目前本課程尚未完成翻譯，請耐心等待，我們會儘快處理以下為系統擷取之英文原文
24.201 Topics in the History of Philosophy: Kant
Bust of Immanuel Kant by Emanuel Bardou (1798). (Photo courtesy of Underpuppy.)
Course Highlights
This course features an extensive list of both required and supplementary , detailed
and sample answers to .
Course Description
In this course we shall study the Critique of Pure Reason with special focus on questions about idealism, about our ignorance of things in themselves, and about what, if anything, idealism has to do with this kind of ignorance. Along the way we shall consider Kant's distinctive account of space, matter, and force, all of which had a significant role to play in his own philosophy, and in the historical evolution of field theory. In the last part of the course we shall look at an alternative, and unorthodox, interpretation of Kant's distinction between phenomena and things in themselves (as argued for in my own book, Kantian Humility).
A list of topics covered in the course is presented in the .
Reading, discussing, and writing about the assigned readings are the central activities of this class. There is a reading assignment for each seminar. Some are quite difficult and demand careful study. You should complete the assigned readings before each class as we shall presuppose familiarity with the material in the texts. You are expected to attend all classes, and participate actively.The course requires 20 pages of written work altogether (5000 words). All written papers and exercises should be typed or word-processed. Please keep a copy of all work you turn in. Late work will be accepted only under exceptional circumstances, and will be penalized unless an extension is granted in advance. Note that satisfactory performance in the course overall requires satisfactory performance in each of the grading areas.
Grading criteria.ACTIVITIESPERCENTAGESClass Participation20%Two (9 page) Papers80%
This is based on preparation, contributions to discussion, and any written or oral assignments, including the Short Exercise (2 pages).
Paper topics will be distributed in advance and will ask you to analyze and discuss material covered in class.
Assignment deadlines.DUE DATESASSIGNMENTSSes #6Short Exercise (2 pages)Ses #14First Essay (9 pages)Ses #23Second Essay (9 pages)
This statement represents, to the best of my knowledge, MIT policy on plagiarism and academic misconduct, and draws upon similar statements drafted by other faculty members in Philosophy.Plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty will not be tolerated in this or any other course at MIT. If in doubt about what counts as plagiarism, or about how to properly reference a source, consult your instructor. Other forms of academic dishonesty include: cheating on exams, double submission of papers, aiding dishonesty, and falsification of records. If academic dishonesty is proven, at the very least you will fail the course and a letter will be sent to the Committee on Discipline documenting the dishonesty. If you are tempted to plagiarize because you are in crisis, it is always better to speak too someone&your professor, your advisor, the academic deans, the counseling center, or another trusted authority on campus&who can help you handle the crisis.Plagiarism is regarde it is the theft of someone else's ideas, words, approach, it's fraud because the writer is trying to profit (a grade) by claiming as his/her own someone else's work.Because plagiarism can have severe disciplinary consequences, it is crucial to understand the concept. Just as scientists demand complete and accurate information about experiments so that they duplicate and check those experiments, so scholars and readers demand complete information so they can check your use of sources and accuracy in reporting what others said. In all academic writing, then, you must give complete citations (e.g., author, title, source, page) each time you use someone else's ideas, words, phrasing, or unusual information. An insidious form of plagiarism is the 'patchwork paper'&some words and ideas taken from source A are stitched together with words and ideas from source B and source C and so on. Your essays should be your own work, although you are encouraged to seek writing advice from the . If there is any question about whether the student's paper is his or her own work, every effort will be made to determine whether the paper is plagiarized. This is an attempt to be fair to the teachers and the other students in the course. There are 4 guidelines for using sources in your essays:There is never a good reason to paraphrase a source&either summarize it in your own words or quote it exactly (citing the source in either case).When you quote, quote exactly, use quotation marks, and cite the source.When you use information that might not be considered common knowledge, cite the source.When in doubt about whether or not to give a citation, always give a citation.Additional Information:
Course calendar.SES&#TOPICSACTIVITIESKEY&DATES1Introduction to the CourseLecture2Introduction to the CritiqueLecture3Space (Transcendental Aesthetic)Lecture4Space (Transcendental Aesthetic) (cont.)Lecture5The Transcendental Deduction of the CategoriesLecture6Space, and the Transcendental DeductionsDiscussionShort exercise due7Substance and the First AnalogyLecture8Substance and the First Analogy (cont.)Discussion9Causality and the Second AnalogyLecture10Causality (cont.) and Community (The Third Analogy)Lecture11Causality and Community, the Second and Third AnalogiesDiscussion12Phenomena and NoumenaLecture13Phenomena and Noumena (cont.)Discussion14Kant's "Refutations" of IdealismLectureFirst essay due15Idealism, Realism, and Ignorance of Things in ThemselvesDiscussion16The "Problem of Affection," and Three Kantian ThesesLecture17The "Problem of Affection," and Three Kantian Theses (cont.)Discussion18The Development of Kantian HumilityLecture19The Development of Kantian Humility (cont.)Discussion20Substance RevisitedLecture21Substance Revisited (cont.)Discussion22Primary and Secondary Qualities in KantLecture23Primary and Secondary Qualities in Kant (cont.)DiscussionSecond essay due24Primary Qualities and Scientific RealismDiscussion25Idealism and Realism RevisitedLecture26Idealism and Realism Revisited (cont.)Discussion
When you click the Amazon logo to the left of any citation and purchase the book (or other media) , MIT OpenCourseWare will receive up to 10% of this purchase and any other purchases you make during that visit. This will not increase the cost of your purchase. Links provided are to the US Amazon site, but you can also support OCW through Amazon sites in other regions. .This section includes both the required and
for this course.
are available below.
Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason (). Edited by Paul Guyer and Allen Wood. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN: .You may alternatively use the older edition, translated and edited by Norman Kemp Smith.
Allison, Henry. Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense. Revised ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN: . Bennett, Jonathan. Kant's Analytic. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1966. ISBN: . Gardner, Sebastian. Guidebook to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999. ISBN: X. Guyer, Paul. Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN: . Langton, Rae. Kantian Humility: Our Ignorance of Things in Themselves. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN: . Strawson, P. F. The Bounds of Sense: an Essay on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. New York, NY: Methuen, 1975. ISBN: . van Cleve, James. Problems from Kant. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN: .
The A/B pagination featured below for Kant's Critique of Pure Reason signifies the page numbers in the first (A) and second (B) editions of the text.Course readings.SES&#TOPICSREADINGS1Introduction to the Course2Introduction to the CritiqueKant. Critique. A1/B1-A16/B30.Gardner. Guidebook. Chapter 3.van Cleve. Problems. Chapter 2.3Space (Transcendental Aesthetic)Kant. Critique. A19/B34-B73.Gardner. Guidebook. Chapter 4.van Cleve. Problems. Chapter 34Space (Transcendental Aesthetic) (cont.)Kant.& Critique. A19/B34-B73.van Cleve. Problems. Chapter 4.5The Transcendental Deduction of the CategoriesKant. Critique. A96-A130/B130-B179.Gardner. Guidebook. pp. 135-165.6Space, and the Transcendental Deductions7Substance and the First AnalogyKant. Critique. A182/B224-A189/B232.8Substance and the First Analogy (cont.)9Causality and the Second AnalogyKant. Critique. B233-A211/B256.Strawson. The Bounds of Sense (excerpt).10Causality (cont.)and Community (The Third Analogy)Kant. Critique. A211/B257-A218-B265.11Causality and Community, the Second and Third Analogies12Phenomena and NoumenaKant. Critique. A236/B295-A260/B315.13Phenomena and Noumena (cont.)14Kant's "Refutations" of IdealismKant. Critique. A366/B274-A380/B279.Gardner. Guidebook. Chapter 8.15Idealism, Realism, and Ignorance of Things in Themselves16The "Problem of Affection," and Three Kantian ThesesKant.& Critique. The Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection, A265/B321-A268/B324 and A277/B233-A278-B334.Langton. Kantian Humility. Chapters 1 and 2.Allison, Henry. Transcendental Idealism. Chapter 1.17The "Problem of Affection," and Three Kantian Theses (cont.)18The Development of Kantian HumilityKant. Critique.& The Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection, A265/B321-A268/B324 and A277/B233-A278-B334. First Analogy, A182/B224-A189/B232.Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.
&(excerpts).Kant. New Exposition on the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge (excerpt).Langton. Kantian Humility . Chapters 3-6.19The Development of Kantian Humility (cont.)20Substance RevisitedLangton. Kantian Humility. Chapter 2.21Substance Revisited (cont.)22Primary and Secondary Qualities in KantKant. Prolegomena (excerpt).Kant. Critique. Postulates of Empirical Thought, A225/B273-A266-B218. Axioms of Intuition and Anticipations of Perception, A162/B202-A176/B218. Locke, John. Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) (excerpt). Edited by P. Nidditch. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN: . Bennett, Jonathan.& Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes& (excerpt). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1971. ISBN: . Evans, Gareth. "Things Without the Mind." In Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson. Edited by Zak van Straaten. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 76-116. ISBN: X.Langton. Kantian Humility. Chapters 7 and 8.23Primary and Secondary Qualities in Kant24Primary Qualities and Scientific Realism Kant. The Kant-Eberhard Controversy (excerpt). Translated with a commentary by Henry E. Allison. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. ISBN: .Langton. Kantian Humility. Chapters 8 and 9.25Idealism and Realism RevisitedKant. Critique .&Transcendental Aesthetic, A19/B34-B73. Refutation of Idealism, A366-A380.Langton. Kantian Humility. Chapter 10.26Idealism and Realism Revisited (cont.)
Beck, Lewis White. Essays on Kant and Hume. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978.Bencivenga, Ermanno. Kant's Copernican Revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1981.Bennett, Jonathan. Kant's Dialectic. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1974. &&&. Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1971. ISBN: .Berkson, W. Fields of Force. New York, NY: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.Blackburn, Simon. "Filling In Space." Analysis 50 (1990): 62-5. Reprinted in Essays in Quasi-realism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. Boscovich, R. J.
(1763). Translated by J. M. Child. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966. ISBN: .Brittan, Gordon. Kant's Theory of Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.Buroker, Jill Vance. Space and Incongruence. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1981. Costabel, Pierre. "Newton's and Leibniz' Dynamics." In . Edited by R. Palter. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970. ISBN: .Dryer, D. P. Kant's Solution for Verification in Metaphysics. London, UK: George Allen and Unwin, 1966. Evans, Gareth. "Things Without the Mind." In Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson. Edited by Zak van Straaten. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 76-116. ISBN: X.Faraday, Michael. "A Speculation touching Electric Conduction and the Nature of Matter." In Experimental Researches in Electricity. Vol. II. London, UK: Richard and John Edward Taylor, 1844.Foster, John. The Case for Idealism. New York, NY: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982.Friedman, Michael. Kant and the Exact Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. Furth, Montgomery. "Monadology." In Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays. Edited by Harry Frankfurt. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1972, pp. 99-136. ISBN: .Harr&, R., and E. H. Madden. Causal Powers. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1975.Heimann, P. M., and J. E. McGuire. "Newtonian Forces and Lockean Powers: Concepts of Matter in Eighteenth Century Thought." Chapter 3 in Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971, pp. 233-306.Heimsoeth, Heinz. "Metaphysical Motives in the Development of Critical Idealism." In Kant: Disputed Questions. Edited by Moltke Gram. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1967, pp. 158-99.Hesse, Mary. Forces and Fields. London, UK: Thomas Nelson, 1961.Humberstone, I. L. "Intrinsic/Extrinsic." Synthese 108 (1996): 205-267. (Accepted in 1992.)Jackson, Frank, Robert Pargetter, and Elizabeth Prior. "Three Theses about Dispositions." American Philosophical Quarterly 19 (1982): 251-7.Jammer, Max. Concepts of Force. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957.Kant, Immanuel. Collected Works. Gesammelte Schriften. Edited by K&niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin and Leipzig, Germany: de Gruyter, 1922. (Hereafter Ak.)&&&. Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio (1755). Ak. Vol. 1. English Translation: "A New Exposition of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge." In Kant's Latin Writings: Translations, Commentaries and Notes. Edited by L. W. Beck et al. New York, NY: P. Lang, 1986.&&&. Monadologia physica (1756). Ak. Vol. 1. English Translation: "Physical Monadology." In Kant's Latin Writings: Translations, Commentaries and Notes. Edited by L. W. Beck et al. New York, NY: P. Lang, 1986.&&&. Von dem ersten Grunde des Unterschiedes der Gegenden in Raume (1768). Ak. Vol. 2. English Translation: Kant's Inaugural Dissertation and Early Writings on Space. Edited by J. Handyside. Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1928.&&&. De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis (1770). Ak. Vol. 2. English Translation: "On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World (The Inaugural Dissertation)." In Kant: Selected Pre-Critical Writings. Edited by G.B. Kerferd and D.E. Walford. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1968.&&&. Reflexionen zur Metaphysik. Ak. Vols. 17 and 18.&&&. Prolegomena zu einer jeden k&nftigen Metaphysik (1783). Ak. Vol. 4. English Translation: Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics. Translated and edited by Gary Hatfield. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997.&&&. Metaphysische Anfangsgr&nde der Naturwissenschaft (1786). Ak. Vol. 4. English Translation: Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. Translated by J. Ellington. Indianapolis, IN: Library of Liberal Arts, 1970. &&&. "&Uber eine Entdeckung nach der alle neue Kritik der reinen Vernunft durch eine &ltere entbehrlich gemacht werden soll" (1790). Ak. Vol. 4. English Translation: "On a Discovery According to which Any New Critique of Pure Reason Has Been Made Superfluous by an Earlier One." In The Kant-Eberhard Controversy. Translated with a commentary by Henry Allison. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. ISBN: .Kemp Smith, Norman. Commentary to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1923.Langsam, Harold. "Kant, Hume, and Our Ordinary Concept of Causation." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 54 (1994): 625-647.Langton, Rae, and David Lewis. "Defining 'Intrinsic'." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (1998): 333-45. Reprinted in Lewis. Papers in Metaphysics and Epistemology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Laywine, Alison. Kant's Early Metaphysics and the Origins of the Critical Philosophy. Vol. 3. North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy. Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview. 1993.Leibniz, G. W. Die philosophischen Schriften. 7 vols. Edited by C. I. Gerhardt. Berlin, Germany:&1875-90. Reprinted: Hildesheim, Germany: G. Olms, 1960-1.&&&. Philosophical Papers and Letters. Translated and edited by L. Loemker. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1969.&&&. New Essays on Human Understanding (1765). Translated and edited by P. Remnant and J. Bennett. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1981.&&&. Philosophical Essays. Translated and edited by R. Ariew and D. Garber. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1989.Lewis, David. "Ramseyan Humility." Forthcoming in Naturalism and Conceptual Analysis. Edited by David Braddon-Mitchell and Robert Nola. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. Locke, John. Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689). Edited by P. Nidditch. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN: .Mackie, J. L. Problems from Locke. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1976.Mates, Benson. The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.Melnick, Arthur. Space, Time, and Thought in Kant. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer, 1989. Mondadori, Fabrizio. "Solipsistic Perception in a World of Monads." In Leibniz: Critical and Interpretive Essays. Edited by Michael Hooker. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982, pp. 21-44. ISBN: .Paton, H. J. Kant's Metaphysic of Experience. London, UK: Allen and Unwin, 1936.Polonoff, Irving. Force, Cosmos, Monads and Other Themes of Kant's Early Thought. Bonn, Germany: Kant-Studien Erg&nzungsheft Nr. 107, 1973.Smith, A. D. "Of Primary and Secondary Qualities." The Philosophical Review 99 (1990): 221-54.Shoemaker, Sydney. "Causality and Properties." In Time and Cause. Edited by Peter van Inwagen. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1980.Strawson, P. F. Individuals. London, UK: Methuen, 1959. &&&. "Reply to Evans." In Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson. Edited by Zak van Straaten. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 273-82. ISBN: X.Van Cleve, James. "Putnam, Kant, and Secondary Qualities." Philosophical Papers 24 (1995): 83-109.Watkins, Eric. Kant and the Metaphysics of Causality. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Williams, L. P. Michael Faraday: A Biography. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 1965.&&&. The Origins of Field Theory. New York, NY: Random House, 1966. Wilson, Margaret. "The 'Phenomenalisms' of Berkeley and Kant." In Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy. Edited by Allen Wood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984, pp. 157-73. ISBN: .
Lecture Notes
Course lecture notes.SES&#TOPICS1Introduction to the Course ()2Introduction to the Critique (cont.) ()3Space (Transcendental Aesthetic) ()4Space (Transcendental Aesthetic) (cont.) ()5The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories ()7Substance and the First Analogy ()9Causality and the Second Analogy (cont.) ()10Causality (cont.) and Community (The Third Analogy) ()12Phenomena and Noumena ()14Kant's "'Refutations" of Idealism ()16The "Problem of Affection," and Three Kantian Theses ()18The Development of Kantian Humility ()20Substance Revisited ()22Primary and Secondary Qualities in Kant ()25Idealism and Realism Revisited ()
Assignments
This section includes topics for both essay assignments as well as a short exercise and its sample answer.
Deadline for drafts: Ses #18Deadline for final essay: Ses #14Critique of Pure Reason.
Deadline for final essay: Ses #23Last deadline for (optional) drafts: 11.00 a.m., one day before Ses #21Critique of Pure Reason. (You may also draw upon other texts, such as the Prolegomena, if you wish.)
You are not required to submit a draft for the final essay, but I am happy to give comments on drafts, and indeed I thoroughly recommend, for your own benefit, that you submit one. If you do, please let me have it before 11.00 a.m., one day before Ses #21.
Due Date: in Ses #6"Space is a necessary representation, a priori, which is the ground of all outer intuitions. One can never represent that there is no space, although one can very well think that there are no objects to be encountered in it. It is therefore to be regarded as the condition of the possibility of appearances, not as a determination dependent on them, and is an a priori representation that necessarily grounds outer appearances." (Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, A24/B39, Guyer and Wood translation)Same passage, different translation:"Space is a necessary a priori representation, which underlies all outer intuitions. We can never represent to ourselves the absence of space, though we can quite well think it as empty of objects. It must therefore be regarded as the condition of the possibility of appearances, and not as a determination dependent upon them. It is an a priori representation, which necessarily underlies outer appearances." (Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, A24/B39, Kemp Smith translation)Choosing one or the other of the above translations, write 2 pages providing an analysis of the passage. See if you can find a way to put the argument in the form of numbered premises, and conclusion. Feel free to use your own wording. You may not need to use every part of the passage in reconst and you may need to supply a premise, or a conclusion, that is not explicitly stated. Note that there may be may be more than one defensible interpretation. After stating the argument, briefly explain it in your own words, and comment on its cogency. Which premises are true or plausible, which false or implausible? Is the inference, as you've described it, a valid one?It may be useful to consult the general philosophy resources in the related resources section, in particular Jim Pryor's helpful advice about how to read philosophy, and write a philosophy paper.Short Exercise Sample Answer ()
Related Resources
Advice from Jim Pryor regarding philosophy essays:Reading Advice
Writing Advice
Terms and Methods
Searchable version of Kemp Smith's translation of the Critique of Pure Reason.
Study Materials
This quiz is to test your knowledge of, and examine your intuitions about, three distinctions that are important to Kant's philosophy, and indeed to philosophy more widely (see Lecture 1). For each sentence, write T beside it if it is true, F if false. Then, for the true ones, circle one from each of the pairs beneath the sentence.
目前您尚未登入
感恩社會福利基金會
本站一切著作係採用 Creative Commons 授權條款授權。
協助推廣單位：