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篇五：岁月的回声阅读之星答案 岁月回声_其它课程_初中教育_教育专区暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|岁月回声_其它课程_初中教育_教育专区。“九一八”事变 （1931）一二八事变 （1932）“七七”事变 （1937）共同影响：中日民族矛盾不断加深！ 中华民族到了最危险的时候！思考：中华民族要避免亡国灭种的唯一出路 是什“九一八”事变 （1931）一二八事变 （1932）“七七”事变 （1937）共同影响：中日民族矛盾不断加深！ 中华民族到了最危险的时候！思考：中华民族要避免亡国灭种的唯一出路 是什么？抗日战争（War of Resistance Against Japan），国际上称作第二次中日战争 （Second Sino-Japanese War），是指20世纪中期第二次世界大战中，中国抵 抗日本侵略的一场民族性的全面战争。从1937年七七事变国民政府发表《告全 体将士书》至1945年日本宣布投降结束，历时八年，被称为八年抗战、或简称 抗战。1931年，侵华日军发动九一八事变后，完全侵占中国东北，并成立伪满洲国，此 后陆续在华北、上海等地挑起战争冲突，国民政府则采取妥协政策避免冲突扩大。 日，日军在北平附近挑起卢沟桥事变，中日战争全面爆发。 在战争初期，中国投入大量军队以遏制日军的进攻；随后交战双方即转入相持， 中国共产党领导的敌后力量逐渐发展壮大，日日本发动太平洋战争 后，美国的罗斯福政府正式对日宣战，中国战场成为二战（第二次世界大战的简 称）的主战场之一。 日，日本向同盟国无条件投降。抗日战争对中国造成了巨大的人员 和财产损失，但战争过程中民众的国家观念得到了增强，战争的胜利极大的提高 了中国在世界舞台上的地位。杨靖宇等共产党员 在东北组织游击队 ，坚持在东北开展抗击史实：中国共产党派出游击战争，一直坚持到抗战胜利。游击队主义，击而不游是拼命主义，游击战的精髓是敌进我退， 敌退我进，敌疲我打，敌逃我追。遵循合理选择作战地点，快速 部署兵力，合理分配兵力，合理选择作战时机，战斗结束迅速撤 退五项基本原则的作战方式，叫做游击战。游击战是非正规作战。 以袭击为主要手段，具有高度的流动性、灵活性、主动性、进攻 性和速决性，并能广泛动员群众投入战争。通常组织简单，装备 轻便，行动灵活，同当地群众有紧密地联系。是被压迫阶级和民 族争取解放和独立，作用。
南京大屠杀是日本侵华战争初期日本军国主义在中华 民国首都南京犯下的大规模屠杀、强奸以及纵火、抢 劫等战争罪行与反人类罪行。日军暴行的高潮从1937 年12月13日攻占南京开始持续了6周，直到1938年2月 南京的秩序才开始好转。据第二次世界大战结束后远 东国际军事法庭和南京军事法庭的有关判决和调查， 在大屠杀中有20万以上乃至30万以上中国平民和战俘 被日军杀害，南京城被日军大肆纵火和抢劫，致使南 京城被毁三分之一，财产损失不计其数。
1934年8月至1935年10月中国工农红军进行了史无前例的长征。红军超乎寻常的毅力，战 胜了几十万国民党反动军队的围追堵截，越过了人迹罕至的雪山、草地，经历十个省、约 二万五千里的征途。终于到达目的地-------陕西省北部。1965年，为纪念红军长征胜利 30周年，曾参加过长征的肖华回顾他在长征中的真实经历、历时半年，完成了12首形象鲜 明、感情真挚的史诗。随后，作曲家晨耕、生茂、唐轲、遇秋选择其中的10首谱成了组歌， 分别描绘了10个环环相扣的战斗生活场面，并巧妙地把各地区的民间曲调与红军传统歌曲 的曲调融合在一起，最终汇成了一部主题鲜明，内容丰富、形式新颖、风格独特的大型声 乐套曲------《长征组歌》。整个组歌共分为《告别》、《突破封锁线》、《遵义会议放光辉》、《四渡赤水出奇兵》、 《飞越大渡河》、《过雪山草地》、《到吴起镇》、《祝捷》、《报喜》和《大会师》10 个部分，以深刻凝炼的语言，优美动人的曲调，浓郁的民族风格和为群众喜闻乐见的艺术 表演形式，讴歌了中国工农红军在党中央毛主席的领导下，不屈不挠、无私无畏的革命精 神，歌颂了红军指战员艰苦卓绝、英勇奋战的英雄气概。颂扬了中国革命史中具有传奇色 彩的两万五千里长征。几十年过去了，《长征组歌》已经伴随了几代人的成长，其中的许 多唱段家喻户晓，传唱至今。在这熟悉的旋律中，闪动的是真正的激情和最美的革命浪漫 主义精神。
遵义会议放光芒： 四渡赤水出奇兵：
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The fashion industry knows ti has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.，The French measures, however, rely too much on severs punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.，The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?，23.【题干】Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?，2016考研真题答案直播解析 ※ 考研题库估分【手机题库下载】，D.reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.，At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.，France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.，Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.，In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people." The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance....
英语四六级题库【手机题库下载】 | 微信搜索"566四六级"　　相关推荐：　　2015年12月英语四六级真题及答案解析※ 关注微信，对答案 看解析　　2015年12月四六级成绩查询时间 ※ 查分免费提醒 ※ 四六级合格分数线　　四六级评分标准 ※ 最新算分器 ※ 英语四六级题库估分【手机题库下载】【协议】大学英语四级零基础直播VIP密训班【16年06月考季】大学英语四级425通关全程班【16年06月考季】【协议】四级水平直达六级500分VIP全程班【16年06月考季】大学英语六级425通关全程班【16年06月考季】，2015年12月四六级真题及答案※ 关注微信 对答案 ※ 四六级题库估分　　>>>>>考试吧：2015年12月英语六级《长篇阅读》真题汇总　　Section B　　Climate change may be real, but it's still not easy being green.　　[A]The road to climate hell is paved with our good intentions. Politicians may tackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions. But the most pervasive problem is less obvious: our own behavior. We get distracted before we can turn down the heating. We break our promise not to fly after hearing about a neighbour's trip to India. Ultimately, we can't be bothered to change our attitude. Fortunately for the planet, social science and behavioural economics may be able to do that for us.　　[B]Despite mournful polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally. Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington, DC, found that 75-80 per cent of participants regarded climate change as an important issue. But respondents ranked it last on a list of priorities.　　[C]This inconsistency largely stems from a feeling of powerlessness. "When we can't actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms," says Tom Crompton, change strategist for the environmental organization Word Wide Fund for Nature.　　[D]Part of the fault lies with our inner caveman. Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact. "We worry most about now because if we don't survive for the next minute, we're not going to be around in ten years' time," says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thames for Research on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York. If the Thams were lapping around Big Ben, Londoners wound face up to the problem of emissions pretty quickly. But in practice, our brain discounts the risks-and benefits-associated with issues that lie some way ahead.　　[E]Matthew Rushworth, of the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Oxford, sees this in his lab every day. "One of the ways in which all agents seem to make decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes that are going to be further away in the future," he says. "This is a very sensible way for an animal to make decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful for humans for thousands of years."　　[F] Not any longer. By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate changes, it could well be too late. And it we're not going to make rational decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so.　　[G] Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health. Wealth and Happiness, by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions-such as saving more in our pension plans-by changing the default options. Professor Weber believes that environmental policy can make use of similar tactics. If, for example, building codes included green construction guidelines, most developers would too lazy to challenge them.　　[H] Defaults are certainly part of the solution. But social scientists are most concerned about crafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心态). "We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change." says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich. "It is actually about what their peers think of them, what their social norms are, what is seen as desirable in society." In other words, our inner caveman is continually looking over his shoulder to see what the rest of the tribe are up to.　　[I] The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by continuing us in-and measuring us against-our peer group. "Social norms are primitive and elemental," says Dr.Robert Cialdini, author of Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. "Birds flock together, fish school together, cattle herd together…… just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust their behavior in the direction of the crowd."　　[J] These norms can take us beyond good intensions. Caldini conducted a study in San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about saving energy were hung on people's doors. Some of the messages mentioned the environment, some financial savings, others social responsibility. But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbours that drove down power use.　　[K] Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people to compare their energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify their behaviour. The Conservatives plan to adopt this strategy by making utility companies print the average local electricity and gas usage on people's bills.　　[L] Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid our collective capacity for self-destructive behavior. Environmental campaigns that tell us how many people drive SUVs unwittingly(不经意地)imply that this behavior is widespread and thus permissible. Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message. "Instead of normalizing the undesirable buys yet another SUV, it reduces our ability to be energy-independent."　　[M] Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial. The most successful environmental strategy will marry the green message to our own sense of identify. Take your average trade union member, chances are they will be politically motivated and be used to collective action-much like Erica Gregory. A retired member of the Public and Commercial Services Union, she is setting up one of 1,100 action groups with the support of Climate Solidarity, a two-year environmental campaign aimed at trade unionists.　　[N] Erica is proof that a great-grandmother can help to lead the revolution if you get the psychology right-in this case, by matching her enthusiasm for the environment with a fondness for organizing groups. "I think it's a terrific idea," she says of the campaign. "The union backing it makes members think there must be something in it." She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called, at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.　　[O] Nick Perks, project director for Climate Solidarity, believes this sort of activity is where the future of environmental action lies. "Using existing civil society structures or networks is a more effective way of creating change…… and obviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK," he says. The "Love Food, Hate Waste" campaign entered into a collaboration last year with another such network-the Women's Institute. Londoner Rachel Taylor joined the campaign with the aim of making new friends. A year on, the meetings have made lasting changes to what she throws away in her kitchen. "It's always more of an incentive if you're doing it with other people," she says. "It motivates you more if you know that you've got to provide feedback to a group."　　[P]The power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment. In the US, the House of Representatives Science Committee has approved a bill allocating $10 million a year to studying energy-related behavior. In the UK, new studies are in development and social scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices. With the help of psychologists, there is fresh hope that we might go green after all.　　47.【题干】When people find they are powerless to change a situation, they tend to live with it.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】C　　【解析】"When we can't actually remove the source of our fear, we tend to adapt psychologically by adopting a range of defence mechanisms,"　　48.【题干】To be effective, environmental messages should be carefully framed.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】L　　【解析】Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message.　　49.【题干】It is the government's responsibility to persuade people into making environment-friendly decisions.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】G　　【解析】They argue that governments should persuade us into making better decisions.　　50.【题干】Politicians are beginning to realise the importance of enlisting psychologists' help in fighting climate change.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】P　　【解析】P段第一句“The power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attracting attention across the political establishment.”　　51.【题干】To find effective solutions to climate change, it is necessary to understand what motivates people to make change.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】H　　【解析】"We need to understand what motivates people, what it is that allows them to make change." says Professor Neil Adger, of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research in Norwich　　52.【题干】In their evolution, humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issues instead of long-term concerns.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】D　　【解析】D第二句Evolution has programmed humans to pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact.　　53.【题干】One study shows that our neighbours' actions are influential in changing our behavior.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】J　　【解析】J段最后一句But it was the ones that mentioned the actions of neighbors that drove down power use.　　54.【题干】Despire clear signs of global warming, it is not easy for most people to believe climate change will effect their own lives.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】B　　【解析】B段第一句Despite mournful polar bears and charts showing carbon emissions soaring, most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally.　　55.【题干】We should take our future into consideration in making decisions concerning climate change before it is too late.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】F　　【解析】By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate changes, it could well be too late. And it we're not going to make rational decisions about the future, others may have to help us to do so.　　56.【题干】Existing social networks can be more effective in creating in people's behaviour.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】O　　【解析】O段第二句“Using existing civil society structures or networks is a more effective way of creating change……”对应题干，关注"566四六级"微信，第一时间对答案，点击观看>> ]，点击查看文字解析>>>
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英语四六级题库【手机题库下载】 | 微信搜索"566四六级"　　相关推荐：　　2015年6月英语四六级真题及答案解析※ 关注微信 对答案　　2015年6月四六级成绩查询时间 ※ 查分免费提醒 ※ 合格分数线　　四六级评分标准 ※ 最新算分器 ※ 四六级题库估分【手机题库下载】【协议】大学英语四级零基础直播VIP密训班【16年06月考季】大学英语四级425通关全程班【16年06月考季】【协议】四级水平直达六级500分VIP全程班【16年06月考季】大学英语六级425通关全程班【16年06月考季】，2015年6月四六级真题及答案※ 关注微信 对答案 ※ 四六级题库估分考试采取"多题多卷"模式，点击观看>>]关注"566四六级"微信，请依据试题进行核对　　SectionB None　　Essay-Grading Software Offers Professors a Break　　[A] Imagine taking a college exam, and, instead of handing in a blue book and getting a grade from a professor a few weeks later, clicking the "send" button when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a software program. And then, instead of being done with that exam, imagine that the system would immediately let your rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.　　[B] EdX, the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to offer courses on the Internet, has just introduced such a system and will make its automated(自动的)software available free on the Web to any institution that wants to use it. The software uses artificial intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors for other tasks.　　[C] The new service will bring the education consortium into a growing conflict over the role of automation in education. Although automated grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the use of artificial intelligence technology to grade easy answers has not yet received widespread acceptance by educators and has many critics.　　[D] Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of EdX, predicted that the instant-grading software would be a useful teaching tool, enabling students to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their answers. He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for grades. "There is a huge value in learning with instant feedback," Dr. Agarwal said, "Students are telling us they learn much better with instant feedback."　　[E] But skeptics say the automated system is no match for live teachers. One longtime critics, Les Perelman, has drawn national attention several times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders.　　[F] He is among a group of educators who last month began circulation a petition opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes Assessment, has collected nearly 2000 signatures, including some from famous people like Noam Chomsky.　　[G] "Let's face the realities of automatic essay scoring," the group's statement reads in part, "Computers cannot ‘read.' They cannot measure the essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of evidence, good sense, ethical(伦理的)position, convincing argument, meaningful organization, and clarity, among others."　　[H] But EdX expects its software to be adopted widely by schools and universities. It offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of California-B this fall, it will add classes from Welleslley, Georgetown and the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers certificates for course completion and said that it plans to continue to expand next year, including adding international schools.　　[I] The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or grades, to first grade 100 essays or essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical(数字的)rank.　　[J] EdX is not the first to use the automated assessment technonogy, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now use the automated assessment technology, which dates to early computers in the 1960s. There is now a range of companies offering commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states-Louisiana, North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia-are using some form of the technology in secondary schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some eases the software is used as a "second reader," to check the reliability of the human graders.　　[K] But the growing influence of the EdX consortium to set standards is likely to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the automated assessment technology.　　[L] Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create "massive open online courses," or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. "It allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so that learning turns into a game, with students naturally gravitating(吸引)toward resubmitting the work until they get it right," said Daphne Koller, a computer scientist and a founder of Coursera.　　[M] Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by one of the Hewlett-Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $100000 prizes aimed at improving software that grades essays and short answers. More than 150 teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contests. Vik Paruchuri, was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.　　[N] "One of our focuses is to help kids learn how to think critically," said Victor Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. "It's probably impossible to do that with multiple-choice tests. The challenge is that this requires human graders, and so they cost a lot more and they take a lot more time."　　[O] Mark D. Shermis, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio, supervised the Hewlett Foundation's contest on automated essay scoring and wrote a paper about about the experiment. In his view, the technology-though imperfect-has a place in educational settings.　　[P] With increasingly large classes, it is impossible for most teachers to give students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said. Plus, he noted, critics of the technology have tended to come from the nation's best universities, where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.　　[Q] "Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a much better job of providing feedback than a machine ever could," Dr. Shermis said. "There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the real world."　　47.Some professionals in education are collecting signatures to voice their opposition　　to automated essay grading.　　【答案】F　　48.Using software to grade students' essays saves teachers time for other work.　　【答案】B　　49.The Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.　　【答案】M　　50.Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.　　【答案】C　　51.Some people don't believe the software grading system can do as good a job as human graders.　　【答案】E　　52.Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities in less famous universities.　　【答案】Q　　53.Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot be measured by computer rating programs.　　【答案】G　　54.As class size grows, most teachers are unable to give students valuable comments as to how to improve their writing.　　【答案】P　　55.The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check the work of human graders.　　【答案】J　　56.Students find instant feedback helps improve their learning considerably.　　【答案】D　　点击查看文字解析>>>
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英语四六级题库【手机题库下载】 | 微信搜索"566四六级"　　相关推荐：　　2015年12月英语四六级真题及答案解析※ 关注微信，2015年12月四六级真题及答案※ 关注微信 对答案 ※ 四六级题库估分　　>>>>>考试吧：2015年12月英语四级《长篇阅读》真题汇总　　Section B　　How to Eat Well　　A)Why do so many Americans eat tons of processed food, the stuff that is correctly called junk(垃圾)and should really carry warning labels?　　B)It's not because fresh ingredients are hard to come by. Supermarkets offer more variety than ever, and there are over four times as many farmer's markets in the U.S. as there were 20 years ago. Nor it is for lack of available information. There are plenty of recipes(食谱), how-to videos and cooking classes available to anyone who has a computer, smartphone or television. If anything, the information is overwhelming.　　C)And yet we aren't cooking. If you get three meals a day and behave like most Americans, you probably get at least a third of your daily calories(卡路里)outside the home. Nearly two-thirds of us grab fast food once a week, and we get almost 25% of our daily calories from snacks. So we're eating out or taking in, and we don’t sit down-or we do, but we hurry.　　D)Shouldn't preparing-and consuming-food be a source of comfort, pride or three-day science projects. I'm talking about simple, easy, everyday meals. My mission is to encourage green hands and those lacking time or money to feed themselves. That means we need modest, realistic expectations, and we need to teach people to cook food that's good enough to share with family and friends.　　E)When I talk about cooking, I'm not talking about creating elaborate dinner parties or three-day science projects. I'm talking about simple, easy, everyday meals. My mission is to encourage green hands and those lacking time or money to feed themselves. That means we need modest, realistic expectations, and we need to teach people to cook food that's good enough to share with family and friends.　　F)Perhaps a return to real cooking needn't be far off. A recent Harris poll revealed that 79% of Americans say they enjoy cooking and 30% "love it"; 14% admit to not enjoying kitchen work and just 7% won't go near the stove at all. But this doesn't necessarily translate to real cooking, and the result of this survey shouldn't surprise anyone: 52% of those 65 or older cook at home five or only a third if young people do.　　G)Back in the 1950s most of us grew up in households where Mom cooked virtually every night. The intention to put a home-cooked meal on the table was pretty much universal. Most people couldn't afford to do otherwise.　　H)Although frozen dinners were invented in the 40s, their popularity didn't boom until televisions became popular a decade or so later. Since then, packaged, pre-prepared meals have been what's for dinner. The microwave and fast-food chains were the biggest catalysts(催化剂), but the big food companies—which want to sell anything except the raw ingredients that go into cooking—made the home cook an endangered species.　　I)Still, I find it strange that only a third of young people report preparing meals at home regularly. Isn't this the same crowd that rails against processed junk and champions craft cooking? And isn't this the generation who say they're concerned about their health and the well-being of the planet? If these are truly the values of many young people, then their behavior doesn't match their beliefs.　　J)There have been half-hearted but well-publicized efforts by some food companies to reduce calories in their processed foods, but the Standard American Diet is still the polar opposite of the healthy, mostly plant-based diet that just about every expert says we should be eating. Considering that the government's standards are not nearly ambitious enough, the picture is clear: by not cooking at home, we're not eating the right things, and the consequences are hard to overstate.　　K)To help quantify(量化)the costs of a poor diet, I recently tried to estimate this impact in terms of a most famous food, the burger(汉堡包). I concluded that the profit from burgers is more than offset(抵消)by the damage they cause in health problems and environmental harm.　　L)Cooking real food is the best defense—not to mention that any meal you're likely to eat at home contains about 200 fewer calories than one you would eat in a restaurant.　　M)To those Americans for whom money is a concern, my advice is simple: But what you can afford, and cook it yourself. The common prescription is to primarily shop the grocery store, since that's where fresh produce, meat and seafood, and dairy are. And to save money and still eat well you don't need local, all you need is real food. I'm not saying local food isn' it is. But there is plenty of decent foot in the grocery stores.　　N)The other sections you should get to know are the frozen foods and canned goods. Frozen prod canned tomatoes are still tomatoes. Just make sure you're getting real food without tons of added salt or sugar. Ask yourself, would Grandma consider this food? Does it look like something that might occur in nature? It's pret you want to buy food, not unidentifiable foodlike objects.　　O)You don't have to hit the grocery store daily, nor do you need an abundance of still. Since fewer than half of Americans say they cook at an intermediate level and only 20% describe their cooking skills as advanced, the crisis is one of confidence. And the only remedy for that is practice. There's nothing mysterious about cooking the evening meal. You just have to do a little thinking ahead and redefine what qualifies as dinner. Like any skill, cooking gets easier as you do it more, every time you cook, you advance your level of skills. Someday you won't even need recipes. My advice is that you not pay attention to the number of steps and ingredients, because they can be deceiving.　　P)Time, I realize, is the biggest obstacle to cooking for most people. You must adjust your priorities to find time to cook. For instance, you can move a TV to the kitchen and watch your favorite shows while you're standing at the sink.　　47.【题干】Cooking benefits people in many ways and enables them to connect with one another.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】D　　【解析】Shouldn't preparing-and consuming-food be a source of comfort, pride or three-day science projects. I'm talking about simple, easy, everyday meals.　　48.【题干】Abundant information about cooking is available either online or on TV.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】B　　【解析】There are plenty of recipes(食谱), how-to videos and cooking classes available to anyone who has a computer, smartphone or television. If anything, the information is overwhelming.　　49.【题干】Young people do less cooking at home than the elderly these days.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】F　　【解析】52% of those 65 or older cook at home five or only a third if young people do.　　50.【题干】Cooking skills can be improved with practice.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】O　　【解析】Like any skill, cooking gets easier as you do it more, every time you cook, you advance your level of skills.　　51.【题干】In the mid-20th century, most families ate dinner at home instead of eating out.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】G　　【解析】Back in the 1950s most of us grew up in households where Mom cooked virtually every night.　　52.【题干】Even those short of time or money should be encouraged to cook for themselves and their family.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】E　　【解析】My mission is to encourage green hands and those lacking time or money to feed themselves.　　53.【题干】Eating food not cooked by ourselves can cause serious consequences.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】J　　【解析】by not cooking at home, we're not eating the right things, and the consequences are hard to overstate.　　54.【题干】To eat well and still save money, people should buy fresh food and cook it themselves.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】M　　【解析】To those Americans for whom money is a concern, my advice is simple: Buy what you can afford, and cook it yourself.　　55.【题干】We get a fairly large portion of calories from fast food and snacks.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】C　　【解析】. Nearly two-thirds of us grab fast food once a week, and we get almost 25% of our daily calories from snacks.　　56.【题干】The popularity of TV led to the popularity of frozen food.　　【选项】　　A.A　　B.B　　C.C　　D.D　　E.E　　F.F　　G.G　　H.H　　I.I　　J.J　　K.K　　L.L　　M.M　　N.N　　O.O　　P.P　　【答案】H　　【解析】Although frozen dinners were invented in the 40s, their popularity didn't boom until televisions became popular a decade or so later.　　点击查看文字解析>>>
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For that, we have a robust informal system that gives no grades, takes all comers, and is available even on holidays and weekends.　　Passage Two　　"There's an old saying in the space world: amateurs talk about technology, professionals talk about insurance." In an interview last year with The Economist, George Whitesides, chief executive of space-tourism firm Virgin Galactic, was placing his company in the latter category. But insurance will be cold comfort following the failure on October 31st of VSS Enterprise, resulting in the death of one pilot and the severe injury to another.　　On top of the tragic loss of life, the accident in California will cast a long shadow over the future of space tourism, even before it has properly begun.　　The notion of space tourism took hold in 2001 with a $20 million flight aboard a Russian spacecraft by Dennis Tito, a millionaire engineer with an adventurous streak. Just half a dozen holiday-makers have reached orbit since then, for similarly astronomical price tags. But more recently, companies have begun to plan more affordable "suborbital" flights-briefer ventures just to the edge of space's vast darkness. Virgin Galactic had, prior to this week's accident, seemed closest to starting regular flights. The company has already taken deposits from around 800 would be space tourists, including Stephen Hawking.　　After being dogged by technical delays for years, Sir Richard Branson, Virgin Galactic's founder, had recently suggested that a SpaceShipTwo craft would carry its first paying customers as soon as February 2015. That now seems an impossible timeline. In July, a sister craft of the crashed spaceplane was reported to be about half-finished. The other half will have to wait, as authorities of America's Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Transportation Safety Board work out what went wrong.　　In the meantime, the entire space tourism industry will be on tenterhooks(坐立不安). The 2004 Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act, intended to encourage private space vehicles and services, prohibits the transportation secretary (and thereby the FAA) from regulating the design or operation of private spacecraft, unless they have resulted in a serious or fatal injury to crew or passengers. That means that the FAA could suspend Virgin Galactic's licence to fly. It could also insist on checking private manned spacecraft as thoroughly as it does commercial aircraft. While that may make subotbital travel safer, it would add significant cost and complexity to an emerging industry that has until now operated largely as the playground of billionaires and dreamy engineers.　　How Virgin Galactic, regulators and the public respond to this most recent tragedy will determine whether and how soon private space travel can transcend that playground. There is no doubt that spaceflight entails risks, and to pioneer a new mode of travel is to free those risks, and to reduce them with the benefit of hard-won experience.　　62.【题干】What is said about the failure of VSS Enterprise?　　【选项】　　A.It may lead to the bankruptcy of Virgin Galactic.　　B.It has a strong negative impact on space tourism.　　C.It may discourage rich people from space travel.　　D.It has aroused public attention to safety issues.　　【答案】B　　【解析】第一段最后一句the accident in California will cast a long shadow over the future of space tourism, even before it has properly begun.可以看出VSS的失败是对太空旅行产生了消极的影响，63.【题干】What do we learn about the space-tourism firm Virgin Galactic?　　【选项】　　A.It has just built a craft for commercial flights.　　B.It has sent half a dozen passengers into space.　　C.It was about ready to start regular business.　　D.It is the first to launch "suborbital” flights.　　【答案】C　　【解析】第二段倒数第二句话Virgin Galactic had, prior to this week's accident, seemed closest to starting regular flights.可以看出C符合题意，66.【题干】What does the author think of private space travel?　　【选项】　　A.It is worth promoting despite the risks involved.　　B.It should not be confined to the rich only.　　C.It should be strictly regulated.　　D.It is too risky to carry on.　　【答案】A　　【解析】通过最后一句There is no doubt that spaceflight entails risks, and to pioneer a new mode of travel is to free those risks, and to reduce them with the benefit of hard-won experience.可以看出作者对私人太空之旅是持积极态度的，2015年12月四六级真题及答案※ 关注微信 对答案 ※ 四六级题库估分　　>>>>>考试吧：2015年12月英语六级《仔细阅读》真题汇总　　Section C　　Passage One　　More than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransfgord and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that knowledge to a new situation but a quality was not the ability to retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new situation but a quality they called "preparation for future learning." The researches asked fifth graders and college students to create a recovery plan to protect bald eagles from extinction. Shockingly, the two groups came up with plans of similar quality (through the college students had better spelling skills). From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling had failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.　　The researches decided to go deeper, however. They asked both groups to generate questions about important issues needed to create recovery plans. On this task, they found large differences. College students focused on critical issues of interdependence between eagles("How big are they?" and "What do they eat?"). The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the cornerstone of critical thinking. They had learned how to learn.　　Museums and other institutions of informal learning may be better suited to teach this skill than elementary and secondly schools. At the Exploratorium in San Francisco, we recently studied how learning to ask good questions can affect the quality of people's scientific inquiry We found that when we taught participants to ask "What if?" and "How can?" questions that nobody present would know the answer to and that would spark exploration, they engaged in better inquiry at the next exhibit-asking more questions, performing more experiments and making better interpretations of their results. Specially, their questions became more comprehensive at the new exhibit. Rather than merely asking about something they wanted to try, they tended to include both cause and effect in their question. Asking juicy questions appears to be a transferable skill for deepening collaborative inquiry into the science content found in exhibits.　　This type of learning is not confined to museums of institutional settings. Informal learning environment tolerate failure better than schools. Perhaps many teachers have too little time to allow students to form and pursue their own questions and too much ground to cover in the curriculum. But people must acquire this skill somewhere. Our society depend on them being able to make critical decisions about their own medical treatment, says, or what we must do about global energy needs and demands. For that, we have a robust informal system that gives no grades, takes all comers, and is available even on holidays and weekends.　　57.【题干】What is traditional educators' interpretation of the search outcome mentioned in the first paragraph?　　【选项】　　A.Students are not able to apply prior knowledge to new problems　　B.College students are no better than fifth graders in memorizing issues.　　C.Education has not paid enough attention to major environmental issues.　　D.Educated has failed to lead students to think about major scientific ideas.　　【答案】D　　【解析】第一段最后一句话From the standpoint of a traditional educator, this outcome indicated that schooling had failed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction, major scientific ideas.可以看出，64.【题干】What is the purpose of the 2004 Commercial Space Launch Amendments Ace?(商业空间的发射修正案)　　【选项】　　A.To ensure space travel safety.　　B.To limit the FAA's functions.　　C.To legalize private space exploration.　　D.Tp promote the space tourism industry.　　【答案】D　　【解析】文中第四段第二句提到这个法案是“intended to encourage private space vehicles and services”，59.【题干】What is benefit of asking questions with no ready answers?　　【选项】　　A.It arouse students' interest in things around them.　　B.It cultivates students' ability to make scientific inquiries.　　C.It trains students' ability to design scientific experiments.　　D.It helps students realize not every question has an answer　　【答案】B　　【解析】第三段的第三句提到了questions with no ready answers，58.【题干】In what way are college students different from children?　　【选项】　　A.They have learned to think critically　　B.They are concerned about social issues　　C.They are curious about specific features.　　D.They have learned to work independently　　【答案】A　　【解析】第二段倒数第二句The college students had cultivated the ability to ask questions, the cornerstone of critical thinking.可以得知A正确，60.【题干】What is said to be the advantage of informal learning?　　【选项】　　A.It allows for failures　　B.It is entertaining　　C.It charges no tuition　　D.It meets practical need.　　【答案】A　　【解析】由倒数第一段的第二句话“Informal learning environments tolerate failure better than schools”非正式学习是宽容对待失败的，65.【题干】What might the FAA do after the recent accident in California?　　【选项】　　A.Impose more rigid safety standards.　　B.Stop certifying new space-tourist agencies.　　C.Amend its 2004 Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act.　　D.Suspend Virgin Galactic's licence to take passengers into space.　　【答案】D　　【解析】根据关键词FAA定位到第四段，可以得出A选项It allows for failures.　　61.【题干】What does author seem to encourage educators to do at the end of the passage?　　【选项】　　A.Train students to think about global issues.　　B.Design more interactive classroom activities.　　C.Make full use of informal learning resources.　　D.Include collaborative inquiry in the curriculum.　　【答案】C　　【解析】最后一段作者强调非正式学习的好处...
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2.第②段中，作者为什么要强调“据考证”？（2分）
3.根据第③段内容，回答问题。（4分）
（1）写西汉东方朔给汉武帝写信用了什么方法？说明了什么？（2分）
（2）引用“一男附书至”有什么表达效果？（2分）
4.下列说法不恰当的一项是（
A.标题《从“尺素书”到“伊妹儿”》中用“伊妹儿”代称电子邮件，显得很生动。
B.第①段引用鲤鱼传家书的古诗，既可
13.根据文章内容，填写下表。(3分)
通信方式的演变 不同时期 出现的通信方式
文字发明以前 实物信
书写材料改进后 (1) 尺牍书
纸发明后 (2) 纸质信
(3)信息时代 电子邮件
手机短信等
14.第②段中，作者为什么要强调“据考证”?(2分)
因为“据考证”准确说明“实物信”在人类文字发明之前作为传达信息的工具是确凿的。(意对即可)
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