&&&&& He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。 &&&&&&& He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。注:each可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。2、复合不定代词的用法特点:复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。具体使用时应注意以下几点: (1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面: 如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。 &&&&&&& Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their: 如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗? &&&&&&& If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。 (3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they: 如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?(4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of 短语,可用any one, every one(分开写): 如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)&&&&&&& every one of the students(schools) 每一个学生(一所学校) 3、是any not还是not any:按英语习惯,any以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:误:Anyone doesn't know how to do it. 正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。误:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it. 正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.这事谁也干不了。误:Anything can not prevent me from going. 正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。 4、不定代词与部分否定:不定代词all, both, every等与not连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。&&&&&&&&&&&&&Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& All of the students don't like the&novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 &&&&&&&&&&& None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。 5、all, both, each等用作同位语:若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词: 如:We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all修饰的主语是代词) &&&&&&& The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all修饰的主语是名词) &&&&&&& They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all修饰的宾语是代词) 但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)不定代词知识体系:
&不定代词与语境考题:
不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解: 例1:—Is____here?&&&&&&& —No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. A. anybodyB. everybodyC. somebodyD. nobody 解析:若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说“只有Bob和Tim请假了”,这说明问句是在查人数,故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?) 例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____. A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing 解析:此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说“我同意他说的大部分内容”,这与下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。 例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?&&&&&&&&& —No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing 解析:答案:C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”
例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.&&&&&&&&& —Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most. A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. everything 解析:此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于the thing)。人称代词的概念:
人称代词是替代我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们、她们、它们等人称的词。人称代词分为主格和宾格形式,并有人称的单复数形式。按所替代人称的不同分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。人称代词的用法:人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如:I,you,he,she,we,they,等)和宾语(用宾格,如 me,you,him,her,us,them等)如:He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。注:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用语。&例如:&&&&&&& "Who is it?" "It's me."“是谁呀?”“是我。” &&&&&&& He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。 &&&&&&& He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。 &&&&&&& It's me who did it. 这是我干的。但是,若than,as后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格。例如: &&&&&&& He sings better than I do./ He is as tall as she is. &&&&&&& (2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。 &&&&&&&&&&&& "I' m tired.""Me too."“我累了。”“我也累了。”&&&&&&&&&&&& "Who wants this?" "Me."“谁要这个?”“我要。”&&&&&& &(3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化。 &&&&&&&&&&&& I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为 I like you better than he likes you. 之略。 &&&&&&&&&&&& I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为 I like you better than he likes him. 之略。人称代词主格、宾格、人称、单复数对比:
人称代词的排序: 人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they: You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。 We, you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I置于其他人称代词之前: I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。注意:you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。人称代词知识体系:
&人称代词用法拓展:
1、在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词。As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed.飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.) 2、人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语。 These small desks are forus students.这些小课桌是给我们学生的。 We girls often go to the movies together.我们女孩子常一起去看电影。 He asked you boys to be quiet.他要你们男孩子安静些。相互代词的概念:相互代词是表示相互关系的代词。英语的相互代词只有eachother和oneanother,它们在句中通常只用作宾语。在现代英语中,each other 和one another在用法上没有什么区别。一般认为each other多用于非正式文体,而one another 则多用于正式文体。在句中,相互代词可用作宾语、&定语等。例如:&Don't talk to each other (one another).&& We must help one another. 相互代词用法: (1)相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可用作主语,所以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。 (2)不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说 talk to each other,但不能说talk each other。 (3)相互代词可以有所有格形式: &&& 如:The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互相借笔记。&&&&&&&&&&&&&They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment. 他们默默地对视了一会儿。 (4)有时可分开用: &&&& 如:We each know what the other thinks. 我们都知道对方的想法。 &&&&&&&&&&&&& Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每个人都设法想说服对方留在家里。 (5)有人认为,each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。
&&相互代词知识体系:
&相互代词的形式与用法:
英语的相互代词只有eachother和oneanother,它们在句中通常只用作宾语。 1、each other: 如:We don't see much of each other. 我们不常见面。 &&&&&&& We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。&&& &&&&&&& We may never see each other again. 我们可能永远不会再见。 &&&&&&& They soon fell in love with each other. 他们不久就互相爱上了。 &&&&&&& The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和蓝天似乎融为一体。 2、one another: 如:They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。 &&&&&&& You look as though you know one another. 你们看起来像是互相认识。&&&&&& &They were very pleased with one another. 他们相互很喜欢。 疑问代词的概念:疑问代词用来引导特殊疑问句,放在句首,句子一般读降调。疑问代词还可以引导从句,疑问代词全部属于第三人称,一般为单数,有时也代表复数。疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what 和 which。疑问代词的用法:疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what 等)在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 如:Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁? &&&&&&& Whose is this umbrella? 这伞是谁的?&&&&&&& Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞? &&&&&&& What question did heask? 他问了什么问题? &&&&&&& Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜欢那样?注:who和whom只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语,what, which, whose则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。两组疑问代词的用法比较:1、who与whom:前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格。&如:Who spoke at the meeting? 谁在会上发言了?&&&&&&&&&Whomareyoutalkingabout? 你们在谈论谁?但是,当用作宾语的whom位于句首时,通常可用who代之。&&&&&&&&Who(m) is the letter from? 这信是谁寄来的?若是紧跟在介词之后用作宾语,则只能用whom。
2、what,which与who: ①若后接名词(即用作限定词),只用which和what,不能用who。如:Which/What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火车来的? What和which的区别是:当选择的范围较小或比较明确时,多用which;当选择的范围较较大或不明确时,多用what:Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?&What color is your car?你的汽车是什么颜色的?但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多which:&&Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?②若其后不接名词(即用作代词),三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人(用作代词的which不用于指人),不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用。 如:Who won? Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克? Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?& 当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可用which或whichone代之。如:Who[Which/Whichone]do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢谁,父亲还是母亲? ③由于what和who的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟else,表示其他的人(或事物),但却通常不跟表示特定范围的of短语;而which的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接else,却常与表特定范围的of短语连用: Who(What)elsedidyouseethere?你在那儿还看到了别人的什么人(什么东西)? Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?④另外,比较以下两句: "Who is he?" 他是谁?(who指姓名、关系等)&What is he? 他是干什么的?(what指职业、地位等)两个疑问词同用的情况:1、Where and when were you born? 你出生在何时何地? 2、When and how did he go there? 他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的? 3、"Where is it?" "Where is what?"“它在哪儿?”“什么在哪儿?”疑问代词知识体系:
&两类易混句型的区别:What do you think he wants? 你认为他想要什么? Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成 Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants?其原则区别是:可以用yes或no回答者,用一般疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用yes或no回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有think, believe, suppose, guess 等。如:Where do you suppose he has gone? 你认为他去什么地方了?&&&&&&&&&Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你问过他为什么那么快就离开了吗?关系代词的概念:
英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)&&&&&&&& The man whom I met yesterday is Jim. &&&&&&& A child whose parents are dead is an orphan. &&&&&&& He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.关系代词用法:
1、that与which的用法区别:&&&&& 两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于: (1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which: 如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。 (2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which: 如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。 (3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that: 如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。 &&&&&&& All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。 (4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that: 如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。 &&&&&&& Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。 (5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that: 如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。 &&&&&&& The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。& (6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that: 如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。 (7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that: 如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。 (8)当要避免重复时: 如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程? 2、that与who的用法区别: (1)两者均可指人,有时可互换: 如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。&&&& &&&&&&& Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗? &&&&&&& He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。 (2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that:&& &①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:&如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。 && ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复): 如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯? && ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略): 如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。关系代词知识体系:
&关系代词用法拓展:
1、as与which的用法区别:(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which: 如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。 &&&&&&& It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。 &&&&&&& This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换: 如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。 (3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用: ①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as: 如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。 ②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制: 如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。 &&&&&&& He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as) ③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制: 如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) ④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制: 如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。 &&&&&&& She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as) 2、who与whom的用法区别:两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格: 如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里? &&&&&&& The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之: 如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。不过,在以下几种情况值得注意: (1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略: 如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略: 如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。
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