____you____(follow) the thief just follownow?用所给词的

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>>>--Do you know the man _______ I shook hands just now?--Yes,..
--Do you know the man _______ I shook hands just now?--Yes, I know him. He is a famous actor.A.whomB.whoC.with whomD.with who
题型:单选题难度:偏易来源:不详
C考查定语从句。shake hands with sb.和某人握手,故用with who,选C。
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据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“--Do you know the man _______ I shook hands just now?--Yes,..”主要考查你对&&限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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因为篇幅有限,只列出部分考点,详细请访问。
限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句的概念:
限制性定语是指对被修饰名词或代词的必需修饰,是被修饰名词或代词不可缺少的修饰语,如果去掉它句子意思往往会不明确或会发生变化。如:The travellers knowing about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。&&&&&&& The boys wanting to play football were disappointed when it rained. 想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。关系代词引导的定语从句:
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: 例:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)&&&&&&&&&&&&&He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)例:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。&& &&&&&&& Please pass me the book whose(of which) coverisgreen. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语) &&&&&&&&&&& The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如:There are occasions when(on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 &&&&&&&&&&& Beijing is the place where(inwhich) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 &&&&&&&&&&& Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗? 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:His father died the year(that/when/in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 &&&&&&&&&&& He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 限定性定语与非限定性定语的区别:
1、形式不同:限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。 2、功能不同:&限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整: 如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) &&&&&&& His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整) 3、翻译不同:在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开: 如:He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 &&&&&&& I've invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。 4、含义不同: 如:I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) &&&&&&& I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) 5、先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句: 如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast) &&&&&&& He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句) &&&&&&& Mr.Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)&& &&&&&&& Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰) 6、关系词不同:关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。 判断关系代词与关系副词方法:
一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. &&&&&&&&&&& I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对)This is the mountain village(which) I visited last year. (对)I'll never forget the days(which) I spent in the countryside. 注:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? &&&&&&& A. where&&&&&&&& B. that &&&&&& &C. on which &&&&&&& D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.&&&&&&&&& A. where&&&&&&&&&B. that &&&&&&& C.on which &&&&&&& D. the one 答案:例1:D,例2:A 例1变为肯定句:This museum is___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句:This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 注:在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。 定语从句知识体系:
&关系代词that的用法:
1)不用that的情况: a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。 如:(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b)介词后不能用: 如:We depend on the land from which we get our food. &&&&&&& We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be句型中,只用that,不用which。 b)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例:All that is needed is a supply of oil. &所需的只是供油问题。&& &&&&&&& Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。 非限制性定语从句的概念:
非限制性定语是对被修饰名词或代词的附加说明,它不是必需的,如果去掉,也不会影响句子的意思,它与被修饰名词之间通常用逗号分开。如:The travellers, knowing about the floods, took another road. 游客们知道发了大水,都改道走了。&&&&&&& The boys, wanting to play football, were disappointed when it rained. 那些男孩子想踢足球,因为下雨感到失望。非限制性定语从句用法:
1、引导非限定性定语从句时,只能用which(不用that)。例如:Heat is another form of energy, which is as important as other kinds of energy. &&&&&&&&&&& 热是另一种形式的能量,与其他形式的能量一样重要。&(从句表补充说明,而且关系代词which不能换成that。)   2、引导非限定性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指前面整个句子的含义。例如:That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. &&&&&&&&&&& 彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已传得沸沸扬扬。(句子中的which指“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。)   3、除which外,还可用when,where,who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.& 毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我曾度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。   &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World WarII, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.&&第二次世界大战期间,爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国,那时犹太人在德国受到不好的对待。   4、在限定性定语从句中作宾语时,引导词可以省略,但引导非限定性定语从句的关联词不能省。如:He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.& 他急于想去医院看望他的继母,他把他的继母当作亲生母亲一样热爱和尊敬。   &&&& The American journalist(whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters.&播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。   两例中的关系代词都在从句中作宾语。由于第二例是限定性定语从句,可以省略关系代词;第一例中的引导词不能省略,因为它引导的是非限定性定语从句。   5、表示“正如”的含义时,通常用as引导非限定性定语从句,也可用which引导;但置于句首时,只能用as引导。   如:China has basically succeeded in defeating SARS, which/as we have expected. &&&&&&& 正如我们所预料的那样,中国已基本上战胜了“非典”。   && &&&&&&& As is well known to everybody, Tai wan is an inseparable part of China. &&&&&&& 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。   但是当非限定性定语从句是否定含义时,就只能用which(而不用as)引导。如:He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected. &&&&&&& 他没获得冠军,这一点是我没预料到的。非限制性定语丛句中as, which的区别:
1、which引导非限制性定语丛句代表前面的整个句子的时候,一般是对主句的结果的说明。&&&&&& 如: He grows too fast, which makes him taller than his classmates. 2、as引导非限制性丛句代表前面整个句子时一般来讲丛句的谓语动词有三种: A. 含有be动词:如:He failed the exam, as is natural. B. 实意动词的被动形式: 如:As is reported, the fire caused a great loss. C.感官动词和意识类动词如:如:see, hear, notice, know, learn, realize 等。&&&&&&&& As you know, I am a teacher. 3、as可翻译为正如,它引导的丛句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后;which引导的该丛句只能位于主句之后。例1:__A___he realized, I was very useful to him.&例2:This elephant is like a snake, ___A__anybody can see.&例3:The sun gives us light and heat, __B___makes the plan tgrow well. &&&&&&&&& A. As(as)&&&&&&&&&&B. which&&&&&&&&& C. that&&&&&&&&&&D. who 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
非限制性定语从句的关系词:
非限定性定语从句的使用规则及注意事项:
1、which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。2、在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。其中,介词的选用,依据从句中的动词所需搭配的介词来选用。例句:① Attitudes towards day dreaming are changing in much the same way that(inwhich)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. &&& 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。② I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.&&&&&我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。③ We arrived the day that(on which) they left. &&& 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。3、as有时也可用作关系代词。4、在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。
发现相似题
与“--Do you know the man _______ I shook hands just now?--Yes,..”考查相似的试题有:
414769447688401420415396213352444494Which of the following do you believe? A. The thief broke into tile house, stole the money anti ——精英家教网——
暑假天气热?在家里学北京名师课程,
Which of the following do you believe? A. The thief broke into tile house, stole the money anti left the house with it. B. Nancy was getting ready for the lest. 【】
题目列表(包括答案和解析)
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。【小题1】Lin& tao& was& ___________ (luck) enough to catch the first bus.【小题2】Jim has _____________ (little) time than you.【小题3】I think that’s a good ____________ (decide).【小题4】Which of the __________ (follow) sentences is wrong?【小题5】You must do the housework as much as ___________ (possibly).【小题6】I have a good friend ________ (call) Jim.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。1.Lin& tao& was& ___________ (luck)enough to catch the first bus.2.Jim has _____________ (little) time than you.3.I think that’s a good ____________ (decide).4.Which of the __________ (follow) sentences is wrong?5.You must do the housework as much as ___________(possibly).6.I have a good friend ________ (call) Jim.&
阅读理解。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& A Four-Day Tour to Beijing &&&&& Price: only ¥1,090, including the round-trip plane ticket, the bus service around Beijing and threenights'stay in good hotels with the best tour guide service.
Visiting the Great Wall and the Ming Tombs.
Visiting Beijing Zoo, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace in the day. Visiting the Bird's Nest and the Water Cube in the evening.
Visiting Tian'anmen Square in the early morning. Visiting the Grand National Theater in the afternoon. Visiting Wangfujing Street in the evening.
Shopping freely. &&&&&&&Office hours: &&&&&& Monday-Friday: 9:00 am---8:00 pm&&&&& &Saturday: 9:00 am---4:30 pm &&&&&& Tel:010-
1. From the passage, we know that this is ______.
A. a noticeB. an advertisement C. a postcard D. a sign
2. If you take a tour to Beijing on June 23rd, you will return on ______.
A. June 26th B. June 25th C. July 26th D. July 25th
3. On the third day of your trip, you can _____ in the morning.
A. go to the Great Wall B. watch animals in Beijing Zoo C. watch the national flag rise on Tian'anmen Square D. visit something about the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games
4. The price of the tour does NOT include ______.
A. the bus service B. the hotels C. the plane tickets D. the meals
5. Which of the follow is TURE according to the passage?
A. If you book the tour early, you don't have to pay 1,090 for it. B. You can book the tour after 9:00 on Monday morning. C. You can book the tour at 5:30 on Saturday afternoon. D. If you want to book the tour, you can call the office at 010-.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。 1.Lin& tao& was& ___________ (luck) enough to catch the first bus. 2.Jim has _____________ (little) time than you. 3.I think that’s a good ____________ (decide). 4.Which of the __________ (follow) sentences is wrong? 5.You must do the housework as much as ___________ (possibly). 6.I have a good friend ________ (call) Jim. &&
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Nick Vujicic was born, without arms and legs, in 1982 in Melbourne, Australia. Nick faced all kinds of problems and troubles in his life. But he never gives up. Now Nick has his
Attitude Is Attitude. And he has traveled around the world to give speeches. He shares with his audience his audience the importance of vision and dreaming big. He says attitude (态度) is the most powerful tool in the life and failure (失败) is just a learning experience.
Mark Zuckerberg, the boss of Facebook, is only 28. In only 8 years, Zuck turned his small website into a world famous network. Zuck once wrote to his workmates, &We don't build se we make money to build better services&
Jeremy Lin's excellent performances in basketball courts attracted the eyes of both Americans and Chinese this year. Then what has led this young man to such a success? The following may help us understand it. 1. B 2. Catch the cha 3. Find the system that
4. People will love yo 5. Stay humble (谦逊).
1.Attitude Is Attitude is _______.A. the title of Nick'sspeech&&&&&&&&&&&& B. Nick's companyC. an internationalorganization&&&&&&&&& D. a machine that can speak2.Which of the following about Nick is wrong?A. Nick had no arms or legswhen he was bornB. He says people can learnfrom their failuresC. He tells his audience todream big and have visionD. He has never traveledaround the world so far3.Facebook is _______.A. a world-wide network&&& B.Zuck's workmate&&& C. a popular book&&& D. Zuck'sboss4.From what Zuck wrote ,we can learn _______.A. Facebook doesn't buildservicesB. Facebook doesn't makemoneyC. offering better servicesis more important than making moneyD. building services doesn'tmake money5.From Jeremy Lin's success, we can find_______.A. one must haveself-confidence&&&&&&&&&& B. catching the chance is the most importantC. one should try his best to followothers&&& D. one must keep the rules all the time&
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>>>用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. —Where ________ (be) the note..
用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. —Where ________ (be) the notebooks? —They are in the backpack.2. Look! The ________ (key) are under the desk.3. Jim, please ________ (take) these things to your brother. 4. Can you ________ (bring) some video tapes to David? 5. They need ________ (answer) these questions in English. 6. Here ________ (be) my room. My books ________ (be) on the desk.
题型:填空题难度:中档来源:同步题
1. are &2. keys &3. take&& 4. bring&& 5. to answer& 6. is, are&
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据魔方格专家权威分析,试题“用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. —Where ________ (be) the note..”主要考查你对&&主谓一致,可数名词(单数名词,复数名词),实义动词,情态动词,系动词,不定式&&等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
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主谓一致可数名词(单数名词,复数名词)实义动词情态动词系动词不定式
英语中的一致主要包括主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致、时态一致、名词和其代词的一致。主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致,即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。主谓一致原则:1、语法上的一致所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。使用语法一致的情况(1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。(2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如:with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to,谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。(3)非谓语动词或从句作主语非谓语动词 (动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。注意:当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。 What we need here are workers.我们这里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral.说谎与偷窃是不道德的。(4)each和复合不定代词作主语each和some/any/no//every十body/one/thing构成的复合不定代词:anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Each is worse than the one before. 一个比一个差。Nobody knows the answer. 没有一个人知道这答案。Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么东西吗?There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。(5)“many a +单数名词”作主语“many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多学生去过北京。There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不只有一个答案。(6)“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the等限定词和修饰语“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only,the very,the等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man. 汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.他是这三年来唯一的一个获得奖学金的学生。注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。(7)由两个部分组成的物体名词作主语英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如g1asses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀),shorts(短裤),shoes(鞋子),trousers(裤子)等作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼镜碎了,因而看不清楚。His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是棉布的。注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时,则以这些名词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。2、意义上的一致意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数;若主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词用复数。The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在调查此事。使意义上的一致的情况(1)由and连接两个并列主语 其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个人、同一事物、单一概念时,谓语动词要用单数,有时两个名词共用一个冠词。The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词)There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯?哈利的记者兼作家。Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上策。注意:用and连接起来的两个单数主语,谓语动词可以是单数,也可以是复数。Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。Time and tide wait/waits for no man .岁月不等人。(2)形复意单的名词作主语①复数形式的专有名词(表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等)做主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数。The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜谭》是流传世界各地的名著。The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。注意:表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,谓语也用复数。The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。②以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语,通常表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有:physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政治课。Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和用财之道。注意:当这些动词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时,谓语动词需用复数形式。What are his politics?他的政见如何?The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对现代各国政府都重要。③news,maths,plastics,physics,works,means(方法),the United States等虽然以-s结尾,但意义上作为单数看待。“News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集团军司令说:”随着我们军队的推进胜利的消息接踵而至。”Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us.数学/物理是我们必修的科目。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了,但天空还是不晴朗的。④成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油是西方人每天的食品。His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无限感觉,无限忠于党。⑤“one and a half +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数。One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在桌子上。One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。注意:“one or two+复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两天就足够了。There are one or two things I want to talk over with you .我有一两件事想跟你商量。(3)有生命的集体名词作主语有生命的集体名词 (如people,police,cattle,militia)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。Cattle are also kept. 还养了一些牛。There are many people there. 那里有很多人。The police are looking for the thief. 公安人员在搜寻那个小偷。All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。注意:family,team,class,government,audience,crew,committee等集体名词,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族”解时,作单数用。Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.张家很大,一共12口人。The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。The class has won the honour. 这个班获得了荣誉。The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。(4) 名词化的形容词作主语名词化的形容词作主语,按照意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式,如果指一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。这类形容词有:old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不开心的时候。The wounded is a policeman. 受伤者是一名警察。The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。(5) 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我们离开学校已经20年了。Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大笔钱。Two months is quite a long time. 两个月时间是很长的。Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我们做这个实验两个小时就够了。Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一个相当远的距离。注意:如果说话人侧重一个个的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。Twenty years have passed since we parted.自从我们分手以后20年己经过去了。(6)“a number of十复数可数名词”与“the number of十复数可数名词”作主语“a number of十复数可数名词”表示 “一些、许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;“the number of十复数可数名词”表示 “……的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数。The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.邀请来的人数是50,但很多人因不同的原因没来。A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆丢了许多书。The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。(7)none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词作主语none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词时,有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据说话人的意思决定。None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他们没有一个到达新住宅区。None of them have arrived yet. 他们都还没到。(8)“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语,这时要以of短语中的名词是否为复数而定。Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.该地区五分之二的土地为树木和草所覆盖。89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸烟者是男性。In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国,75%的谷物用来喂养动物。Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反对核计划。(9)表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数,应根据后接名词的单、复数形式而定。这些名间或代词有all,any,enough,half,more,most,the rest,part,some等。The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不难上。The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分时间用来读书。Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些苹果散落在地上。(10)两个主语,一个肯定,一个否定,谓语动词与肯定主语相一致。The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子,而是他的双亲。3、邻近原则邻近原则是指谓语动词要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持人称与数的一致。Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是学生。There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支钢笔,两把椅子和一张桌子。这主要有以下几种情况。(1)由or,either…or等连接的并列结构作主语由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语,通常按照就近一致原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校长在会议上对这些天才的学生颁奖。Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都没有做完试验。Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友们错了,就是他哥哥错了。Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。Not only the teacher but also his students have studied the question. 不仅老师而且他的学生们都研究了这个问题。(2)在主谓倒装句时在主谓倒装句中,主语并列,谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语相一致。由here或there引导的句子,若有并列主语,谓语也与最靠近的那个主语一致。There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌、一张饭桌和3把椅子。There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房间里有3把椅子、一张书桌和一台电脑。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在时妻子和孩子呆在哪儿?"表里不一"现象:主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.2,"many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.3,"half of,the rest of,most of,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:"All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.7,当主语后面有as well as,with,along with,together with,but,like,rather than,except,逗号加and连接几个名字等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.8,each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news,works,plastics等同属此类.例如:Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时,用作复数,如:mathematics(运算能力)politics(政治观点)economics(经济意义)等12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers,glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如:The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数:arms(武器).clothes.contents.minites(记录).remains(遗体).thanks等13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如:One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,"the one of + 复数名词+定语从句"定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如:He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一.16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致:英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困难,以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。(一)以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题(二)以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题(三)以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题(四)以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题(五)其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题集合名词的主谓一致原则:集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类.1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如:a class— a family— a government— an army— a people— a group— a crowd— a crew—crews等。这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.每个上午 一大群人经常聚集在广场上The government has decided to pass the bill.政府已决定通过这一法案There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.星期天有大群大群的人在街上。There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.在世界上有许多讲英语的人但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中.2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数。这类名词常见的有:humanity,mankind,proletariat等.【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress.3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police,cattle,faculty,flock,machinery,vermin,personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.【例如】The police have caught the murder.Our personnel are very highly trained.The vermin are very dangerous.4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大.【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.这类集合名词常见的有:class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience等.根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词。试比较:The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮.The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点。The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。巧记主谓一致原则: 单单复复最常见,集体名词谓用单,如若强调其成员,复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓常复,people,police即这般。主语单数后接介,谓语单数介无关,many a作主语也如此,谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be,近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语,谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词,主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离,谓语多单复少见,rest,means,fol1owing等,意义决定其复、单。none,all,half of等,of之宾语定答案。还有分数、百分数,仍据of之宾定复、单。代词all指人谓复数,all指事情谓用单。量词用法请注意,谓语要随量词变。and连接两名词,身兼两职一定冠,no,each,every后单名,两件(种)事(物)系一概念,以上情况请记清,谓语动词全用单。形容词带the一类人,姓氏复数加定冠,-s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛,谓语用复勿用单。neither,either,each,用作主语谓全单。可数名词:是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式,当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时,句子的谓语也应用复数形式。 名词单数变复数的规则:
巧记以f\fe结尾的可数名词复数妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife ↑追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf →→→变f或fe为v,再加es碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life ↓手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half ↓名词复数的不规则变化:1.不规则形式:child→children(儿童)man→men(男人)woman→women (女人)an Englishman→two Englishmen(英国人)foot→feet(脚)tooth→teeth(牙)mouse→mice(老鼠)ox →oxen(公牛)goose→geese(鹅)2.单复同形:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means,Swiss除人民币,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, a meter,twometers3.集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数:people police cattle是复数(OK :a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss )(Error:a people,a police,a cattle )表示国民总称时,作复数用。(The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。)4.以s结尾,仍为单数的名词maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。news是不可数名词。5.表示由两部分构成的东西,glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes(衣服)若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双)a pair of glasses& two pairs of trousers suit(套)6.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼)可数名词变复数的几种形式:&1) 单数名词加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers.  &2) 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches.   3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es: cities, babies, enemies.    4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es: wives, knives.但有些词只加s: roofs,proofs, chiefs. &5) 以o结尾的名词,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.&&其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.    6) 不规则名词:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice. 7) 单复数同形的名词:sheep,fish,dee. 注意:fish表示种类时,也用fishes这样的形式。 实意动词:即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。实意动词使用方法:及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?英汉实意动词用法比较:与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。&实意动词的用法:肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其它否定句:主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他一般过去式:Did+主语+动词原型+其他情态动词:是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。情态动词有四类:   &①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……   &②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare    ③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to   &④情态动词表猜测 注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。常用的有:can& may& could& must&& have& use& .情态动词特点:情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。He could be here soon.他很快就来。We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:They need not have been punished so severely.3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:She dare not say what she thinks.4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:Still,she needn't have run away.5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?She told him he ought not to have done it.6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:You should have washed the wound.Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn'tMust I read books every day、No,you needn't常见情态动词用法:1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。 2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。 must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。 must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。 must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。 3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。 needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。 4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。 5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。 ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。 ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。 6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式, will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。 7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。 8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。情态动词功能:助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, can, will, shall, must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1) 构成否定式: He didn't go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock. 2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you? 3) 构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. 情态动词表推测的用法小结    (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式   &1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。    (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?   &&&&&&&&&&&他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。    (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.    &&&&&&&&& 屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。   &2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。    (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.& 这不可能是校长,他去美国了。    (2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。    3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。   &&(1)Could he have finished the task?&他可能把任务完成了吗?   &&(2)Can he be at home now?& 他现在能在家吗?    注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。    (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态    1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。   &(1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.& 5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。   &(2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.    &&&&&&&&&& 她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。    2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。   &(1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。    (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。    (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?    &&&&&&&&& 布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?   &3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。    (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.& 地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。    (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。    (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?   &注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。&例如:    (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.    &&&& 现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)    (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look& after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)    她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。    (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.&& (虚拟)    汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。系动词:亦称连系动词。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类:1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)系动词使用的注意事项:系动词本身有一定的词义,不能单独作,后面必须与连用。复习时,必须注意以下几个问题:
1.be是最重要的系动词,不同,be的形式也不同,且有的变化。
a通常表示的特征、状态和身份等,后面接形容词、、名词、短语、、v-ing、及作表语。
b特别要注意“由be+”所构成的与“由be+过去分词”所构成的的区别。
c前者侧重于表示的特征或所处的状态,通常没有由by引导的短语。
如:The door was closed.
后者侧重于强调主语是所示动作的承受者,表示动作;句中可以用由by引导的。如:The door was closed by me.
d还要注意“由be+ V-ing所构成的与“由be+ V-ing”所构成的进行时态的区别。
前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态,也可说明主语是什么。如:My job is teaching English.
后者侧重于强调主语正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由转化成的系动词。
a表示人体感官的系动词有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,后面接形容词;
b表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,后面接形容词、名词或 to be+形容词,become后面接单数名词时,名词前要用,turn后面接单数名词时,名词前不用;
c表示主语继续或保持某种身份、或的系动词有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand lie,rest,stay等,后面接表示状态的形容词;
d表示判断的系动词有seem和appear,后面接形容词、to be+名词或形容词、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实意动词的用法。
系动词部分主要注意:其后要求接形容词,而不是做。遇到这种情况,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例:
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接。)
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意:在这句话中,taste做,可以使用,并且后面接副词做。)系动词用法点拨:1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如:He is being kind.(一时而不能持久的性质)他装出和蔼可亲的样子。二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如:I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗?试比较:Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说:Your hand is feeling cold.(×)但可以说:The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)医生正在给她拿脉。The soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错。The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时)厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。例如:He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如:不能说:The apple is tasted good.(因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态)但我们可以说:The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。(taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态)因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之 ,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。
4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如:①不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years.②不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为:He has been a writer since 3 years ago.或It is three years since he turned writer.③不能说:He got angry until his child came back home.应改为:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5.系动词能接几种表语(从句)系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),feel(觉得);appear(显得),seem(似乎)。例如:It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如:It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。③能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。He didn’t appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建议证明是错误的。He will grow to like this work gradually.他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。④能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走。
6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear.举例说明:It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back.He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father.The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等);第二个是get,口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况:1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到)The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性)2)表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。动词不定式:指由to加上动词原形(而且只能是动词原形)所构成的一种非限定性动词,但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:
(not) to do
(not)&to be done
(not) to have done
(not) to have been done
(not) to be doing
完成进行式
(not) to have been doing
&不定式的用法:1、不定式作主语 例如:To remember this is very important. 注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。 例如:It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表语例如:He seems to be ill. 注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be),二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形,三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如:&You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作宾语 例如:I can not afford to buy a car. 注意:①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。 例如:I had no choice but to wait. ②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后 例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作宾语补足语 例如:Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定语 例如:I have a question to ask you. 注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth. 如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth. attempt& courage& decision& effort& fortune& failure& invitation& wish 6、不定式作状语 例如:I went to France to learn French.
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