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Academia & 2016From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
BT Group plc ( BT) is a
which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British
telecommunications services company with head offices in London, . It has operations in around 170 countries.
BT's origins date back to the founding of the
in 1846 which developed a nationwide communications network. In 1912, the , a government department, became the monopoly telecoms supplier in the United Kingdom. The Post Office Act of 1969 led to the GPO becoming a public corporation. British Telecommunications, trading as British Telecom, was formed in 1980, and became independent of the Post Office in 1981. British Telecommunications was privatised in 1984, becoming British Telecommunications plc, with some 50 percent of its shares sold to investors. The Government sold its remaining stake in further share sales in 1991 and 1993. BT has a primary listing on the , a secondary listing on the , and is a constituent of the .
BT controls a number of large subsidiaries.
division supplies telecoms services to corporate and government customers worldwide, and its
division supplies , , and
services in Great Britain to around 18 million customers. BT announced in February 2015 that it had agreed to acquire EE for ?12.5 billion, and received final regulatory approval from the
on 15 January 2016. The transaction was completed on 29 January 2016.
Most of BT's profits are generated by its
subsidiary, which controls the UK's '' copper infrastructure. Since 2005, BT have been accused of abusing their control of Openreach, particularly by underinvesting in the UK's broadband infrastructure, charging high prices and providing poor customer service.
BT's origins date back to the establishment of the first telecommunications companies in Britain. Among them was the first commercial , the , established in 1846. As these companies amalgamated and were taken over or collapsed, the remaining companies were transferred to
in 1912. These companies were merged and
as British Telecom.
The , originally the Post Office Tower, constructed between 1961 and 1964
In January 1878
demonstrated his recently developed telephone to
on the . A few days later the first telephone in Britain was installed, under licence from the General Post Office, by engineers from David Moseley and Sons, to connect the Dantzic Street premises of
hardware merchant, Mr. John Hudson, with his other premises in nearby Shudehill. As the number of installed telephones across the country grew it became sensible to consider constructing telephone exchanges to allow all the telephones in each city to be connected together. The first exchange was opened in London in August 1879, closely followed by the Lancashire Telephonic Exchange in Manchester. From 1878, the telephone service in Britain was provided by private sector companies such as the , and later by the General Post Office. In 1896, the National Telephone Company was taken over by the General Post Office. In 1912 it became the primary supplier of telecommunications services, after the Post Office took over the private sector telephone service in GB, except for a few local authority services. Those services all folded within a few years, the sole exception being , where the telephone department became present day .
Converting the Post Office into a nationalised industry, as opposed to a governmental department, was first discussed in 1932 by Lord Wolmer. In 1932 the Bridgeman Committee produced a report that was rejected. In 1961, more proposals were ignored. The Post Office remained a department of central government, with the
sitting in
In March 1965, , the acting , wrote to , the Prime Minister, proposing that studies be undertaken aimed at converting the Post Office into a . A committee was set up to look into the advantages and disadvantages of the proposal, and its findings were found to be favourable enough for the Government to re-establish a Steering Group on the Organisation of the Post Office. After some initial deliberations that the business should be divided , Telecommunications, ,
and National Data Processing Services, it was decided that there should be two: Post and Telecommunications. These events finally resulted in the introduction of the Post Office Act, 1969.
On 1 October 1969, under the Post Office Act of 1969, the Post Office ceased to be a government department and it became established as a . The Act gave the Post Office the exclusive privilege of operating telecommunications systems with listed powers to authorise others to run such systems. Effectively, the General Post Office retained its telecommunications monopoly.
The British Telecom "T" symbol logo, used from 1980 to 1991
In 1977, the Carter Committee Report recommended a further division of the two main services and for their relocation under two individual corporations. The findings contained in the report led to the renaming of
as British Telecommunications (trading as British Telecom) in 1980, although it remained part of the Post Office.
transferred the responsibility for telecommunications services from the Post Office, creating two separate corporations,
and British Telecommunications. At this time the first steps were taken to introduce competition into British telecommunications industry. In particular, the Act empowered the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, as well as British Telecommunications, to license other operators to run public telecommunications systems. Additionally, a framework was established which enabled the Secretary of State to set standards with the
(BSI) for apparatus supplied to the public by third parties, and had the effect of requiring British Telecommunications to connect approved apparatus to its systems. The Secretary of State made use of these new powers and began the process of opening up the apparatus supply market, where a phased programme of liberalisation was started in 1981. In 1982, a licence was granted to Cable & Wireless to run a public telecommunications network through its subsidiary, .
On 19 July 1982, the Government formally announced its intention to privatise British Telecommunications with the sale of up to 51% of the company's shares to private investors. This intention was confirmed by the passing of the , which received Royal Assent on 12 April that year. The transfer to British Telecommunications plc of the business of British Telecommunications, the statutory corporation, took place on 6 August 1984 and, on 20 November 1984, more than 50 per cent of British Telecommunications shares were sold to the public. At the time, this was the largest share issue in the world.
The new legislation was intended to enable British Telecommunications to become more responsive to competition in GB and to expand its operations globally. Commercial freedom granted to British Telecommunications allowed it to enter into new joint ventures and, if it so decided, to engage in the manufacture of its own apparatus. The company's transfer into the private sector continued in December 1991 when the Government sold around half its remaining holding of 47.6% of shares, reducing its stake to 21.8%. Substantially all the government's remaining shares were sold in a third flotation in July 1993, raising ?5 billion for the Treasury and introducing 750,000 new shareholders to the company.
The 1984 Act also abolished British Telecommunications's exclusive privilege of running telecommunications systems and established a framework to safeguard the workings of competition. This meant that British Telecommunications finally lost its monopoly in running telecommunications systems, which it had technically retained under the 1981 Act despite the Secretary of State's licensing powers. It now required a licence in the same way as any other telecommunications operator. The principal licence granted to British Telecommunications laid down strict and extensive conditions affecting the range of its activities, including those of manufacture and supply of apparatus.
was launched as a subsidiary of Telecom Securicor Cellular Radio Limited, a 60:40 venture between British Telecommunications and
respectively. Securicor originally invested ?4 million in Cellnet in 1983. In 1999, BT purchased Securicor's shares in Cellnet for ?3.15 billion. The company was later rebranded as BT Cellnet, and became a part of BT Wireless, a group of subsidiary companies owned by BT.
The next major development for British Telecommunications, and a move towards a more open market in telecommunications, occurred in 1991. On 5 March, the Government's , "Competition and Choice: Telecommunications Policy" for the 1990s, was issued. In effect, it ended the duopoly which had been shared by British Telecommunications and
in the UK since November 1983 and the build-up to privatisation. The new policy enabled customers to acquire telecommunications services from competing providers using a variety of technologies. Independent "retail" companies were permitted to bulk-buy telecommunications capacity and sell it in packages to business and domestic users. The White Paper was endorsed by British Telecommunications, the new policy enabling the company to compete freely and more effectively by offering flexible pricing packages to meet the needs of different types of customer.
The BT brand and piper logo were introduced in 1991. The logo remained until 2003.
On 2 April 1991, the company started using a new trading name, BT, and branding.
In June 1994, BT and , the second largest carrier of long distance telecommunications services in the United States, launched , a $1 billion joint venture company. This alliance gave BT and MCI a global network for providing end-to-end connectivity for advanced business services. Concert was the first company to provide a single-source broad portfolio of global communications services for multinational customers. On 3 November 1996, BT and MCI announced they had entered into a merger agreement to create a global telecommunications company called Concert plc, to be incorporated in GB, with headquarters in both
As part of the alliance BT acquired a 20% holding in MCI. Nevertheless, following U.S. carrier 's rival bid for MCI on 1 October 1997, BT ultimately decided in November, to sell its stake in MCI to WorldCom for $7 billion. The deal with WorldCom resulted in a profit of more than $2 billion on BT's original investment in MCI, with an additional $465 million severance fee for the break-up of the proposed merger.
In December 2000, following modifications to BT’s licence in April 2000, BT offered
(LLU) to other telecommunications operators, enabling them to use BT’s copper local loops (the connection between the customer’s premises and the exchange) to connect directly with their customers.
BT offices in ,
Following the , the group undertook a board restructuring and asset sale to address its large debts. In May 2001, BT announced a three-for-ten rights issue to raise ?5.9 billion—still GB's largest ever rights issue—and the sale of , the international directories and associated e-commerce business, for ?2.14 billion. Both activities were completed in June 2001. The group also sold its property portfolio to , a property company.
BT renamed its BT Wireless division as
in September 2001, and confirmed it planned to demerge the unit in November that year. Shareholders approved the demerger at a
held in Birmingham in October 2001, with 4.297 billion British Telecommunications shares voted in favour, and 0.67 million voted against. BT Wireless demerged in 2001, and was relaunched on 18 June 2002 as O2. O2 was acquired by
In April 2003, BT unveiled its current corporate identity, known as the "Connected World", and brand values. Reflecting the aspirations of a technologically innovative future, the connected world is designed to embody BT’s five corporate values: trustworthy, helpful, inspiring, straightforward, heart. The globe device part of the logo was originally designed by the
brand consultancy for BT's
joint venture with , and was subsequently used by BT's internet division, Openworld, prior to being adopted by the company as a whole.
The Communications Act, 2003, which came into force on 25 July 2003, introduced a new industry regulator, the Office of Communications (), to replace the Office of Telecommunications (). It also introduced a new regulatory framework. The licensing regime was replaced by a general authorisation for companies to provide telecommunications services subject to general conditions of entitlement and, in some instances, specific conditions. Under a specific condition BT retained its universal service obligation (USO) for GB, excluding the Hull area. The USO included connecting consumers to the fixed telephone network, schemes for consumers with special social needs, and the provision of call box services.
In the summer of 2004, BT launched Consult 21, an industry consultation for BT’s 21st century network (21CN) programme.
is a next-generation network transformation, that, at one time, was due for completion by the end of 2010. Using internet protocol technology, 21CN will replace the existing networks and communications from any device such as mobile phone, PC, PDA, or home phone, to any other device.
In 2004, BT was awarded the contract to deliver and manage N3, a secure and fast broadband network for the
(NPfIT) program, on behalf of the
In 2005 BT made a number of important acquisitions. In February 2005, BT acquired Infonet (now re-branded BT Infonet), a large telecoms company based in , giving BT access to new geographies. It also acquired the second largest telecoms operator in the Italian business market, Albacom. Then in April 2005, it bought Radianz from Reuters (now rebranded as BT Radianz), which expanded BT's coverage and provided BT with more buying power in certain countries.
In August 2006, BT acquired online electrical retailer
for ?30.6 million. The
manufactured by
was also launched in June 2006.
In October 2006, BT confirmed that it would be investing 75% of its total capital spending, put at ?10 billion over five years, in its new
(IP) based
(21CN). Annual savings of ?1 billion per annum were expected when the transition to the new network was to have been completed in 2010, with over 50% of its customers to have been transferred by 2008. (For actual progress see ). That month the first customers on to 21CN was successfully tested at
in Suffolk.
In January 2007, BT acquired Sheffield-based ISP,
plc, adding 200,000 customers. BT stated that PlusNet will continue to operate separately out of its Sheffield head-office. On 1 February 2007, BT announced agreed terms to acquire International Network Services Inc. (INS), an international provider of IT consultancy and software. This increases BT presence in North America enhancing BT's consulting capabilities.
On 20 February 2007, Sir Michael Rake, then chairman of accountancy firm
International, succeeded Sir Christopher Bland, who stepped down in September of that year. On 20 April 2007, BT acquired
International which provides network services to the South American corporate market. On 1 October 2007, BT purchased Chesterfield based Lynx Technology which has been trading since 1973.
BT acquired Wire One Communications in June 2008 and folded the company into "BT Conferencing", its existing conferencing unit, as a new video business unit In July 2008, BT acquired the online business directory firm Ufindus for ?20 million in order to expand its position in the local information market in GB. On 28 July 2008, BT acquired , of , "Silicon Valley's First Phone Company". Ribbit provides / APIs, allowing web developers to incorporate telephony features into their
(SaaS) applications.
In the early days of its fibre broadband rollout, BT said it would deliver fibre-to-the-premises () to around 25% of the Country, with the rest catered for by the slower fibre-to-the-cabinet (FTTC), which uses copper wiring to deliver the final stretch of the connection. In 2014, with less than 0.7% of the company's fibre network being FTTP, BT dropped the 25% target, saying that it was "far less relevant today" because of improvements made to the headline speed of FTTC, which had doubled to 80Mbit/s since its fibre broadband rollout was first announced. To supplement FTTC, BT offered an 'FTTP on Demand' product. In January 2015, BT stopped taking orders for the on-demand product.
On 1 April 2009, BT Engage IT was created from the merger of two previous BT acquisitions, Lynx Technology and Basilica. Apart from the name change not much else changed in operations for another 12 months. On 14 May 2009, BT said it was cutting up to 15,000 jobs in the coming year after it announced its results for the year to 31 March 2009. Then in July 2009, BT offered workers a long holiday for an up front sum of 25% of their annual wage or a one-off payment of ?1000 if they agree to go part-time.
On 6 April 2011, BT launched the first online
fundraising service for
charities called
as part of its investment to the community. The service will pass on 100% of all donations made through the site to the charity, and unlike
which take a proportion as commission and charge charities for using their services, BT will only pass on credit/debit card charges for each donation. The service allows people to register to give money to charity or collect fundraising donations. BT developed MyDonate with the support of , , ,
In March 2013, BT was allocated 4G spectrum in the UK following an auction and assignment by Ofcom, after paying ?201.5m.
On 29 July 2013, it was announced that BT had partnered up with
in a four-year sponsorship deal with its tw
that will commence from August 2013. The deal involves
becoming the new shirt sponsor for both clubs as well as being promoted with BT Group at their res
On 1 August 2013, BT launched its first television channels, , to compete with rival broadcaster . Plans for the channels' launch came about when it was announced in June 2012 that BT had been awarded a package of broadcast rights for the
from the 2013–14 to 2015–16 season, broadcasting 38 matches from each season. In February 2013, BT acquired 's UK and Ireland TV channels, continuing its expansion into sports broadcasting.
were both closed, while
continued to be operated by BT. On 9 November 2013, BT announced it had acquired exclusive rights to the
for ?897m, from the 2015 season, with some free games remaining including both finals.
On 28 May 2014, it was announced that BT agreed a ?20 million four-year sponsorship deal with
which includes BT securing the naming rights for
which becomes BT Murrayfield Stadium, become sponsor of the Scotland sevens team, become principal and exclusive sponsor of Scotland’s domestic league and cup competitions from next season, taking over the role from
(RBS), and become sponsor of Scottish Rugby’s four new academies that aims to drive forward standards for young players who have aspirations to play professionally. The deal strengthens the existing partnership BT has with the Scottish Rugby Union having signed a four-year shirt sponsorship deal with its tw
in July 2013 under its . BT also previously sponsored Scotland’s domestic league and cup competitions between 1999 and 2006.
On 24 November 2014, shares in BT rose considerably on the announcement that the company were in talks to buy back O2; while at the same time BT confirmed that it had been approached by
to also buy that company. BT confirmed on 15 December 2014 that it had entered into exclusive talks to buy EE. BT confirmed on 5 February 2015 that it had agreed to buy EE for ?12.5 billion, subject to regulatory approval. The deal will combine BT's 10 million retail customers and EE's 24.5 million direct mobile subscribers.
will own 12% of BT, while
will own 4%.
In March 2015, launched a 4G service as
BT Group CEO
announced that BT plans to migrate all of its customers onto the IP network by 2025, switching off the company's
In April 2015, it was announced that as part of BT's current ?20 million four-year sponsorship deal with
that was announced in May 2014, BT has completed its sponsorship portfolio following an additional investment of ?3.6 million for the 3 years remaining of its sponsorship deal, to become the new shirt sponsor for the Scotland National Teams.
On 15 January 2016, BT received final unconditional approval by the
to acquire . The deal was officially completed on 29 January 2016 with
now owning 12% of BT, while
On 1 February 2016, BT announced a new organisational structure that will take effect from April 2016 following the successful acquisition of . The EE brand, network and high street stores will be retained and will become a second consumer division, operating alongside . It will serve customers with mobile services, broadband and TV and will continue to deliver the Emergency Services Network contract which was awarded to EE in late 2015. There will be a new BT Business and Public Sector division that will have around ?5bn of revenues and will serve small and large businesses as well as the public sector in the
and . It will comprise the existing
division along with EE's business division and those parts of
that are UK focused. There will also be
BT Wholesale and Ventures that will comprise the existing
division along with EE's
business as well as some specialist businesses such as Fleet, Payphones and Directories. Gerry McQuade, currently Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, Business at EE, will be its CEO.
On 11 February 2016, BT announced they will be launching a new free service later in 2016 to divert nuisance calls within its network before they ring on customers' phones and will use huge computing power to root out 25 million unwanted calls a week. BT customers can currently purchase special phones that will allow them to block nuisance calls or pay to stop calls getting through. However, the new service will identify some of the 5 billion unwanted calls made each year before they arrive, which will then be diverted automatically to a junk voicemail box. BT customers will also be able to add numbers they don't want to hear from to the blacklist, for free.
in Suffolk, the principal site of .
BT G the majority of its businesses and assets are held by its wholly owned subsidiary British Telecommunications plc. BT's businesses are operated under special government regulation by the British telecoms regulator
(formerly ). BT has been found to have significant market power in some markets following market reviews by Ofcom. In these markets, BT is required to comply with additional obligations such as meeting reasonable requests to supply services and not to discriminate.
BT runs the , trunk network and
connections for the vast majority of British fixed-line telephones. Currently BT is responsible for approximately 28 million telephone lines in GB. Apart from , which serves Kingston upon Hull, BT is the only UK telecoms operator to have a , (USO) which means it must provide a fixed telephone line to any address in the UK. It is also obliged to provide public call boxes.
As well as continuing to provide service in those traditional areas in which BT has an obligation to provide services or is closely regulated, BT has expanded into more profitable products and services where there is less regulation. These are principally, broadband internet service and
solutions in telecommunications and information technology.
The BT Centre was completed in 1985.
Main article:
BT Group's world headquarters and
is the BT Centre, a 10-storey office building at 81 Newgate Street in the , opposite .
BT Group is organised into the following divisions:
Customer facing:
– provides telecoms and IT services to multinationals
– provides retail telecoms and IT services to UK
– provides retail telecoms services to consumers including:
- provides mobile and fixed communications services to consumers, businesses, government and the wholesale market
– operates BT's networks
– fenced-off wholesale division, responsible for the "last mile" of BT's access network in GB and tasked with ensuring that rival operators have equality of access to BT's local network
Internal service unit:
BT Technology, Service & Operations – responsible for the innovation, design, test, build and running of BT’s global networks and systems
– part of the BT Technology, Service & Operations division
was established following the Telecommunications Strategic Review carried out by Ofcom. BT signed legally binding undertakings with Ofcom in September 2005 to help create a new regulatory framework for BT and the British telecoms industry generally. Openreach commenced operations on 11 January 2006, with 25,000 engineers previously employed by BT's Retail and Wholesale divisions. It provides provision and repair in the "" of copper wire and is designed to ensure that other communications providers (CPs) have exactly the same operational conditions as parts of the BT Group.
BT's financial results have been as follows:
Year ending
Turnover (?m)
Profit/(loss) before tax (?m)
Net profit/(loss) (?m)
31 March 2016
31 March 2015
31 March 2014
31 March 2013
31 March 2012
31 March 2011
31 March 2010
31 March 2009
31 March 2008
31 March 2007
31 March 2006
31 March 2005
31 March 2004
31 March 2003
31 March 2002
31 March 2001
31 March 2000
31 March 1999
31 March 1998
31 March 1997
31 March 1996
31 March 1995
31 March 1994
31 March 1993
31 March 1992
As the data above suggests that BT's revenues have been more or less static over a period of last 16 years.
BT has the largest
of any UK public company. The trustees valued the scheme at ?36.7 billion at the end of 2010; an actuarial valuation valued the deficit of the scheme at ?9.043 billion as of 31 December 2008. Following a change in the regulations governing inflation index linking, the deficit was estimated at ?5.2 billion in November 2010.
In 2004 the BT Group signed the world's largest renewable energy deal with
and , and now all of their exchanges, satellite networks and offices are powered by renewable energy. BT is a member of the Corporate Leaders Group on Climate Change. They signed a letter urging the government to do more to tackle this problem. Janet Blake, head of global
at BT, says that she would like to see incentives that find ways of rewarding those companies that focus on climate change by making investments in green business models.
BT has made it clear that it has an ambitious plan to reduce
emissions. Its strategy includes steps to reduce the company's carbon footprint as well as those of customers, suppliers and employees. BT has actually pledged to achieve an 80% reduction by the year 2016, which will require further efficiency improvements.
BT have been accused of abusing their control of Openreach, underinvesting in the UK's broadband infrastructure, charging high prices and providing poor customer service. Openreach's services receive hundreds of thousands of complaints on an annual basis.
In 2009, BT announced it would connect 2.5 million British homes to ultra-fast Fibre-to-the-Home ('FTTP') by 2012 and 25% of the UK. However, by the end of September 2015 only 250,000 homes were connected. BT has also stopped taking orders for its FTTP-on-demand product.
Between 2010 and 2012 the UK intelligence community initiated an investigation aimed at , the foreign supplier of BT's new fibre infrastructure with increasing urgency after the USA, Canada and Australia prevented the company from operating in their countries. Although BT had notified the UK government in 2003 of Huawei's interest in their ?10b network upgrade contract, they did not raise the security implications as BT failed to explain that the Chinese company would have unfettered access to critical infrastructure. On 16 December 2012 David Cameron was supplied with a in-depth report indicating that the intelligence services had very grave doubts regarding Huawei, in that the UK governmental, military, business community and private citizen's privacy may be under serious threat. Subsequently, BT's Infinity program and other projects are now under urgent review.
On 7 June 2013, British lawmakers concluded that BT should never have allowed the Chinese company access to the UK's critical communications network without ministerial oversight, saying they were 'deeply shocked' that BT did not inform government that they were allowing Huawei and ZTE, both foreign entities with ties to the Chinese military unfettered access to critical national systems. Furthermore, ministers discovered that the agency with responsibility to ensure Chinese equipment and code, was threat-free was entirely staffed by Huawei employees. Subsequently, parliamentarians confirmed that in case of an attack on the UK there was nothing at this point that could done to stop Chinese infiltration attacking critical national infrastructure.
Another Chinese company
supplying extensive network equipment and subscriber hardware to BT Infinity is also under scrutiny after the US, Canada, Australia and the European Union declared the company a security risk to its citizens.
In 2001, BT discovered it owned a patent () which it believed gave it patent rights on the use of
technology on the . The corresponding UK patent had already expired, but the U.S. patent was valid until 2006. On 11 February 2002, BT began a court case relating to its claims in a U.S. federal court against the
. In the case , the
ruled on 22 August 2002 that the BT patent was not applicable to web technology and granted Prodigy's request for
of non-infringement.
In early 2008 it was announced that BT had entered into a contract (along with
and ) with the
(responsible under their 121Media guise for the Apropos ) to intercept and analyse their users' click-stream data and sell the anonymised aggregate information as part of Phorm's OIX advertising service. The practice, known as "" and condemned by critics as "data pimping", came under intense fire from various internet communities and other interested-parties who believe that the interception of data without the consent of users and web site owners is illegal under UK law (RIPA). At a more fundamental level, many have argued that the ISPs and Phorm have no right to sell a commodity (a user's data, and the copyright content of web sites) to which they have no claim of ownership. In response to questions about Phorm and the interception of data by the Webwise system , credited as the creator of the World Wide Web protocol, indicated his disapproval of the concept and is quoted as saying of his data and web history:
It's mine – you can't have it. If you want to use it for something, then you have to negotiate with me. I have to agree, I have to understand what I'm getting in return. I myself feel that it is very important that my ISP supplies internet to my house like the water company supplies water to my house. It supplies connectivity with no strings attached. My ISP doesn't control which websites I go to, it doesn't monitor which websites I go to.
— Sir Tim Berners-Lee, 2008
In September 2012, BT entered into a $23 million deal with the US military to provide a key communications cable connecting , a US military base on UK soil, with , a large US base in Djibouti. Camp Lemonnier is used as a base for American drone attacks in Yemen and Somalia, and has been described by The Economist as "the most important base for drone operations outside the war zone of Afghanistan."
Human rights groups including
have criticised the use of armed drones outside declared war zones. Evidence produced by
and 's International Human Rights & Conflict Resolution Clinic suggest that drone strikes have caused substantial civilian casualties, and may be illegal under international law.
In 2013, BT was the subject of a complaint by
under the , following their refusal to explain whether or not their infrastructure was used to facilitate drone strikes. The subsequent refusal of this complaint was appealed in May 2014, on the basis that the UK National Contact Point’s decision did not follow the OECD Guidelines. The issue of bias was also raised, due to the appointment of Lord Ian Livingston as government minister for the department which was processing the complaint: Livingston had occupied a senior position at BT when the cable between RAF Croughton and Camp Lemonnier was originally built.
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