2012南京中考物理试题及答案_中考网_3773考试网
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2012南京中考物理试题及答案
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2012年南京中考物理试卷解析一、选择题（本题共12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1．下列估测与实际情况相符的是（　　）　&A．&一位中学生的质量约为60t&B．&一张课桌的高度约为75cm　&C．&南京夏天最高气温约为60℃&D．&一节物理课的时间约为4.5h
考点：&物理常识。专题：&估算题。分析：&根据自己平时的观察和对生活常识的了解，分别作出判断．解答：&解：A、一位中学生的质量约为60kg，60t不符合实际；B、一张课桌的高度约为75cm，符合实际；C、南京夏天最高气温约为38℃，60℃不符合实际；D、一节物理课的时间约为45min，4.5h不符合实际；故选B．点评：&对各种物理量的估算：需要凭借生活经验、需要简单的计算；物理学中，对各种物理量的估算能力，是我们应该加强锻炼的重要能力之一．
2．如图所示现象中，由于光的直线传播形成的是（　　）　&A．& 树荫下的圆形“光斑”&B．& 钢勺在水面处“折断”　&C．& 山峦在水中的“倒影”&D．& 河水看上去“较浅”
考点：&光直线传播的应用。专题：&应用题。分析：&题中各情景都与光学现象有关，涉及光的反射、折射、光的直线传播，逐一分析各现象的成因，判断各选项的正误．解答：&解：A、树荫下的圆形“光斑”是由于光的直线传播形成的，故A正确；B、水中的钢勺好像在水面处折弯了，是由于光从水中射向空气时发生折射形成的，是光的折射现象形成的，不是光的直线传播形象形成的，故B错误．B、不透明的手挡住了沿直线传播的光，在屏幕上形成手影，是光的直线传播形成的，故B正确；C、山峦在水中的“倒影”实际上是山在“平面镜”中成的虚像，是光的反射形成的，不是光的直线传播形成的，故C错误；D、河水看上去“较浅”是光的折射现象形成的，不是光的直线传播形象形成的，故D错误．故选A．点评：&此题主要考查了：光的反射、光的折射、光的直线传播现象，平时要注意各个现象的形成原因并注意区分，生活中与之相关的现象非常多，我们应该学会辨别．
3．关于能量和能源的利用，以下说法正确的是（　　）　&A．&核电站是利用化学能来发电的　&B．&水能、风能和化石能源均是可再生资源　&C．&太阳能电池是把太阳能转化为内能的装置　&D．&电能可以使电灯发光，同时产生内能，而这些内能无法自动地转化为电能
考点：&能源革命。专题：&应用题。分析：&化石能源、水能、风能、核能、太阳能等都是目前人类利用的能源，了解它们各自的特点，对照选项中的描述可做出正确的判断．解答：&解：A、核能即是利用核裂变时释放的能量进行发电的，故错误；B、化石能源是不可再生能源，故错误；C、太阳能电池是将太阳能转化为电能的装置，故错误；D、由于能量的转化具有方向性，故电能可以使电灯发光，同时产生内能，而这些内能无法自动地转化为电能，故正确；故选D．点评：&本题考查学生对能量和能源相关知识的掌握情况，综合性强，在学习过程中注意知识的积累．
4．把一个凸透镜对准太阳光，在距凸透镜10cm处得到一个最小最亮的光斑，若将一物体放在此透镜前15cm处，经凸透镜所成的像是（　　）　&A．&倒立、缩小的实像&B．&倒立、放大的实像&C．&正立、放大的虚像&D．&正立、缩小的虚像
考点：&凸透镜成像规律及其探究实验。专题：&应用题。分析：&①阳光聚焦的方法确定凸透镜的焦距．②根据凸透镜成像的三种情况确定成像情况．当u＞2f时，成倒立、缩小的实像；当f＜u＜2f时，成倒立、放大的实像；当u＜f时，成正立、放大的虚像．解答：&解：（1）将一个凸透镜对准太阳光，可在距透镜10cm的地方得到一个最小亮点，所以凸透镜的焦距f=10cm．（2）一个物体放在这个透镜前15cm处，此时f＜U＜2f，成倒立、放大的实像．故选B．点评：&掌握凸透镜成像的三种情况：U＞2f，成倒立、缩小的实像；2f＞U＞f，成倒立、放大的实像；U＜f，成倒正立、放大的虚像．
5．如图所示，教室内两盏日光灯有一个开关控制，以下电路中能反映它们正确连接的是（　　）&　&A．& &B．& &C．& &D．&
考点：&家庭电路的连接。专题：&应用题；图析法。分析：&并联电路中，各用电器工作时互不影响，用电器的开关应该连接在火线上．解答：&解：一只开关同时控制2盏日光灯，若摘掉其中任意一盏灯管，由另外一盏灯仍正常发光可知，这二盏日光灯是互不影响的，所以它们之间一定是并联的；火线接用电器之前，应先接开关，故选A．点评：&本题考查的根据串并联电路的特点判断家庭电路的连接情况．
6．如图所示，在做“探究二力平衡条件”实验时，选用质量较小的卡片，目的是忽略小卡片的重力对实验的影响．这种突出问题的主要方面，忽略次要因素，是物理学中经常采用的一种科学研究方法．以下四个实例中所用研究方法与此相同的是（　　）&　&A．&选用质量相同的物体探究重力势能与高度的关系　&B．&选用小磁针探究磁体周围的磁场　&C．&选用轻绳探究使用定滑轮的特点　&D．&选用2Ω和8Ω两个电阻串联代替10Ω的电阻
考点：&物理学方法。专题：&实验题。分析：&要解答本题想掌握：物理研究中常常用到“控制变量法”、“等效替代法”、“模型法”、“类比法”等方法．在做“探究二力平衡条件”实验时，小卡片的重力很小，可以忽略对实验的影响，所以目的是不考虑小卡片的重力；①“转换法”，主要是指在保证效果相同的前提下，将不可见、不易见的现象转换成可见、易见的现象；．②物理学中多个因素对物体有影响，只改变其中的某一个因素，而控制其它因素不变，这种方法叫控制变量法．③等效替代法是在保证某种效果（特性和关系）相同的前提下，将实际的、复杂的物理问题和物理过程转化为等效的、简单的、易于研究的物理问题和物理过程来研究和处理的方法．解答：&解：A、选用质量相同的物体探究重力势能与高度的关系，是控制变量法．故A错误．B、选用小磁针探究磁体周围的磁场，是控制变量法．故B错误．C、探究使用定滑轮的特点的实验中，由于绳的重力对该实验有影响，所以可选用轻绳，以便忽略其影响，故C正确．D、选用2Ω和8Ω两个电阻串联代替10Ω的电阻，是等效替代法，故D错误．故选C．点评：&熟悉常见的研究物理问题的方法并在实际中加以识别和应用，掌握该实验的器材选择、进行实验、实验结论等．对每个选项依次分析，明确每个实例采用的具体研究方法，就能确定符合题意的选项．
7．关于温度、内能和热量，下列说法正确的是（　　）　&A．&物体内能增大，一定从外界吸收热量　&B．&汽油机在做功冲程中把机械能转化为内能　&C．&物体内能减少时，温度可能不变　&D．&锯条锯木板时，锯条的内能增加，木板的内能减少
考点：&温度、热量与内能的关系。专题：&顺推法。分析：&A、改变物体内能的两种方式：做功和热传递，改变物体内能的两种方法是等效的．B、汽油机四个冲程中做功冲程对外做功，将内能转化为机械能；压缩冲程压缩气体的过程中，将机械能转换为内能．C、晶体液态在凝固时，放出热量、内能减少，但温度不变；D、做功可以改变物体的内能：克服摩擦做功，使物体的内能增加、温度升高．解答：&解：A、物体的内能增大，可能是对物体做功，也可能是吸收热量，故A错；B、汽油机在做功冲程中，将内能转化为机械能，故B错；C、水凝固时，放出热量、内能减少，但温度不变，故C正确；D、锯条锯木板时，克服摩擦做功，使锯条和木头的内能都增加、温度升高，故D错．故选C．点评：&本题考查了温度、内能和热量的关系，要特别注意：物体温度升高、内能一定增加，但是物体内能增加、温度不一定升高；物体吸热、温度不一定升高，物体温度升高、不一定吸热．
8．如图所示为寒冬出现的四个现象，其中属于升华的是（　　）　&A．& 口中呼出的“白气”&B．& 冰冻的衣服晾干　&C．& 玻璃上的“冰花”&D．& 河面上的冰块
考点：&生活中的升华现象。专题：&应用题。分析：&（1）在一定条件下，物体的三种状态固态、液态、气态之间会发生相互转化，这就是物态变化；（2）物质由气态直接变为固态叫凝华，物质由固态直接变为气态叫升华；由气态变为液态叫液化，由液态变为气态叫汽化；由固态变为液态叫熔化，由液态变为固态叫凝固．解答：&解：A、冬天，口中呼出的“白气”，是水蒸气遇冷液化成的小液滴；故A错误；B、冰冻的衣服晾干，是固态的冰直接升华为水蒸气；故B正确；C、玻璃窗上有的“冰花”，是固体的小冰晶，是由室内温度较高的水蒸气遇到温度较低的玻璃，发生了凝华现象，凝结在玻璃的内表面；故C错误；D、河面上的冰块，是河水凝固形成的；故D错误；故选B．点评：&分析生活中的热现象属于哪种物态变化，关键要看清物态变化前后，物质各处于什么状态；另外对六种物态变化的吸热和放热情况也要有清晰的认识．
9．如图所示的电路中，电源电压恒定，R1为定值电阻．闭合开关S，滑动变阻器R2的滑片P由b端移到a端的过程中，下列说法正确的是（　　）&　&A．&电压表和电流表的示数都变大　&B．&电压表和电流表的示数都变小　&C．&电压表的示数变大，电流表的示数变小　&D．&电压表的示数变小，电流表的示数变大
考点：&欧姆定律的应用；串联电路的电流规律；滑动变阻器的使用；电阻的串联。专题：&动态预测题；图析法。分析：&①首先分析电路图：定值电阻R1与滑动变阻器R2串联，电流表测量的是整个电路中的电流，电压表并联在定值电阻两端，测量的是定值电阻两端的电压；②当滑动变阻器的滑片P由b端移到a端的过程中，分析滑动变阻器接入电路中的阻值的变化，再利用串联电路电阻的特点，判断出电路中总电阻的变化，结合欧姆定律I= 确定电流表示数的变化情况；③定值电阻R1的阻值不变，可利用公式U=IR判断出定值电阻R1两端电压的变化情况，即电压表示数的变化情况．解答：&解：定值电阻R1与滑动变阻器R2串联，电流表测量的是整个电路中的电流，电压表测量的是定值电阻两端的电压；滑动变阻器的滑片P由b端移到a端的过程中，滑动变阻器接入电路的阻值变小，由串联电路电阻的特点可知，则电路中的总电阻变小，∴由欧姆定律IT 可知，电路中的电流变大，即电流表的示数变小；定值电阻R1的阻值不变，而电路中的电流变大，由公式U=IR可知，定值电阻R1两端的电压变大，即电压表的示数变大．故选A．点评：&本题考查欧姆定律公式及其变形的灵活运用，难点是判断滑动变阻器滑片移动过程中电路电阻的变化，要知道串联电路电流和电阻的规律．
10．下列关于“力与运动”的认识正确的是（　　）　&A．&船从河里开到海里浮力变大　&B．&匀速上升的气球不受重力的作用　&C．&用水平力推水平地面上的课桌，没有推动，推力与阻力大小相等　&D．&挂在天花板上的电灯处于静止状态是因为物体间力的作用是相互的
考点：&力与运动的关系；平衡力和相互作用力的区分；二力平衡条件的应用；重力；物体的浮沉条件及其应用。专题：&应用题。分析：&A、利用漂浮特点分析，漂浮时浮力等于重力．轮船在海里和在河里都是处于漂浮状态，浮力等于轮船自身重力．B、利用重力概念分析．重力是指由于地球的吸引而使物体受到的力．地球附近的物体都受到重力作用．C、利用平衡力的特点分析．课桌在推力作用下，保持静止状态，静止的课桌受到平衡力的作用．竖直方向上受到重力和支持力是一对平衡力；水平方向上受到的推力和阻力是一对平衡力．平衡力的条件：大小相等、方向相反、作用在一条直线上、作用在一个物体上．D、利用平衡力的特点分析．挂在天花板上的电灯处于静止状态是因为灯受到平衡力的作用．解答：&解：A、船不管是在海水里还是河水里都要漂浮在水面上，漂浮时浮力等于重力，而船重不变，所以无论在海里还是在河里船受到的浮力不变．故A错．B、地球附近的物体都受到重力作用，所以匀速上升的气球受重力的作用．故B错．C、用水平力推水平地面上的课桌，没有推动，课桌仍保持静止状态，所以静止的课桌受到平衡力的作用．水平方向上受到的推力和阻力是一对平衡力，大小相等．故C正确．D、挂在天花板上的电灯处于静止状态是因为灯受到平衡力的作用，灯的重力与线对它向上的拉力是一对平衡力．故D错．故选C．点评：&（1）本题考查物体沉浮条件的应用；要知道物体漂浮在水面上时，重力一定与浮力相等．分析浮力时应抓住这一要点．（2）地球附近的物体都有受到重力，是很重要的一点．在很多题目中，对物体进行受力分析时，首先就要考虑重力的存在．（3）静止的物体和匀速直线运动的物体受到平衡力的作用，分析问题时常应用二力平衡的特点．
11．如图所示的四个实验中，能说明电动机工作原理的是（　　）　&A．& &B．& &C．& &D．&
考点：&直流电动机的原理。专题：&应用题。分析：&电动机的工作原理是：通电导体在磁场中受到力的作用．正确分析四个选项各是研究的什么问题，再做回答．解答：&解：A、是奥斯特实验，小磁针发针偏转说明通电导体周围有磁场，不符合题意；B、电路中有电流，通电导体或线圈受到磁场力的作用发生运动，符合题意；C、是研究电磁铁的磁性强弱的影响因素，不符合题意；D、在外力作用下使导体左右移动，切割磁感应线，则电流表指针发生偏转，说明此时有感应电流产生，这是电磁感应现象，是发电机的工作原理，不符合题意．故选B点评：&本题涉及的内容有电流的磁效应、电动机的原理和发电机的原理．注意电磁感应和通电导体在磁场中受力运动的装置的不同，前者外部没有电源，后者外部有电源．
12．将两个定值电阻R1、R2并联在电压为U的电源两端，R1消耗的功率为P1，R2消耗的功率为3P1，当把它们串联在电压为4U的电源两端时，下列说法正确的是（　　）　&A．&R1两端的电压为U&B．&R2消耗的功率变小　&C．&通过R2的电流变小&D．&两个电阻消耗的总功率为12P1
考点：&电功率的计算；串联电路的电流规律；并联电路的电压规律；欧姆定律的应用。专题：&计算题；应用题；动态预测题。分析：&（1）两电阻并联时，根据并联电路的电压特点和P= 结合两电阻消耗的电功率求出电阻关系；（2）当把它们串联在电压为4U的电源两端时，根据电阻的串联和欧姆定律求出电路中的电流，再根据欧姆定律求出此时R1两端的电压，根据P=I2R求出R2消耗的功率，根据P=UI求出电路消耗的总功率．解答：&解：当R1、R2并联在电压为U的电源两端时，两电阻两端的电压为U，根据P= 可知： = = =3，即R1=3R2；当把它们串联在电压为4U的电源两端时，电路中的电流I= = = ，故通过R2的电流不变，故C不正确；R1两端的电压U1=IR1= ×3R2=3U，故A不正确；R2消耗的功率P2=I2R2=（ ）2R2= =3P1，R2消耗的功率不变，故B不正确；两个电阻消耗的总功率P=U′I=4U× =4× =4×3P1=12P1，故D正确．故选D．点评：&本题考查了串联电路和并联电路的特点以及欧姆定律、电功率公式的灵活运用，关键是根据题意得出两电阻之间的关系，解题过程要注意各量之间的对应关系．
二、填空题（本题共8小题，每空1分，共28分）13．噪声是由发声体的　振动　产生的．中考期间，考场附近“禁鸣喇叭”，这是在　声源处　（选填“声源处”、“传播途中”或“人耳处”）减弱噪声．噪声也是一种能源，最近科研人员开发出一种T恤衫，它能在噪声环境下发电，把　声　能转化为　电　能，为随身携带的小电器及时充电．
考点：&声音的产生；防治噪声的途径；声与能量。专题：&应用题。分析：&（1）从物理学角度来说，噪声是发声体无规则振动产生的；（2）从环境保护的角度来说，凡是影响人们正常的学习、生活、休息等的一切声音，都是噪声；（3）减弱噪声的方法有：在声源处减弱；在传播过程中减弱；在人耳处减弱；（4）噪声也是一种能源，利用能量的转化可以将声能转化为电能．解答：&解：（1）从物理学角度来说，噪声是发声体无规则振动产生的；从环境保护的角度来说，凡是影响人们正常的学习、生活、休息等的一切声音，都是噪声．所以说噪声是由发声体的振动产生的．（2）考场附近“禁鸣喇叭”，这是在声源处禁止噪声传播．（3）噪声也是一种能源，一种T恤衫，它能在噪声环境下发电，把声能转化为电能，为随身携带的小电器及时充电．故答案为：振动；生源处；声；电．点评：&此题主要考查噪声的定义及减弱方法，以及能量的转化，都属于基础知识．
14． 2012年2月，首批“长鼻子”校车在南京投入使用，如图所示．（1）校车行驶过程中，以司机为参照物，路边的树是　运动　（选填“运动”或“静止”）的．（2）每个座位都有安全带，这是为了防止汽车紧急刹车时，学生由于具有　惯性　而造成的伤害．（3）《校车驾驶员安全管理规定》中明确指出车速不得超过40km/h．“40km/h”是指校车在行驶过程中的　最大速度　（选填“平均速度”或“最大速度”）．（4）小明早晨7点乘校车去上学，7点24分到达学校，设小车行驶的平均速度为30km/h，则小明乘车地点到学校的路程是　12　km．&
考点：&运动和静止的相对性；速度与物体运动；速度公式及其应用；惯性。专题：&应用题。分析：&（1）判断一个物体是运动的还是静止的，要看这个物体与所选参照物之间是否有位置变化，若位置有变化，则物体相对于参照物是运动的；若位置没有变化，则物体相对于参照物是静止的．（2）物体保持原来运动状态不变的性质称为惯性，惯性的大小只与物体的质量有关；（3）《校车驾驶员安全管理规定》中明确指出车速不得超过40km/h，即最大行驶速度不能超过40km/h．（4）知道此时的运动时间和运动的速度，据公式s=vt可计算出运动的路程．解答：&解：（1）校车行驶过程中，以司机为参照物，路边的树相对于司机的位置发生了改变，故路边的树相对于司机是运动的；（2）每个座位都有安全带，这是为了防止汽车紧急刹车时，由于惯性而飞出，造成二次伤害；（3）《校车驾驶员安全管理规定》中明确指出车速不得超过40km/h，即最大行驶速度不能超过40km/h．（4）此时所走的路程是：S=vt=30km/h× h=12km．故答案为：（1）运动；（2）惯性；（3）最大速度；（4）12．点评：&该题考查了参照物的选取、惯性应用的判断、最大速度的理解和速度的计算等知识点．
15．用手将一重为5N的物体全部压入水中，物体排开的水重8N，此时物体受到的浮力为　8　N，放手后物体将　上浮　（选填”“上浮”、“下沉”或“悬浮”），待物体静止时所受浮力为　5　N，排开水的体积是　5×104　m3．
考点：&物体的浮沉条件及其应用；阿基米德原理。专题：&计算题。分析：&（1）根据阿基米德原理，物体所受浮力等于它排开的水重；（2）比较物体受到的重力和浮力的大小关系根据浮沉条件来进行判断物体的浮沉情况；（3）确定了放手后物体的浮沉，再进一步判断变化后的浮力，最后利用阿基米德原理求排开水的体积．解答：&解：（1）物体受到的浮力：F浮=G排=8N；（2）∵物体重G=5N，∴F浮＞G，∴放手后物体将上浮；（3）待物体静止时，漂浮在水面上，F浮′=G=5N，此时排开水的体积：V排′= = =5×104m3．故答案为：8；上浮；5；5×104．点评：&物体的浮沉条件是我们应该熟知的重要知识，根据它可以判断物体浮沉，也可以在已知浮沉的情况下判断浮力与重力的关系．解此类题目要将阿基米德原理和物体的浮沉条件结合使用．
16．如图所示为国首台自主设计的“蛟龙号”载人潜水器，总质量为22t，2012年6月，“蛟龙号”挑战7000m深度，下潜过程中它受到海水的压强将　变大　（选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”），当它悬浮在深海某处时，受到的浮力约为　2.2×105　N．（g取10N/kg）&
考点：&阿基米德原理；液体的压强的计算；物体的浮沉条件及其应用。专题：&计算题。分析：&（1）潜水艇在下潜的过程中，所处深度变大，由液体压强公式分析所受压强变化情况；（2）物体悬浮时，受到的浮力等于物体的重力．解答：&解：（1）潜水艇在下潜的过程中：∵p=ρgh，所处深度h变大，∴潜水器受到水的压强变大．（2）悬浮时受到的浮力：F浮=G物=mg=22×103kg×10N/kg=2.2×105N．故答案为：变大；2.2×105．点评：&本题考查液体的压强和物体的浮沉条件等知识点，分析物体受液体的压强的变化时，找出深度变化情况是关键，计算过程中注意单位的统一．
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382.dress (n, v)女服，连衣裙；（统指）服装；给….穿衣All the pretty women wore their smartest dresses. 有漂亮的女士都穿着最漂亮的连衫裙。Few people wore evening dress.几乎没有人穿晚礼服。The mother is dressing her baby.母亲正为婴孩穿衣。She is dressed in black today. 今天她穿一身黑。383. drink(drank, drunk) (v) 喝, 饮,喝酒In hot weather, you should drink plenty of water.天热时应多喝水。Don’t drink and drive.切勿酒后驾车。She’s been drinking heavily since she lost her job.她失业后便常常酗酒。384. drink (n) 饮料; 酒,Can I have a drink?给我来杯饮料好吗？Soft drink软饮料（不含酒精）385. drive(drove, driven) (v) 驾驶,开车；驱赶,赶走I don't know how to drive a car. 我不会开小车。He'll drive us to the airport.他会开车送我们去机场。He drove the sheep up the hill. 他把羊群往山上赶。The enemy was driven back.敌人被击退了。386. driver (n)司机;驾驶员* driver’s license(美)=driving-licence(英)驾照387. drop (n, v) (一)滴;掉下，落下，投递，放弃a drop of blood一滴血&&& / drops of rain雨滴She dropped some lemon juice into her tea. 她在茶里滴了几滴柠檬汁。I dropped the letter into the mail-box我将信投入信箱.The price of shares dropped by 14p. 股价下跌了14便士.I'd like to drop in and see you sometime next week.&我想在下周什么时候顺便来看看你.I dropped German when I was 14我14岁后就没学德语Though maths is a little difficult, you’d better not drop it.虽然数学有点难，你最好别放弃Drop everything and come at once.放下所有事赶快来吧388. drug (n) 药品,药材 麻醉药品;毒品Why not try this new drug?为什么不试一试这种新药?Few teenagers in our city use drugs. 我们城市极少有青少年吸毒。389. drum(n) 鼓390. dry (v, a.) 把...弄干;使干燥； 干的;干燥的The paint is not yet dry. 油漆还未干。I hope it stays dry for our picnic.希望别下雨，我们好去野餐.They sat in front of the fire to dry their wet clothes.他们坐在炉火前以烘干他们的湿衣服。* dryer (n)干燥机，烘干机，吹风机391.duck(n) 鸭子Every afternoon they went to the park to feed the ducks.他们每天下午都去公园喂鸭子.* duckling (n)小鸭子（鸭仔）392. dumpling(n) 饺子; 汤团We often eat rice dumplings on Dragon Boat Festival. 在端午节我们常吃粽子。393.during (prep) 在…期间，在…过程中During the 1990s在20世纪90年代I only saw her once during my stay in Rome.我在罗马逗留期间只见过她一次.394. duty(n) 职责；义务It is our duty to protect our environment.保护环境是我们的职责.Who’s on duty today?今天谁值日？395. DVD(n) 数码影碟（digital versatile disk）E.396. each (a, pron)(两个或两个以上人或物中的)各;各自的;每Each boy gets a present. 每个男孩得到一份礼物。Each of the answers is worth 20 points.每道答题为20分.The answers are worth 20 points each.Each answer is worth 20 points.注意：(each of, each one of , every one of 后接复数名词或代词，但谓语动词用单数)397. ear(n)耳朵，耳壮物，听力，听觉He has a good ear for music.她对音乐有高度的欣赏力。Children should give an ear to their parents’advice.小孩应该听父母的劝告。You need a good ear to master the piano.弹好钢琴必需要有敏锐的辨音能力398. early&& (a, ad.) 早的，早地;在开始阶段The early 1990s&& 20世纪90年代初He is in his early twenties.他二十出头。The bus was ten minutes early.公共汽车早到了十分钟。He started writing music as early as 1989.他早在1989年就开始作曲。I woke up early this morning.我今天早上醒得早。Please come to see me early tomorrow morning. 请明天一早来见我。 399. earth (n)地球，土，泥We live on the earth.我们生活在地球上。He is the greatest man on earth.他是世界上最伟大的人。Cover the roots with earth.把根用土盖上。The floor was earth but hard and smooth.虽然是泥地，倒也坚硬平坦。【补充词汇】Why on earth do you tell a lie?你究竟为什么要说谎？* earthquake (n) 地震400. east& (n, a. ad. ) 东方 ,东方的, 向东方China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。Japan is in the east of Asia. 日本位于亚洲东部。The east wall of the house is painted red. 这房子的东墙被涂成红色。He walked east. 他向东走去。 401. easy(a.) 容易的It’s easy for you to tell me to keep quiet, but you’re not in my position.你让我保持安静当然容易，那是你没到我这份上I find it easy to learn English.我发觉学英语不难【补充】安逸的;安心的I don’t feel easy about letting the kids go out alone.让这些孩子单独出去我不放心。I’ll agree to anything for an easy life.只要有安逸舒适的生活我什么都同意。* ease (v) 减轻，缓解（难度或严重程度）* easily (ad.) 容易地402. eat (ate, eaten) (v) 吃; 蚀; 蛀Would you like something to eat?你想要带你吃的吗？【补充】eat out上馆子吃饭 Do you feel like eating out tonight?eat up 吃光Come on. Eat up your potatoes.快点，把土豆吃掉403. edge (n)& 边, 棱; 边缘& 刃, 刀口They lived in a house on the edge of a forest. 他们住在森林边缘一所房子里。Be careful-- it has a sharp edge.小心点----这刀刃很锋利。404. education(n) 教育; 训导, 培养* educate (v) 教育，培养He was educated at college.他在大学接受教育* educator (n) 教育家405. effort(n)努力，艰难的尝试，努力的成果；成就I decided to make one more effort我决定再作一次努力。You should put more effort into your work.你应该更加努力地工作。The local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people.地方俱乐部正在尽一切努力吸引更多年轻人。With effort she managed to stop herself laughing.她好不容易才忍住了笑。406. egg(n) 蛋, 卵; 蛋形物The fish lay thousands of eggs at one time.这种鱼一次产卵上千个。【补充】Put all your eggs in one basket寄希望于一件事情上&* eggplant茄子407. eight (num) 八408. eighteen(num) 十八409. eighth(num) 第八410. eighty(num) 八十411. either (a.& conj.& ad .)(两者之中)任一的; 两方任一方；要么; 也He had a bag in either hand. 他两手各拿一只包。You can park on either side of the street.这条街两边都可以停车。Either you or your father must see this young man today. 你或是你的父亲今天必须见这位年轻人。 She is coming either today or tomorrow. 她不是今天就是明天来。Pete can’t go and I can’t either.皮特不能去，我也不能--I don’t like it. 我不喜欢这个--Me either. (= neither do I )我也不喜欢--When shall we have the party, Saturday or Sunday?--Either is OK.& I’m free this weekend.【经典试题】If you don’t go to the meeting tomorrow, ___A. he will, too&&&&& B. he won’t. either C. he does, too&&&&& D. he doesn’t, either412. elder(a.)年龄较大的Her elder daughter is in college. 她的长女在上大学。413. electric(a.) 电的, 导电的, 发电的an electric motor电动机an electric light电灯 / an electric guitar电吉他The child likes electric toys.这孩子喜欢电动玩具。* electrical (a.) 电的，电器的* electricity (n) 电，电流* electronic (a.) 电子的414. elephant(n) 大象415. eleven(num) 十一416. else(a.)别的；其他的I’m going to take you somewhere else. 要带你去别处。 I don’t think there is anything else we need discuss tonight.我认为今晚我们不需讨论别的事了。Is there anything else you want?你还要些别的什么吗? Who else is there in the house? 屋子里还有谁? You must go there quickly or else you will not be back in time. 你必须快点去那儿,否则你就不能及时返回了。 417. e-mail / E-mail (n, v)电子邮件， 发电子邮件I often send a message to my cousin by e-mail.He e-mailed me yesterday.他昨天发电子邮件给我了。418. empty(a.)空的;空洞的,He didn’t want to live an empty life.他不想过一种空虚的生活。The streets were almost empty.街上几乎空无一人。The theatre was half empty.剧场空了一半。419. encourage (v) 鼓励Blanks actively encourage people to borrow money.银行积极鼓动人们贷款。My English teacher encouraged me to speak English in public.英语老师鼓励我在公众场合说英语。* encouragement (n) 鼓励420. end (n, v)末尾；终点；结束；终止My friends waited for me at the end of the street. 我的朋友在街道尽头等我。The meeting came to an end.会议结束了I answered the phone but there was no one at the other end.我接了电话，但线那头没有人。Her note ended with the words:”See you soon”她的便条以“再见”结束。They ended the play with a song.他们以一首歌曲结束了这出戏。* ending (n) 结局，结尾，最后* endless (a.) 无止境，无休止的，没完的421. enemy敌人, 敌军 He has a lot of enemies in the company.他在公司里有许多反对者。The enemy was/were attacking the town. 敌军正在攻打该城。（enemy与the连用意思是“敌军”做主语时，可与单复数动词连用）422. energy(n) 能量；精力It’s a waste of time and energy 那是浪费时间和精力。She’s always full of energy.她总是充满活力。* energetic(a.) 精力旺盛的423.engineer(n) 工程师；技师My uncle used to be an engineer.我叔叔过去是位工程师。424. England(n) 英国; 英格兰425. English(a. n) 英语; 英国的, 英国人的English is widely used by travellers and business people all over the world.英语被全世界的旅游者和商人广泛使用。426. enjoy(v) 喜欢, 享受…的乐趣;欣赏Thanks for a great evening. I really enjoyed it.感谢这美好的晚会，我真的玩得很开心They all enjoyed themselves at the party.I enjoy playing basketball.我喜欢打篮球。* enjoyable (a.) 愉快的，有趣的427. enough& (a. ad .)足够的,充足的; 足够地;充分地Is there enough room for me?有足够的地方给我吗？We have enough chairs for everyone. 我们有足够的椅子让大家坐。We’ve nearly run out of paper. Do you think there’s enough for today?我们的纸差不多用完了，你看今天够用吗？They cannot walk fast enough. 他们走得不够快。He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄不够大，不能参军428. enter进入；参加; 加入He entered the classroom. 他进了教室。The United States did not enter the war until April 19, 1917. 美国直到一九一七年四月十九日才参战。Twenty-four young singers from across China entered a contest by singing popular English songs.429. environment& (n) 环境We should make a contribution to protecting our environment.我们应为保护环境作出贡献。430. eraser(n) 橡皮擦，黑板擦& 431. especially (ad.) 尤其，特别The car is quite small, especially if you have children.这辆汽车很小，如果有孩子尤其显得小。I love Rome, especially in the spring.我喜爱罗马，尤其是春天的罗马。432. Europe(n) 欧洲433. European欧洲(人)的; 欧洲人434. even& (ad) 甚至， 连（….都）， 更加Even Mrs. Smith could not help laughing. 甚至史密斯太太也忍不住笑了起来。This book is even more useful than that. 这本书比那本更加有用。435. evening(n) 傍晚, 黄昏, 晚上; 晚会What do you usually do in the evening?Evening, Mike.晚上好，麦克。She’s going to her sister’s for the evening.她打算晚上到姐姐家去436. ever (ad.)曾经，无论何时if you are ever in Miami, come and see us.你要是什么时候到了迈阿密，就来看看我们吧。Nothing ever happens here.这儿从未发生过任何事。He is one of the very best men I have ever met. 他是我遇见的最好的人之一。 Have you ever been to London? 你到过伦敦吗? He said he would love her for ever.他说会永远爱她。He’s had a car ever since he was 18.他从18岁就有汽车了。437. every (a.)每一,每个;Mr. Miller searched every room in the house. 米勒先生搜查了这栋房子里的所有房间。 The library is open every day. 图书馆每天都开。 Not every horse can run fast.并非每匹马都能跑得快。 【补充】每隔...的She visits her parents every few days. 她每隔几天看望她父母亲一次。They visit us every other day.他们隔周来看我们一次 We see each other every now and then.我们偶尔相见438. everybody每人, 人人, 大家Didn’t you like it? Everybody else did.你不喜欢吗？其他所有人都喜欢--The exam was very easy, wasn’t it?--Yes, but I don’t think everybody could pass it.439. everyday (a.)每天的,日常的 平日的司空见惯的She wears everyday clothes to work.她着便装上班。The Internet has become part of everyday life.互联网已成为日常生活的一部分。She has only an everyday story to tell. 她讲不出什么新鲜玩意儿。440. everyone(pron.) 每人, 人人, 大家441. everything(pron.) 每件事,事事,一切事物--Is everything ready for the meeting?--Not yet. I’m still preparing for it.She does everything to help her mother. 她尽全力帮助她母亲。 Mary is worried about her family and everything.玛丽担心她的家人还有一切的一切。 【补充词义】(仅用于补语中)最重要的东西[(+to)]Money isn’t everything. 金钱不是一切。 Her daughter is everything to her. 对她来说女儿比什么都重要。 My family means everything to me.对我来说家庭意味着一切。【2009安徽中考试题第31题】--I’m leaving for the exam. Bye-bye, Mum.--Well, make sure you’ve got ___ ready.A. something& B. anything& C. everything& D. nothing442. everywhere(ad)到处,处处;无论何处His dog follows him everywhere he goes. 无论到哪里,他那条狗总跟着他。 I can't find my pen though I’ve looked everywhere. 我到处找那支钢笔,可就是找不到。443. exam= examination考试, 考查; 检查pass an exam考试合格 fail an exam考试不合格to take an exam参加考试444. examine检查;诊察 测验The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him. 医生检查了男孩的身体发现他是健康的。The teacher examined the students in physics. 教师考学生物理。445. example(n)例子;; 范例;& 榜样; 楷模Can you give me an example of what you mean?你能给我举个例子来解释你的意思吗？This is a good example of the artist’s early work.这是这位艺术家早期作品的范例。He sets an example to the other students.他为其他同学树立了榜样。446. excellent(a.) 极好的, 优秀的She speaks excellent French.她法语说得好极了447. except除...之外（不包含）We go there every day except Sunday. 除了星期天,我们每天都去那儿。 They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman. 除了那位年轻的法国人以外,他们全都去睡觉了。I had nothing on except for my socks.我除了短袜什么也没穿。448. excite(v)刺激; 使兴奋, 引起;激起What are you so excited about? 你为何这么激动? The news excited everybody.这消息使每个人都兴奋了起来。* exciting 令人激动的，刺激的* excited 感到激动的449. excuse& (n,v)理由;借口 原谅,饶恕,辩解There is no excuse for such behavior。这种行为说不过去。I wrote an excuse for my absence from school. 我写了一张请假条,说明缺课的原因。I hope you’ll excuse me for being so late.【补充词汇】excuse me * (引起尤其是陌生人注意)劳驾，请原谅Excuse me, is this the way to the station?* (客气地请人让路)对不起，劳驾，借光Excuse me, could you let me through?* (因打扰别人或失礼表示歉意)对不起，请原谅Tom coughed loudly, ”Excuse me.” He said.* (婉转表示不赞成)很抱歉，对不起Excuse me, but I don’t think that’s true.* (婉转要求离开或要与另外的人讲话)对不起，失陪“Excuse me for a moment”she said and left the room.* (因挤着别人或做错事表示歉意)对不起。请原谅Oh, excuse me. I didn’t see you there.* (没听清楚，请对方再说一遍=pardon?)Excuse me? What did you say just now?450. exercise (v, n )运动, 锻炼，做操; 练习, 习题Swimming is good exercise.游泳是有益的运动。The mind needs exercise as well as the body大脑同身体一样需要锻炼。How often do you exercise?你多久锻炼一次？451. expect(v)期待; 等待; 盼望，认为；预计That's just what we expected.那正是我们所期望的。we are expecting him to arrive yesterday.我们一直盼望着他昨天到达。You can’t expect to learn a foreign language in a few months. 不要指望在几个月内学好一门外语。to expect a visit / call / letter from sb.等待某人的来访/ 来电 / 来信--Are you going out tonight?--I expect so. 我想会--I don’t expect so. 我想不会* expectation& (n) 预料，期望452. expensive(a.) 昂贵的, 花钱多的I can’t afford it. It’s too expensive.我买不起，太贵了。453. experience(n)经验（可数）； 经历（不可数）She had no experience of life at all. 她毫无生活经验。 Have you had any experience of teaching English? 你有过教英语的经验吗?Please tell us about your experiences in Africa. 请跟我们谈谈你在非洲的经历。 I had a rather strange experience the other day. 前些天我有过一次相当奇怪的经历。454. experiment(n) 实验, 试验To do / perform / carry out an experiment.做实验455. explain(v)解释;说明;阐明First I’ll explain the rules of the game.首先我要说明一下游戏规则。It was difficult to explain the problem to beginners.对初学者解释这个问题很难。Please explain this rule to me. (不能说Please explain me this rule)请给我讲解一下这条规则。【补充】可以说Can you explain the situation to me?不能说Can you explain me the situation?* explanation (n) 解释，说明456. express (v) 表达,表情;表示Words cannot express how pleased I am.言语无法表达我的愉快心情。Teenagers often have difficulty expressing themselves.十来岁的孩子在表达思想方面常常有困难。* (n) 快车，特快专递* expression (n) 表达，词句，表示，表情457. eye(n) 眼睛, 视力He sleeps with his eyes closed.&eyesight (n)视力，视觉to have good / bad / poor eyesight视力好/不好/差F458. face (n, v )脸，面孔; 面对，面向， Most of the rooms face the sea.多数房间朝海。The gate faces south.大门朝南。459. fact(n) 事实, 真相，现实460. factory(n) 工厂, 制造厂461. fail (vi, vt .) 失败, 不及格,（健康，视力）衰退Our plan has failed. 我们的计划失败了。 She failed in the examination. 她这次考试不及格。He did very well, but failed to break the record. 他做得很出色,但未破记录。George failed history last year 乔治去年历史考试不及格。Her eyesight is failing.她的视力日渐衰退。* failure (n) 失败462. fair(a.)公正的;合理地，(皮肤)白皙的;Was it really fair to him to ask him to do all the work?要他做所有的工作对他公平吗？She had fair hair and skin.她有金色的头发,白皙的皮肤。* fairly (ad.) 公正地，正当地* fairness (n) 公平，公正463. fall (fell, fallen)(v) 降落, 落下; 跌倒; 变为,进入…的状态An apple fell off the tree and hit him on the head.She soon fell behind the leaders.她很快就落在领头者后面。I fell over and cut mu knee.我摔倒了，划破了膝盖。The temperature fell sharply in the night.夜间温度陡降。He had fallen asleep on the sofa.他在沙发上睡着了。* fall (n) （美）秋天464. family(n) 家, 家庭; 家族All my family enjoy watching TV.我全家都喜欢看电视。* family name 姓氏465. famous(a.) 著名的, 出名的He was famous for his novels 他以小说出名。She was more famous as a writer than as a singer.她作为作家比作为歌手名声更大。One day I’ll be rich and famous.总有一天我会名利双收的。466. fan扇子;(运动,电影等)狂热爱好者,迷movie fans电影迷It’s hot here. Shall I turn on the electric fan?467. fantastic极好的,了不起的 奇异的Tina's really a fantastic girl! 蒂娜是个极好的姑娘! You’ve got the job? Fantastic！你得到那份工作了？太好了！468. far (farther, farthest / further, furthest) 远的, 遥远的; 到很远距离The restaurant is not far from here.How far is it to your house from here?We’ll go by train as far as London, and then take a bus.我们坐火车到伦敦，然后转乘公共汽车。【2008安徽中考试题】--Kate, do you know ___ it is from here to the gym?--About twenty-minutes’ walk.&A. how long& B. how far& C. how soon& D. how often469. farm(n) 农场; 饲养场My uncle works on a farm.470. farmer(n) 农场主, 农民471. fast& (a, ad .) 快的, 迅速的; 快地, 迅速地That clock is ten minutes fast.那座钟快十分钟。I can’t go any faster.我不能走得更快了。Within a few minutes she was fast asleep. 几分钟后她就睡实了。fast food快餐食物* fasten (v)扎牢， 扣住【2009安徽中考试题】--Would you please drive ___? My plane is taking off.--I’d like to, but safty comes first.A. faster& B. better& C. more carefully& D.more slowly472. fat (a,n.) 肥胖的,多脂肪的;脂肪You’ll get fat if you eat so much chocolate.你如果吃这么多巧克力就会发胖的。The pig stores a lot of fat in its body.猪在体内储存了大量脂肪。473.father(n) 父亲; 创始人, 奠基人Our new boss is a father of three.我们的新老板是三个孩子的父亲。The boy from America said his fathers were Chinese.那个来自美国的男孩说他的祖先是中国人。Graham Bell was the father of the telephone.格雷汉姆.贝尔是电话的发明人。474. favourite (AmE favorite) (a. n )喜爱的，最喜欢的What’s your favorite food?你最喜欢的食物是什么？She loved all her grandchildren but Ann was her favourite.475. fear （n）害怕, 恐惧 担心,She has a great fear of water.她很怕水。He couldn’t move for fear.他害怕得动弹不得Her eyes showed no fear.她的眼神无丝毫畏惧476. February(n) 二月477. feed (fed, fed) 喂(养);为。。。提供食物I fed the bird yesterday.我昨天喂过鸟了The baby can’t feed itself yet.这婴儿还不能自己吃东西478. feel (felt, felt) 感觉; 触, 摸; 觉得; 摸起来You’ll feel better after a good night’s sleep.你晚上睡过好觉就会觉得舒服些。How are you feeling today?你今天觉得怎样？Try to tell what it is just by feeling it.凭手摸摸说出这是什么。Its skin feels really smooth.它的皮摸起来真光滑。【2008年安徽中考试题第44题】The dress ______ smooth and soft.A. felt& B. feels& C. is felt& D. is feeling479. feeling(n) 感情, 感觉I’ve lost all feeling in my hands我的双手失去了知觉。He hates talking about his feelings.他讨厌谈论他的感情。 I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.我不是故意伤害你的感情。480. festival(n) 节日; 喜庆日It’s Dragon Boat Festival today, isn’t it?481. fetch (去)取（物）来；去带（人）来Could you fetch me my bag?你能帮我去取我的包吗？She’s gone to fetch the kids from school她去学校接孩子了。482. fever(n) 发烧; 一时狂热He has a high fever.他发高烧。483. few( pron, a).不多，少数；不多的，少数的There are fewer boys than girls in my class. 我班上男生比女生少。 There were few people in the streets.街上人很少。 He has a few friends in this city. (肯定)他在这个城市里有几个朋友。 Very few of his books are worth reading.他的书值得读的很少。I try to visit my parents every few weeks.我尽量每隔几个星期看望一次父母。Only a few of my friends have been to Beijing.I’ve been there quite a few times.我去过那里好几次。【2008年安徽中考试题第31题】A lot of story books are on sale, but _____ good ones.A. any& B. some& C. few& D. many【2010年安徽中考试题第45题】The teacher asked the boy many questions, but he only answered& A& of them.&A. some& B. lots& C.each& D.few484. field(n)原野;田地；田赛场地；(知识)领域They were working in the cotton fields. 他们在棉田里干活。This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research.这个发现开辟了一个崭新的研究领域。He is very famous in the field of music.485. fifth(num) 第五My office is on the fifth floor.我的办公室在六楼。486. fifty(num) 五十She was born in the fifties.她是五十年代出生的。【补充】fifty-fifty对半，二一添作五She has a fifty-fifty chance of winning.她获胜的可能性是百分之五十。487. fight (fought, fought) (n,v)战斗; 打架,争论My grandfather fought against the Fascists in Spain.我的祖父曾在西班牙与法西斯作战。My little brothers are always fighting.我的小弟弟们总在打架。* fighter (n) 战士，斗士488. fill(v) (使)充满, 装满Smoke filled the room.房间里烟雾弥漫。He is filling a hole with earth.他在用泥土填洞。The bottle is filled with water.瓶里装满了水。489. film(n) 电影， 胶片，胶卷Let’s stay in and watch a film.咱们呆在家里看电影吧。She put a new film in her camera.他在相机里装上了新胶卷。I will have my film developed tomorrow.我明天去冲洗胶卷。490. final最后的;最终的；决定性的；不可更改的This is your final chance.这是你的最后一次机会。The headmaster has the final say. 校长说了算数。I’ll give you $500 for it, and that’s my final offer.我出价500美元，不再加价。491. find (found, found) (v)找到，发现，发觉，感到I’ve found the book I lost我已找到了我丢失的那本书。You will find it a difficult book.你会觉得这是本难以读懂的书。You may find it hard to accept your illness.你可能觉得难以相信自己患病。 He found the door closed.他发现门关着。He woke up and found himself in a hospital.他醒来发觉自己躺在医院的病床上。We found him waiting for us at the station. 我们看到他在车站等我们。 This kind of bird is only found in Asia. 这鸟儿只有亚洲有。【补充含义】(物体)达到;自然地形成Rivers find their way to the sea. 江河流入大海。Most money finds its way to the people who need it.多数钱都会辗转到需要的人手中。492. fine(a.)优秀的 尖细的 晴朗的 健康的 细微的She is really a fine artist.她真是一位杰出的艺术家。This pen has a fine point. 这支笔的笔尖细。It's turned out fine again. 天又转晴了。There is a fine difference between the two words. 这两个字之间有细微区别。I was feeling fine when I got up this morning.我今天早上起床时感觉很舒服。--How are you?&&& --Fine, thanks.--Can I get you another drink?我可以再给你取一杯吗？--No, thanks. I’m fine.不，谢谢。 我够了493. finger(n)手指;大拇指以外的手指494. finish(v) 完成, 结束Haven’t you finished your homework yet?难道你还没完成作业吗？Be quiet! I haven’t finished speaking.安静！我还没讲完。.The play finished at 10:30比赛于10点半结束。495. fire(n) 火, 火灾,射击, 开火; 解雇Most animal are afraid of fire.大多数动物怕火。It took two hours to put out the fire.用了两小时才把火扑灭。The officer ordered his men to fire.军官下令士兵开火。The manager fired Bob because he was always late for work.鲍勃因上班总是迟到而被经理解雇了。* firefighter(n)消防人员* fireplace (n)壁炉* firewood (n) 木柴* fireworks (n) 焰火496. first （num. a . ad .）第一；首次；最初He was the first to be there.他第一个到那里。I must finish my homework first.我必须首先做完家庭作业。497. fish(n,v) 鱼; 鱼肉; 钓鱼There are several fishes in the lake.湖里有好几种鱼。He found some dead fish beside the sea.他在海边发现一些死鱼。Fish was the last course that day.那天，鱼是最后一道菜。I don’t know how to fish.我不会钓鱼。I often fish the river.我常在这条河里钓鱼。【经典试题】--I’ve got a little____ in my house.--Why not keep two or more?A.juice&&& B. mice&&& C. bread&&& D. fish498. fisherman(n) 渔民；钓鱼的人His father is a fisherman.他父亲是渔民。499. fit& (a. v) 适合的; 健康的；适合，安装Grass is fit for cows. 草适合给牛吃。He tries to keep fit by running every morning.他每天早上跑步以保持健康。He is not fit to be a lawyer.他不适合当律师。This dress doesn't fit me.这件衣服不适合我穿。Can you fit the electric fire for me?你能替我装上电炉吗?The rooms were all fitted with smoke alarms.所有房间都安装了烟雾警报器。500. five(num) 五【补充词汇】give sb, five(与某人击掌问候或庆祝胜利)Give me five!咱们击掌相庆吧！501. fix修理，安装，确定，决定，使固定Will you fix the New Year’s picture on the wall? 请你把那张年画贴在墙上好吗？We are going to fix the broken machines.我们准备把坏了的机器修理一下。Has the date of the next meeting been fixed?下次会议的日期确定了吗？502. flag(n) 旗, 旗帜；标志The American flag was flying.美国国旗迎风飘扬。503. flat（a. n）公寓; 套房 ；平的Did you live in a flat or a house?你住的是公寓还是房子。He shares a flat with his friend.他与朋友合住一套房。People used to think the earth was flat.人们曾经认为地球是平的。504. floor地板,地面 (楼房的)层The body was lying on the kitchen floor.尸体躺在厨房地板上。Her office is on the second floor.她的办公室在三楼。 (the ground floor第一层(英国))505. flower(n) 花, 花朵The plant has a beautiful bright red flower.506. flu(n) 流感, 流行性感冒The whole has the flu.全家都患流感。She’s got flu. 她患上流感了。bird flu禽流感507. fly (flew, flown) 飞行, 驾驶飞机, 乘飞机旅行, (旗帜等)飘扬,飞奔;(时间)飞逝, 使飞; 放(风筝),Birds can fly with their wings.鸟能用翅膀飞翔。The pilot has flown for years.这位飞行员已驾驶飞机多年。I’ll fly to London tomorrow. 我明天搭飞机去伦敦。The American flag was flying.美国国旗迎风飘扬。How time flies!光阴似箭！He flew out of the room. 他从房间里飞奔出来。Our boys are flying kites. 我们的孩子们在放风筝。508. fly& (n) 苍蝇, 蝇类虫害A fly is on the ceiling.一只苍蝇在天花板上。509. follow跟随,仿效 跟得上；接在...之后,听懂;My dog follows me to school.我的狗跟着我去上学。Night follows day. 黑夜接着白天。Follow this road to the bridge.沿这条路一直走到桥边。Sorry, I don’t follow you.对不起，我听不懂你的话。Why didn’t you follow my advice?你为何不听我的劝告？* following (a.) 接着的，以下的Answer the following questions.回答下列问题。510. food(n) 食品, 食物; 粮食511. foot (feet) 脚, 最下部,底部; 英尺The village is at the foot of the mountain. 村子在山脚下。We came on foot.我们是走来的.The building is 60 feet high. 这幢房子有六十尺高。512. football(n) 足球, 橄榄球513. for（prep. conj）为了, 代替; 代表, 因为,由于, 对于,关于;在...方面,, 以...为代价;以...交换, 当作,作为, 赞成;支持;倾向于, 朝...方向去, 就...而言,适合 What can I do for you?我能为你做什么？There is a letter for you.有你一封信。We used boxes for chairs. 我们用箱子当椅子坐。I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。He is famous for his sweet voice.他因甜嗓子出名。I am too old for the job. 我年纪太大,做不了这工作。He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百元把车卖了。Are you for the government or against it? 你是支持还是反对政府?There is no need for you to go.你不必走。He left for Taipei. 他出发去台北。Prepare to get off the bus, for we are almost there.我们马上就要到了，准备下车吧。514. force（v）强迫,迫使, 勉强作出(或发出)I was forced to take a taxi because the last bus had left.最后一班公共汽车已经走了，我只好打的。She forced herself to be polite to them.她对他们强壮客气。515. foreign(a.) 外国的, 外来的It’s very important for us to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语对我们来说和你重要。516. foreigner(n)外国人I have never met a foreigner who speaks such perfect Chinese.我从未见过一个外国人说汉语说得这么好。517. forest(n)森林 丛林518. forget (forgot, forgot) (v)忘记Take care, and don’t forget to write.要保重，别忘了写信。I forgot to ask him for his address.我忘记向他要地址。I’ll never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。【注意】把东西忘在某处不用forget,如不能说 I’ve forgotten my book at home.而要翻译成：I’ve left my book at home.* forgetful (a.) 键忘的，不留心的519. fork(n)叉, 餐叉We seldom eat with a knife and fork.我们不大用刀叉吃东西。520. form(n)表格，形式，结构Churches are often built in the form of a cross. 教堂常常建成十字形。The disease can take several different forms.这种疾病可能有几种不同形式。Ice, snow and steam are different forms of water.冰，雪，蒸汽是水的不同形式。to fill in a form = to fill out a form 填表521. forty四十* fortnight（n）十四日，两星期522. forward向前. 提前He hurried forward to meet her. 他赶紧走上前去迎接她。The meeting had been put forward an hour. 会议提前一小时举行。523. four四524. fourteen十四525. fourth第四526. fox(n) 狐狸 (狡猾的人)People consider foxes as cleverest animals.人们认为狐狸是最聪明的动物。527. free(a.)自由的，空闲的，免费的Everyone is free to express himself.每个人都可以畅所欲言。Peter gave me two free tickets for the concert.皮特给了我两张音乐会的免费门票。What do you like to do in your free time?你闲暇时喜欢干什么？* freedom (n) 自由* freeway (n) 高速公路528.freeze (froze, frozen) (v)(使)结冰Water freezes at 0’C水在零度结冰。It’s so cold that even the river has frozen.It may freeze tonight, so bring those plants inside.今晚可能有霜冻，把花草搬进屋来吧。* freezing (a.) 冻结的，极冷的529.fresh(a.)新鲜的, (水等)淡的, 清新的They buy fresh meat. 他们买新鲜肉。This kind of fish lives in fresh water.这种鱼生活在淡水中。He opened the window to let in some fresh air. 他打开窗户放进一些清新的空气。530. Friday(n) 星期五531. fridge(=refrigerator) 冰箱532. friend(n) 朋友Is he a friend of yours?他是你的朋友吗？He’s one of my best friends.他是我最好的朋友之一。a close / good friend密友，好友533. friendly(a.) 友好的Everyone is very friendly to me.He is not friendly with anybody.他跟任何人都合不来。It was friendly of him to offer his help.他提供帮助真是太好了。534. friendship(n)友谊;友好Their friendship was as close as ever it had been. 他们的友谊跟以往一样亲密。535. frog (n)蛙,青蛙Frog can live both on land and in water.青蛙既能生活在陆地也能生活在水里。536. from(prep)从；从…起；距，来自We’ve working from morning to night.I come from the north.我是北方人。My new purse is different from yours.He lives a few miles from our school.他住在离我们学校数英里的地方。You can see the island from here.537. front (a. n) 前面;正面;前线; 前面的The front of the postcard shows a picture of the Summer Palace. 明信片的正面是一幅颐和园的照片。He has just returned from the front.他刚从前线回来。This is our front garden. 这是我们的前花园。538. fruit (n)水果。果实I’m sure you will enjoy the fruit of your hard work soon.相信不久你们就会享受辛勤工作带来的果实。* fruit juice 果汁539. full(a.)满的；吃饱的His bedroom is full of books.他的卧室装满了书。The kids still weren’t full, so I gave them an ice cream each.孩子们还没吃饱，所以我给他们每人一份冰激凌。540. fun(n)娱乐,乐趣, 玩笑,嬉戏, 有趣的人(或事物)have fun. = enjoy yourself.尽情的玩吧--Jack, I will go for a picnic with my parents after the exam--Have fun !What fun we had! 我们玩得多开心!His uncle is fond of fun. 他的叔父喜欢开玩笑。【补充】（adj.）有趣的There are lots of fun things for young people to do here.This game looks fun.541. funny(a.)滑稽可笑的;爱开玩笑的That’s the funniest thing I’ve ever heard.那是我听过的最滑稽可笑的事。【注意】funny不表示enjoyable的意思：The party was great fun.不能翻译成：The party was very funny.542. furniture(n)家具（不可数）a piece of furniture一件家具We need to buy some new furniture.我们需要买些新家具。543. future(n) 将来, 前途We need to plan for the future.我们需要为将来做打算。We’ll live a happier life in the future.将来我们会过上更加幸福的生活。Please be more careful in future.今后请多加小心。G544.game(n) 游戏; 运动; 比赛The 1984 Olympic Games was held in Los Angles.1984年奥运会在洛杉矶举行。The Asian Games meet every four years.亚运会每四年举行一次。545. garden(n) 花园；果园；菜园I am looking for a house. I’d like one with a garden.我在找房子，我想要一栋带花园的。* gardening (n)园艺学546. gate(n) 大门A crowd gathered at the factory gate.一群人聚集在工厂的大门口。We drove through the palace gates.我们驱车驶过重重宫门。547. general一般的,普遍的; 首席的,总的;These difficulties are general among people of his age.这些困难在那个年龄中的人中普遍存在。This is a general magazine. 这是一本普通杂志。He has been promoted to general manager. 他已被提升为总经理。548. gentleman(n)先生; 绅士，有教养的人Thank you---you’re a real gentleman.谢谢您---您是个真正的君子。Ladies and gentlemen! Can I have your attention,please?女士们先生们，请大家注意。* gentle (a.) 温柔的，轻轻的549. geography(n)地理, 地理学I like geography and history.我喜欢地理和历史。550. gesture(n)姿势;手势；姿态，表示He made a rude gesture at the driver of the other car.他向另外那辆车的司机做了个粗野动作。Handshake is a gesture of friendship. 握手是一种友好的表示。551. get (got, got)得到;具有;到达;(去)拿;开始,逐渐He gets first prize in the listening contest. 他得到听力比赛第一名。I got a new coat in that store last week. 上礼拜我在那家店买了一件新外套。Did you manage to get tickets for the concerts?你弄到音乐会的票了吗？I didn’t get any answer from him. 我没有收到他的回信。I’ll get you something to eat.我将给你弄点吃的。When do you get to Hong Kong?你什么时候到香港?It’s getting cold. 天气变冷。He’s getting on very well at school.他在学校学得很好I’m not getting on very fast with this job.我这个工作进展不太快I tried calling you several times but I couldn’t get through.我试着给你打了几次电话，但都没打通。Be careful, Jane. Don’t get your hands dirty.小心，简，别把手弄脏了。【补充】为...接通... 理解;听清楚;记住;学会Could you get me Hong Kong, please. 请给我接通香港。Don’t get me wrong. 不要误会我的意思。I didn’t get you.我搞不懂你的意思。I don’t get it ---why would she do a thing like that?我不明白--她怎么会干那事。* get-together（n）聚会【2010安徽中考试题第37题】--How can I ______ well with my lessons, Dad?--Practice makes perfect.A. work on& B. hold on& C. get on& D. keep on552. gift (n) 礼品,赠品She has got lots of birthday gifts.她得到了许多生日礼物。补充：天赋; 才能He is a man of gifts. 他是个多才多艺的人。 The boy has a gift for music. 这男孩有音乐天赋。553. giraffe(n) 长颈鹿554. girl(n) 女孩, 少女The little girl was so tired that she fell asleep over her homework.那个小女孩累得写着作业就睡了。555. give (gave, given) 给, 提供；付出；给予She gave me a book.她给我一本书。The play gives us some new ideas.这个剧本为我们提供了一些新的观念。They say it’s better to give than to receive.人们说施比受有福。I’ll give you ten minutes to prepare your answer.我给你十分钟时间准备回答。We’ve been given a 2% pay increase.我们获得了2%的加薪。556. glad高兴的, 使人高兴的I am glad you have succeeded.你成功了，我感到高兴。After a long separation, they held a glad meeting阔别多年以后，他们举行了个令人愉快的聚会。557. glass(n)玻璃, 玻璃杯, 眼镜Glass breaks easily.玻璃易碎。He dropped his glass on the floor and broke it.他把玻璃杯掉在地上打碎了。I used to drink three glasses of cold water in the morning.我以前早上常喝三杯冷水。I need glasses when I watch TV.我看电视时需戴眼镜。558. glove(n) 手套I want to buy a pair of gloves.559. go (went, gone) 去,走,进行; 伸展; 消失; 变得, (机器等)运转They have gone boating. 他们划船去了。The milk went sour. 牛奶变质了。This clock does not go. 这钟不走了。I think you should go to the doctor’s.我认为你该去看医生。How’s it going with you? 近况如何？Everything is going well. 一切顺利。Go for it. John! You know you can beat him.努力争取吧，约翰！你知道你是可以打败他的。It sounds a great idea. Go for it!好主意！努力去实现吧！【补充】 (n) 尝试（做某事）Do you want a go?560. goat(n)山羊We keep a few goats.我们养了一些山羊。561. god(n)神, 上帝Some people believe in God, some don’t.562. gold金, 黄金; 金色的, 金制的A gold watch金手表The ring is made of gold.* goldfish(n)金鱼563. golden金色的,金黄色的;黄金般的She has bright golden hair. 她有一头明亮的金发。golden memories.美好的记忆564. good (better, best) 好的, 漂亮的,善良的,有益的Give me some advice.The girl has a good look.这女孩长得好看。She is good at playing the guitar.她擅长弹吉他。She is very good with children.她对孩子很有一套。He was very good to me when I was ill.我生病时他对我关怀备至。It was very good of you to come.你能来真是太好了。Did you have a good time in London?It’s good for you to eat vegetables every day.+ good-bye (int)再见* goodness(n)善良，美德* goods (n) 商品，货物565. goose (geese) (n) 鹅; 雌鹅; 鹅肉The farmer kept many geese on his pond.这位农民在他的池塘里养了许多鹅。She dislikes to eat goose.她讨厌吃鹅肉。【补充】kill the goose that lays the golden eggs杀鸡取卵566. government(n)政府* govern(v) 统治，管理567.grade(n)年级, 等级, 成绩,分数These are second-grade grapes.这些是次级葡萄。The milk is sold in grades.牛奶分等级出售。She got good grades in her exam.她考试成绩优秀。The music e I have passed Grade 1, the easiest.音乐考试分为八级，我已经通过了最容易的第一级。568. grammar(n) 语法I find German grammar very difficult.我发现德语语法很难学。This grammar is easy to understand.569. grandchild(n) 孙子, 孙女* grand(a.)宏伟的570. granddaughter (n) 孙女571.grandma(=grandmother) (n) 奶奶(口), 外婆572. grandpa(=grandfather) (n) 爷爷(口), 外公573. grandparent(n) 祖父母, 外祖父母574. grandson(n) 孙子, 外孙575. granny(n) 奶奶, 外婆576. grape(n) 葡萄Wine is made from grapes.葡萄酒由葡萄制成。成语：Sour grapes(酸葡萄)表示某人贬低某事物，实则是嫉妒。He said he didn’t want the job anyway, but that’s just sour grapes.他说他其实并不想这份工作，这不过是吃不到葡萄就说葡萄酸而已。578. grass(n) 草, 草地；牧草The dry grass caught fire.干草着火了。Don’t walk on the grass.勿踏草坪579. great (a.) 巨大的, 非常的, 伟大的There is a great tree in front of our house. 我们的屋前有棵大树。 Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是个优秀的科学家。It was a great decision for her. 这对她来讲是一个重大的决定。 580. green& (a. n ) 绿色的, 青色的; 未成熟的Wait for the light to turn green.等绿灯亮了再走。The tomatoes are still green.西红柿还未熟。【补充】The new trainees are still green.这些受培训的新学员还很不成熟581. greeting(n)问候,迎接,招呼,祝愿词;贺词She welcomed us with a cheerful greeting. 她兴高采烈地打招呼欢迎我们。He sent his greetings to you in the letter. 他在这封信里向你致以问候。【补充】 greet (v) 问候，向…致敬She greeted us with a smile.她微笑着和我们打招呼。His speech was greeted by loud cheers.他的演讲博得了阵阵喝彩。582. ground(n) (室外)地面, 场地I found her lying on the ground.我发现她躺在地上。2 metres above / below ground地上/地下2米ground floor一楼（英国）= the first floor(美国)583. group(n)组, 群, 团体Students stood around in groups waiting for their results.学生们成群地站在周围等待成绩。584. grow (grew, grown) 种植; 生长; 渐渐变得This farm frows mainly flowers and vegetables.这个农场主要种植蔬菜和花卉。You’ve grown since the last time I saw you.自从上次我见到你后，你又见长了。The skies grew dark and it began to rain.天渐渐黑了，又开始下雨。As time went on he grew more and more impatient.时间长了，他越来越没有耐心。* growth (n) 生长，增长585. guard(n)哨兵;卫兵;警备员;看守员；警戒The guard won’t let anyone through the gate without a pass.卫兵不让任何没有通行证的人通过大门。All the prisoners are under close guard.所有的犯人都在严密的看守之下。文 章来源莲山 课件 w ww.5 Y
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