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iPhone 4 Verizon Clean ESN
iPhone 4 Verizon Clean ESN
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This page was last updated: &Aug-16 23:18. Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date. See each listing for international shipping options and costs.Myths of the Underground Railroad
In school, we learn history through stories, and sometimes
we find out that some of these stories are not true. They are myths. One
example is that Christopher Columbus discovered America
in 1492. In fact, other Europeans, like the Vikings, had been to the New World years before. Another famous myth is story of
George Washington chopping down the cherry tree. It is a great story about how
our first President was honest even as a child. But, there is no evidence that
the young George ever chopped down his father&s cherry tree. It&s just a story.
Not history.
The Underground Railroad is a great story in American
history. People, both black and white, formed a secret network that helped
enslaved African Americans
escape to freedom. Unfortunately, a lot of what we learn is not true.
Most of the
&workers& on the Underground Railroad were white abolitionists.
most people who helped escaping slaves were free blacks or escaped slaves. And
even though the whites who helped runaways were abolitionists who wanted to end
slavery, not all abolitionists supported the Underground Railroad. Many
abolitionists, in fact, were against helping slaves escape. They did not
believe in breaking the law and wanted to find a legal way to end slavery.
&stops& along the Underground Railroad were found in the South.
The Underground Railroad did not exist as an
organization in the south. Slaves rarely received any help until they reached a
free, Northern State. They had to reach freedom on their own, which they
usually did by foot.
Many slaves
escaped from the Deep South.
runaway slaves could not expect any help until they got to a free
state, it was more difficult for slaves in the Deep South like Alabama and Louisiana
to make it to freedom. Slaves in the Deep South
had much further to go, and they had to do most of the traveling on foot. As a
result, most slaves who successfully escaped were from states in the upper
south like Kentucky and Virginia,
where they had a better chance of making it to bordering free
states like Ohio
and receive help from members of the Underground Railroad.
There were
distinct routes along the Underground Railroad that slaves followed.
The Underground Railroad was a
loose network of houses and people, and slaves reached their destinations
in different ways.
If there had been one route that was used regularly, the slave catchers would
have known about it and would have shut it down. There were likely almost as
many routes as escaping slaves.
Most people in the North supported the
Underground Railroad and welcomed runaway slaves into their states.
small minority of people in the North worked on & and even supported & the
Underground Railroad. In fact, many did not welcome fugitives into their states. In 1804, Ohio
passed a law prohibiting runaway slaves from entering the state.
Most slaves
knew of the term &Underground Railroad.&
Although slaves had been escaping since they were
brought to the New World, the loose &network&
of routes and safe houses began to emerge in the 19th century. And
the term &Underground Railroad& was not coined until about 1840. But this term
was used mostly in the North. Most slaves in the South would not have been
familiar with the term.
Enslaved African Americans
depended on others, like Harriet Tubman coming
to their plantation, to help them make their escape.
Enslaved African Americans
passive in their escapes. They planned and carried out their own escapes,
usually alone.
Slaves made
quilts that had specific symbols & or codes & that helped slaves escape. Slaves
used the quilts since many of them were illiterate.
People in the 1800s, including slaves, made
quilts. Sometimes these quilts had symbols in them, but they were not secret codes that helped runaway slaves. The story
of the Secret Quilt Code began with a book called Hidden in Plain View published in 1999. Before then, there was no
talk about a Secret Quilt Code. In all the interviews with freed slaves done in
the 1930s, no one mentioned the Code, and since 1999, many historians have
disputed the truth to the story. It is also unrealistic to expect that slaves
could gather the material and make a quilt fast enough to help escaping slaves.
Escaping slaves certainly did not carry quilts with them in their escape to
freedom & they were just too heavy.
Enslaved African Americans
spirituals like &Follow the Drinking Gourd& that contained coded information
that helped slaves escape.
spirituals were passed orally from slave to slave, there is no evidence that
the songs were used to help others escape. If a song had given slaves a route
to follow to freedom, like the &Follow the Drinking Gourd& was supposed to have done, slave
owners and bounty hunters could easily learn of it and promptly shut the route down. The truth is that the lyrics and the chorus
were written by Lee Hays and first published in 1947 & well after the Civil War
had ended.
Quakers were
heavily involved in the Underground Railroad because slavery was against their
religious principles.
There were
Quakers involved in the Underground Railroad, the most famous being Levi Coffin
who later called himself the &Father of the Underground Railroad.& However, not
all Quakers were involved in the Underground Railroad. Many Quakers did not
believe that breaking the law to help fugitive slaves was a solution to
slavery. Some Quakers had even been slave owners themselves.
A lantern in a
window was a common sign used to identify a safe house along the Underground
The famous stationmaster John Rankin used this secret
&sign& to signal that it was safe to cross the Ohio River
to his home. However, this was not a common signal. If it had been, the slave
catchers would have quickly learned of it, and used it to identify safe houses.
Myth: All slaves who escaped went to the North.
Truth: While many
slaves ventured for free northern states and Canada,
some escaped to places like Florida
to rural, isolated communities of blacks in the South.
A significant
percentage of enslaved African Americans
escaped on the Underground Railroad.
While the number is often debated, some believe that
as many as 100,000 slaves escaped on the Underground Railroad between 1800 and
1865. However, this is only a tiny percentage of the slaves living in the South
during this period. For example, in 1860, there were nearly four million slaves
in the South. Additionally, the majority of slaves who attempted to escape were
caught and returned to their owners.
Just because some of the stories about the
Underground Railroad are myths does not undermine the fact that thousands of
slaves escaped to freedom. Many people put their own lives and their own
freedoms at risk by helping slaves escape, and their only reward was the
happiness of seeing a person free.
Sources and More Information
Blight, David W. Passages to Freedom: The Underground
Railroad in History and Memory. Collins, 2006.
Bordewich, Fergus M. Bound for Canaan: The Epic Story of
the Underground Railroad, America's
First Civil Rights Movement. Amistad, 2006.
Clinton, Catherine. Harriet
Tubman: The Road to Freedom. Back Bay
Books, 2005.
Gara, Larry. The Liberty Line: The Legend
of the Underground Railroad. University Press of Kentucky,
Hagerdorn, Ann. Beyond the
River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon
& Schuster, 2004.
Humez, Jean M. Harriet Tubman:
The Life and Life Stories. University
of Wisconsin Press, 2004.
Larson, Kate Clifford. Bound
for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero. One
World/Ballantine, 2004.
Walter Calloway
Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington

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