manufactured diffused sapphire是什么意思_百度知道
manufactured diffused sapphire是什么意思
manufactured diffused sapphire人造的扩散蓝宝石
来自团队：
其他类似问题
为您推荐：
等待您来回答
下载知道APP
随时随地咨询
出门在外也不愁后使用快捷导航没有帐号？
只需一步，快速开始
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
回复 39# tomx2h 的帖子
关于价格问题，我可以给您举个例子：
目前优派22寸LED三色背光，请注意是RGB三色点阵背光的显示屏卖2500元，而这是从去年8000元左右一路降下来的。而目前其它厂商采用W-LED的22寸显示屏已经低于2000元了。
大屏幕方面，创维55寸的LED数字一体机的最低报价是16000元，而进口品牌55寸LCD数字一体机还要卖18000元呢。
所以说，LED目前在价格上已经不是问题了。
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
金钱406369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
交易区新帖推荐
在CRT时代：
不管你用普通显像管还是特丽珑显像管，
在LCD投影机中，不管你用OSRAM光源还是Philips的光源，
都是LCD投影机。
iM42 HDMI四进二出矩阵，支持4K * 2K的演示视频：
/programs/view/ZEVCMi60Ha0/
金钱406369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
LED电视维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到： ,
目录[隐藏]
[] 随着市场竞争日趋激烈，加上应用逐渐成熟，各家厂商纷纷积极导入，企图在家用改朝换代之际能够拔得头筹。
背光源的四大优势
一、色彩高于
二、背光源亮度随画面调整，可达节能省电功能
三、不含、等有毒物质
四、若采用侧光，薄度可以达到10mm以下超薄电视
与 结构差异 与 最大的差异就是使用的背光源不同。
采用背光模组，也就是采用。的缺点就是寿命较短，且使用的是原料中含，对环境污染则是一大伤害。
即是采用背光模组为背光源。的缺点就是成本较萤光灯管来的高，不过寿命却较来的长，且不含，对环境的伤害较低。
节能表现另一项特色就是在节省能源上，较传统的优秀。尤其Edge LED(侧照式)TV由于厚度变薄，可以从运送产品的过程中，节省运送的能源消耗。
从08年开始已渐渐往节省电源的消耗上迈进，从原本的220W的电源消耗降到180W，降幅约20%；降幅更大从180W降到103W，降幅高达50%。
[url=][/url]
背光模组差异
背光模组在背光模组上，分成侧照式(环绕式)与直下式(背光式)。直下式的优点可以针对画面的色彩，快速的微调的明暗，达到更高的，缺点就是使用的数量多，消耗的功率偏高，且产生的热能较多；而侧照式的优点则是虽然无法做到更高的，不过消耗的电力较低以及电视的厚度更薄。
[url=][/url]
种类背光模组的种类分成：白光、RGB三色。
[url=][/url]
[] 目前的直下式为目前最大宗，侧照式的目前仅有量产。
[] 直下式 A950系列(W-)、B950系列(W-)、B9000型(W-)
侧照式 B6000型(W-)、B7000型(W-)、B8000型(W-)
[] 直下式 XR1系列(RGB )
[] 直下式 XS1系列(RGB )
[] 直下式 SV670系列(RGB )、ZX8000系列(W-)
[] 直下式 LG90系列(W-)
iM42 HDMI四进二出矩阵，支持4K * 2K的演示视频：
/programs/view/ZEVCMi60Ha0/
金钱406369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
Light-emitting diode televisionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: ,
This article does not
any . Please help
by adding citations to . Unsourced material may be
and . (April 2009)
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's . . The
may contain suggestions. (June 2009)LED TV ( ) is a term used by
to describe its line of LCD (liquid crystal display) TVs that use LED backlighting. The term LED TV is disputed and currently a war of words and advertisements is going on between Samsung and its competitors.[] The competitors'[] complaint is that the display is not composed of 100% LEDs and so should not be called LED TV.[]
LEDs in their current form are much too large to be individual pixels on a conventional television. The use of a true
is therefore reserved for much larger screens in sports grounds and other commercial locations. It is most likely that Samsung has chosen to brand their LED-lit range of LCD TVs in this way in order to capture some of the hype around
TVs, which are still not commercially available except for the .
LED-backlit LCD TVs do differ from conventional LCD TVs in some important areas:
They can produce a very bright image and deep blacks (doesn't work for Edge-LED).With Edge-LED lighting they can be extremely slim.They can offer lower power consumption.They can offer a wider colour gamut, especially when RGB-LED backlighting is used.
[] TechnologyTV manufacturers can use an LED backlight instead of the standard
(LCD-CCFL) used in most
televisions. It is important to distinguish this method of backlighting a conventional LCD panel, from a true
display, or an
display. Televisions described as 'LED TVs' are vastly different from the self-illuminating OLED, OEL or AMOLED display technologies
There are several methods of backlighting an LCD panel using LEDs including the use of either White or RGB (Red, Green and Blue) LED arrays positio and Edge-LED lighting, which uses white LEDs arranged around the inside frame of the TV along with a special light diffusion panel designed to spread the light evenly behind the LCD panel.
An LED backlight offers several general benefits over regular CCFL backlight TVs, typically including lower power consumption and higher brightness. Compared to regular CCFL backlighting, there may also be benefits to colour gamut. However advancements in CCFL technology mean wide colour gamuts and low power consumption are also possible. The principal barrier to wide use of LED backlighting on LCD televisions is cost.
The variations of LED backlighting do offer different benefits. The first commercial LED backlit LCD TV was the
005 (introduced in 2004). This featured RGB LED arrays to offer a colour gamut around twice that of a conventional CCFL LCD television (the combined light output from red, green and blue LEDs produces a more pure white light than is possible with a single white light). RGB LED technology continues to be used on selected Sony
LCD models, with the addition of 'local dimming' which enables excellent on-screen contrast through selectively turning off the LEDs behind dark parts of a picture frame.
Edge LED lighting was also first introduced by Sony (September 2008) on the 40inch ZX1 BRAVIA. The principal benefit of Edge-LED lighting for LCD televisions is the ability to build thinner housings (the ZX1 BRAVIA is as thin as 9.9mm). Samsung have also introduced a range of Edge-LED lit LCD televisions (described incorrectly as &LED TVs&) with thin housings. Edge-lighting however is at risk of a loss of screen uniformity compared to back-lighting.
LED-backlit LCD TVs are considered a more sustainable choice, with a longer life and better energy efficiency than
and conventional ,. Unlike CCFL backlights, LEDs also use no
in their manufacture, however other elements such as
are used in the manufacture of the LED emitters themselves, meaning there is some debate over whether they are a significantly better long term solution to the problem of TV disposal.
Because LEDs are able to be switched on an off more quickly than CCFL displays and can offer a higher light output, it is theoretically possible to offer very high contrast ratios. They can produce deep blacks (LEDs off) and a high brightness (LEDs on), however care should be taken with measurements made from pure black and pure white outputs, as technologies like Edge-LED lighting do not allow these outputs to be reproduced simultaneously on-screen.
[] HistorySony was the first manufacturer to produce a commercial LED-backlit LCD television with the Qualia 005 in 2004. However, Samsung was the first to coin the term &LED TV& on their 2009 range of Luxia LED edge-lit televisions. Previously, Samsung had also integrated LED backlights into the 40, 48, 52, and 57-inch versions of their LN-T81F series in 2007 and their A950-series in 2008. Sony, in addition to RGB LED backlighting (still used on 46 and 55-inch versions of the BRAVIA KDL-XBR8 series), also introduced the first flat-panel monitor to use edge-LED lighting in 2008. In 2008, Sharp introduced the AQUOS LC-XS1US series, 52 and 65-inch HDTVs to use LED back-lighting, and plans to release LED edge-lit HDTVs in the second half of 2009. While LED TVs are still expensive to manufacture, Vizio will release the VF551XVT, the cheapest HDTV to use LED backlighting. It will retail for $1999.99. LG has also released their own LED-backlit HDTVs. LED backlighting is also becoming common in computer monitors. Examples of monitors that use LEDs are Apple's 24& and 30& cinema displays, the Sony BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M, and Dell's G2210 and 2410 monitors.
[] References
iM42 HDMI四进二出矩阵，支持4K * 2K的演示视频：
/programs/view/ZEVCMi60Ha0/
金钱406369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
Light-emitting diodeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: ,
&LED& redirects here. For other uses, see .
This article is about Light-emitting diode technology. For televisions using LEDs, see .
For various types of outdoor LED based displays, see .
Light-emitting diode
Red, green and blue LEDs of the 5mm typeType, Working principleInvented (1962)Pin configuration and This box:
[size=80%]•
A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced , or just /lɛd/), is an
light source. The LED was first invented in Russia in the 1920s, and introduced in America as a practical electronic component in 1962.
was a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. In 1927, he published details in a Russian journal of the first ever LED.
All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the ,
wavelengths, with very high brightness.
LEDs are based on the . When the diode is forward biased (switched on),
are able to
and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called
of the light is determined by the
of the semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
LEDs present many
over traditional light sources including lower , longer , improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise
than traditional light sources.
Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but also for replacements for traditional light sources in general
and . The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in communications technology.
Contents[hide]
[] History
[] Discoveries and early devices
Oleg Losev created one of the first LEDs in the mid 1920s
was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter
of , using a crystal of
and a . Russian
independently created the first LED in the mid 1920s; his research was distributed in Russian, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Rubin Braunstein of the
reported on infrared emission from
(GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using
(GaSb), GaAs,
(InP), and
(SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvin.
In 1961, experimenters Robert Biard and Gary Pittman working at , found that GaAs emitted infrared radiation when electric current was applied and received the patent for the infrared LED.
The first practical visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by , while working at . Holonyak is seen as the &father of the light-emitting diode&. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T.P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.
Up to 1968 visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, on the order of US $200 per unit, and so had little practical application. The
was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators.
(HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. The technology proved to have major applications for alphanumeric displays and was integrated into HP's early handheld calculators.
[] Practical use
This section needs additional
Please help
by adding . Unsourced material may be
and . (March 2009)
Some police vehicle
incorporate LEDs.
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for
indicators, and in , first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, and even watches (see list of ). These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Later, other colors became widely available and also appeared in appliances and equipment. As the LED materials technology became more advanced, the light output was increased, while maintaining the efficiency and the reliability to an acceptable level. The invention and development of the high power white light LED led to use for illumination
(see list of ). Most LEDs were made in the very common 5 mm T1¾ and 3 mm T1 packages, but with increasing power output, it has become increasingly necessary to shed excess heat in order to maintain reliability, so more complex packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation. Packages for state-of-the-art
bear little resemblance to early LEDs.
[] Continuing development
Illustration of . Light output per LED as a function of time, note the logarithmic scale on the axis.
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by
and was based on
borrowing on critical developments in
nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN which were developed by
and H. Amano in . In 1995,
Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a very impressive result by using a transparent contact made of
(ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs) LED. The existence of blue LEDs and high efficiency LEDs quickly led to the development of the first , which employed a Y3Al5O12:Ce, or &&, phosphor coating to mix yellow (down-converted) light with blue to produce light that appears white. Nakamura was awarded the 2006
for his invention.
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light output to increase , with a doubling occurring about every 36 months since the 1960s, in a way similar to . The advances are generally attributed to the parallel development of other semiconductor technologies and advances in optics and material science. This trend is normally called
after Dr. Roland Haitz.
In February 2008,
reported 300 lumens of visible light per watt
(not per electrical watt) and warm light by using
In January 2009, researchers from Cambridge University reported a process for growing gallium nitride (GaN) LEDs on silicon. Production costs could be reduced by 90% using six-inch silicon wafers instead of two-inch sapphire wafers. The team was led by Colin Humphreys.
[url=][/url]
[] Technology
Parts of an LED
The inner workings of an LED
I-V diagram for a
an LED will begin to emit light when the on- is exceeded. Typical on voltages are 2-3
[url=][/url]
[] PhysicsLike a normal , the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material impregnated, or , with impurities to create a . As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or , to the n-side, or , but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers— and —flow into the junction from
with different . When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower , and releases
in the form of a .
of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the
energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In
diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no optical emission, because these are
materials. The materials used for the LED have a
with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with . Advances in
have made possible the production of devices with ever-shorter , producing light in a variety of colors.
LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use
substrate.
Most materials used for LED production have very high . This means that much light will be reflected back in to the material at the material/air surface interface. Therefore
is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development.
[] Efficiency and operational parametersTypical indicator LEDs are designed to operate with no more than 30–60
[mW] of electrical power. Around 1999,
introduced power LEDs capable of continuous use at one
[W]. These LEDs used much larger semiconductor die sizes to handle the large power inputs. Also, the semiconductor dies were mounted onto metal slugs to allow for heat removal from the LED die.
One of the key advantages of LED-based lighting is its high efficiency, as measured by its light output per unit power input. White LEDs quickly matched and overtook the efficiency of standard incandescent lighting systems. In 2002,
made five-watt LEDs available with a
per watt [lm/W]. For comparison, a conventional 60–100 W incandescent lightbulb produces around 15 lm/W, and standard fluorescent lights produce up to 100 lm/W. A recurring problem is that efficiency will fall dramatically for increased current. This effect is known as
and effectively limits the light output of a given LED, increasing heating more than light output for increased current.
In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by the company
to provide 24 mW at 20
[mA]. This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents. In 2006 they demonstrated a prototype with a record white LED luminous efficacy of 131 lm/W at 20 mA. Also,
has plans for 135 lm/W by 2007 and 145 lm/W by 2008, which would be approaching an order of magnitude improvement over standard incandescents and better even than standard fluorescents.
has developed a white LED with luminous efficiency of 150 lm/W at a forward current of 20 mA.
It should be noted that high-power (≥ 1 W) LEDs are necessary for practical general
applications. Typical operating currents for these devices begin at 350 mA. The highest efficiency high-power white LED is claimed by Philips Lumileds Lighting Co. with a luminous efficacy of 115 lm/W (350 mA).
Note that these efficiencies are for the LED chip only, held at low temperature in a lab. In a lighting application, operating at higher temperature and with drive circuit losses, efficiencies are much lower. DOE testing of commercial LED lamps designed to replace incandescent or CFL lamps showed that average efficacy was still about 31 lm/W in 2008 (tested performance ranged from 4 lm/W to 62 lm/W).
Cree issued a press release on November 19, 2008 about a laboratory prototype LED achieving 161 lumens/watt at room temperature. The total output was 173 lumens, and the correlated
was reported to be 4689 K.[]
[] Lifetime and failureMain article:
Solid state devices such as LEDs are subject to very limited
if operated at low currents and at low temperatures. Many of the LEDs produced in the 1970s and 1980s are still in service today. Typical lifetimes quoted are 25000 to 100000 hours but heat and current settings can extend or shorten this time significantly.
The most common symptom of LED (and ) failure is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can occur as well. Early red LEDs were notable for their short lifetime. With the development of high power LEDs the devices are subjected to higher junction temperatures and higher current densities than traditional devices. This causes stress on the material and may cause early light output degradation. To quantitatively classify lifetime in a standardized manner it has been suggested to use the terms L75 and L50 which is the time it will take a given LED to reach 75% and 50% light output respectively. L50 is equivalent to the
of the LED.
[] Colors and materialsConventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic , the following table shows the available colors with wavelength range, voltage drop and material:
Color [nm] [V]Semiconductor Material & 760V & 1.9 (GaAs)
(AlGaAs)610 & λ & 7601.63 & Δ & 2.03 (AlGaAs)
(GaP)590 & λ & 6102.03 & ΔV & 2.10 (GaAsP)
(GaP)570 & λ & 5902.10 & ΔV & 2.18 (GaAsP)
(GaP)500 & λ & 5702.18 & ΔV & 4.0 (InGaN) /
(AlGaP)450 & λ & 5002.48 & ΔV & 3.7 (ZnSe)
(SiC) as substrate
(Si) as substrate — (under development)400 & λ & 4502.76 & ΔV & 4.0 (InGaN)multiple types2.48 & ΔV & 3.7Dual blue/red LEDs,
blue with red phosphor,
or white with purple plasticλ & 4003.1 & ΔV & 4.4 (C)
(AlGaInN) — (down to 210 nm)Broad spectrumΔV = 3.5Blue/UV diode with yellow phosphor&&
[] Ultraviolet and blue LEDs
Blue LEDs are based on the wide
semiconductors GaN () and
(indium gallium nitride). They can be added to existing red and green LEDs to produce the impression of
light, though white LEDs today rarely use this principle.
The first blue LEDs were made in 1971 by Jacques Pankove (inventor of the gallium nitride LED) at . However, these devices had too little light output to be of much practical use. In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN
growth and
and Hiroshi Amano (Nagoya, Japan) ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, in 1993 high brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated through the work of
By the late 1990s, blue LEDs had become widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN
sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative InN-GaN fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can be varied from violet to amber. AlGaN
of varying AlN fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of the InGaN-GaN blue/green devices. If the active quantum well layers are GaN, as opposed to alloyed InGaN or AlGaN, the device will emit near-ultraviolet light with wavelengths around 350–370 nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN-GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems.
With nitrides containing aluminium, most often
and , even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as
lamp replacements for inspection of anti- UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies. Shorter wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive, are commercially available for wavelengths down to 247 nm. As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of , with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LEDs emitting at 250–270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices.
Wavelengths down to 210 nm were obtained in laboratories using .
While not an LED as such, an ordinary NPN bipolar transistor will emit violet light if its emitter-base junction is subjected to non-destructive reverse breakdown. This is easy to demonstrate by filing the top off a metal-can transistor (BC107, 2N2222 or similar) and biasing it well above emitter-base breakdown (≥ 20 V) via a current-limiting resistor.[]
[] White lightThere are two ways of producing high intensity -light using LEDs. One is to use individual LEDs that emit three
– red, green, and blue, and then mix all the colors to produce
light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a fluorescent light bulb works.
Due to , it is possible to have quite different spectra which appear white.
[] RGB systems
Combined spectral curves for blue, yellow-green, and high brightness red solid-state semiconductor LEDs.
spectral bandwidth is approximately 24–27 nm for all three colors.
can be produced by mixing differently colored light, the most common method is to use
(RGB). Hence the method is called multi-colored white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because its mechanism is involved with sophisticated electro-optical design to control the blending and
of different colors, this approach has rarely been used to mass produce white LEDs in the industry. Nevertheless this method is particularly interesting to many researchers and scientists because of the flexibility of mixing different colors. In principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.
There are several types of multi-colored white LEDs: , , and
white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different approaches include color ,
capability, and . Often higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade off between the luminous efficiency and color rendering. For example, the dichromatic white LEDs have the best luminous efficacy(120 lm/W), but the lowest color rendering capability. Conversely, although
white LEDs have excellent color rendering capability, they often have poor luminous efficiency. Trichromatic white LEDs are in between, having both good luminous efficacy(&70 lm/W) and fair color rendering capability.
What multi-color LEDs offer is not merely another solution of producing white light, but is a whole new technique of producing light of different colors. In principle, most
can be produced by mixing different amounts of three primary colors, and this makes it possible to produce precise dynamic color control as well. As more effort is devoted to investigating this technique, multi-color LEDs should have profound influence on the fundamental method which we use to produce and control light color. However, before this type of LED can truly play a role on the market, several technical problems need to be solved. These certainly include that this type of LED's emission power decays
with increasing temperature, resulting in a substantial change in color stability. Such problem is not acceptable for industrial usage. Therefore, many new package designs aiming to solve this problem have been proposed, and their results are being reproduced by researchers and scientists.
[] Phosphor based LEDs
Spectrum of a “white” LED clearly showing blue light which is directly emitted by the GaN-based LED (peak at about 465 nm) and the more broadband
light emitted by the Ce3+:YAG phosphor which emits at roughly 500–700 nm.
This method involves
an LED of one color (mostly blue LED made of InGaN) with
of different colors to produce white light, the resultant LEDs are called phosphor based white LEDs. A fraction of the blue light undergoes the
being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer. Depending on the color of the original LED, phosphors of different colors can be employed. If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied, the emitted spectrum is broadened, effectively increasing the
(CRI) value of a given LED.
Phosphor based LEDs have a lower efficiency than normal LEDs due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. However, the phosphor method is still the most popular technique for manufacturing
white LEDs. The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex
system, and the majority of high intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion.
The greatest barrier to high efficiency is the seemingly unavoidable Stokes energy loss. However, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. For instance, the efficiency can be increased by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor. ' patented conformal coating process addresses the issue of varying phosphor thickness, giving the white LEDs a more homogeneous white light. With development ongoing, the efficiency of phosphor based LEDs is generally increased with every new product announcement.
Technically the phosphor based white LEDs encapsulate InGaN blue LEDs inside of a phosphor coated epoxy. A common yellow phosphor material is -
(Ce3+:YAG).
White LEDs can also be made by
(NUV) emitting LEDs with a mixture of high efficiency -based red and blue emitting phosphors plus green emitting copper and aluminium doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al). This is a method analogous to the way
work. This method is less efficient than the blue LED with YAG:Ce phosphor, as the
is larger and more energy is therefore converted to heat, but yields light with better spectral characteristics, which render color better. Due to the higher radiative output of the ultraviolet LEDs than of the blue ones, both approaches offer comparable brightness. Another concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin.
[] Other white LEDsAnother method used to produce experimental white light LEDs used no phosphors at all and was based on
(ZnSe) on a ZnSe substrate which simultaneously emitted blue light from its active region and yellow light from the substrate.
[url=][/url]
[] Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)Main article:
If the emitting layer material of the LED is an , it is known as an Organic Light Emitting Diode (). To function as a semiconductor, the organic emitting material must have .
The emitting material can be a small organic
, or a . Polymer mater such LEDs are known as PLEDs or FLEDs.
Compared with regular LEDs, OLEDs are lighter, and polymer LEDs can have the added benefit of being flexible. Some possible future applications of OLEDs could be:
Inexpensive, flexible displaysLight sourcesWall decorationsLuminous OLEDs have been used to produce visual displays for portable electronic devices such as cellphones, digital cameras, and MP3 players. Larger displays have been demonstrated, but their life expectancy is still far too short (&1,000 hours) to be practical[].
Today, OLEDs operate at substantially lower efficiency than inorganic (crystalline) LEDs.
[url=][/url]
[] Quantum dot LEDs (experimental)A new technique developed by Michael Bowers, a graduate student at
in Nashville, involves coating a blue LED with
that glow white in response to the blue light from the LED. This technique produces a warm, yellowish-white light similar to that produced by .
Quantum dots are
nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties. Their emission color can be tuned from the visible throughout the infrared spectrum. This allows quantum dot LEDs to create almost any color on the
diagram. This provides more color options and better color rendering white LEDs. Quantum dot LEDs are available in the same package types as traditional
based LEDs.
LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package (red, fifth from the left) is the most common, estimated at 80% of world production.[] The color of the plastic lens is often the same as the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for
LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs in , such as those found on
and on cell phone keypads (not shown).
The main types of LEDs are miniature, high power devices and custom designs such as alphanumeric or multi-color.
[] Miniature LEDs
Different sized LEDs. 8 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm, with a wooden match-stick for scale.
Main article:
These are mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various-sizes from 2 mm to 8 mm,
packages. They are usually simple in design, not requiring any separate cooling body. Typical current ratings ranges from around 1 mA to above 20 mA. The small scale set a natural upper boundary on power consumption due to heat caused by the high current density and need for .
[] High power LEDsSee also:
High power LEDs from
mounted on a 21 mm star shaped base metal core
High power LEDs (HPLED) can be driven at hundreds of mA (vs. tens of mA for other LEDs), some with more than one
of current, and give out large amounts of light. Since overheating is destructive, the HPLEDs must be highly efficient to
furthermore, they are often mounted on a heat sink to allow for heat dissipation. If the heat from a HPLED is not removed, the device will burn out in seconds.
A single HPLED can often replace an incandescent bulb in a flashlight, or be set in an array to form a powerful .
Some well-known HPLED's in this category are the Lumileds Rebel Led, Osram Opto Semiconductors Golden Dragon and Cree X-lamp. As of November 2008 some HPLEDs manufactured by
now exceed 95 lm/W
(e.g. the XLamp MC-E LED chip emitting Cool White light) and are being sold in lamps intended to replace incandescent, halogen, and even fluorescent style lights as LEDs become more cost competitive.
LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half cycle part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half cycle. The efficacy of this type of HPLED is typically 40 lm/W. A large number of LED elements in series may be able to operate directly from line voltage.
[] Application-specific variationsFlashing LEDs are used as attention seeking indicators without requiring external electronics. Flashing LEDs resemble standard LEDs but they contain an integrated
circuit inside which causes the LED to flash with a typical period of one second. In diffused lens LEDs this is visible as a small black dot. Most flashing LEDs emit light of a single color, but more sophisticated devices can flash between multiple colors and even fade through a color sequence using RGB color mixing.
LED display.
Bi-color LEDs are actually two different LEDs in one case. It consists of two dies connected to the same two leads but in opposite directions. Current flow in one direction produces one color, and current in the opposite direction produces the other color. Alternating the two colors with sufficient frequency causes the appearance of a blended third color. For example, a red/green LED operated in this fashion will color blend to produce a yellow appearance.Tri-color LEDs are two LEDs in one case, but the two LEDs are connected to separate leads so that the two LEDs can be controlled independently and lit simultaneously. A three-lead arrangement is typical with one common lead (anode or cathode).RGB LEDs contain red, green and blue emitters, generally using a four-wire connection with one common lead (anode or cathode).Alphanumeric LED displays are available in
format. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but increasing use of , with their lower power consumption and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays.
[] Considerations for use
[] Power sources
and batteries provide power for this 's LED lights
Main article:
The current/voltage characteristics of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see ). This means that a small change in voltage can lead to a large change in current. If the maximum voltage rating is exceeded by a small amount the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is therefor to use
power supplies, or driving the LED at a voltage much below the maximum rating. Since most household power sources (batteries, mains) are not constant current sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter.
[] Electrical polarityMain article:
As with all diodes, current flows easily from p-type to n-type material. However, no current flows and no light is produced if a small voltage is applied in the reverse direction. If the reverse voltage becomes large enough to exceed the , a large current flows and the LED may be damaged.
[] AdvantagesEfficiency: LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs.Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in microseconds. LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times.Cycling: LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or
that require a long time before restarting.Dimming: LEDs can very easily be
or lowering the forward current.Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of
that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt burn-out of incandescent bulbs.Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours.[]Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.Toxicity: LEDs do not contain , unlike .
[] DisadvantagesHigh initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than most conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen sources and begin to threaten compact fluorescent lamps[].Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving the LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure. Adequate
is required to maintain long life. This is especially important when considering automotive, medical, and military applications where the device must operate over a large range of temperatures, and is required to have a low failure rate.Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with the voltage above the threshold and a current below the rating. This can involve series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.Light quality: Most cool- have spectra that differ significantly from a
radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at 500 nm can cause the color of objects to be
under cool-white LED illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources, due to , red surfaces being rendered particularly badly by typical phosphor based cool-white LEDs. However, the color rendering properties of common fluorescent lamps are often inferior to what is now available in state-of-art white LEDs.Area light source: LEDs do not approximate a “point source” of light, but rather a
distribution. So LEDs are difficult to use in applications requiring a spherical light field. LEDs are not capable of providing divergence below a few degrees. This is contrasted with lasers, which can produce beams with divergences of 0.2 degrees or less.Blue Hazard: There is increasing concern that
and cool- are now capable of exceeding safe limits of the so-called
as defined in eye safety specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1-05: Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems.Blue pollution: Because cool- (i.e., LEDs with high ) emit much more blue light than conventional outdoor light sources such as , the strong wavelength dependence of
means that cool-white LEDs can cause more
than other light sources. It is therefore very important that cool-white LEDs are fully shielded when used outdoors. Compared to , which emit at 589.3 nm, the 460 nm emission spike of cool-white and blue LEDs is scattered about 2.7 times more by the Earth's atmosphere. Cool-white LEDs should not be used for outdoor lighting near astronomical observatories.
[] Applications
A large LED display behind a .
The many application of LEDs are very diverse but fall into three major categories: Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these objects. Finally LEDs are also used to generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the human visual system.
[] Indicators and signs
LED destination displays on buses, one with a colored route number.
LED digital display that can display 4 digits along with points.
signal using LED
car using LED
The low , low maintenance and small size of modern LEDs has led to applications as status indicators and displays on a variety of equipment and installations. Large area
are used as stadium displays and as dynamic decorative displays. Thin, lightweight message displays are used at airports and railway stations, and as destination displays for trains, buses, trams, and ferries.
The single color light is well suited for
and signals, , , ships'
and . Red or yellow LEDs are used in indicator and alphanumeric displays in environments where night vision must be retained: aircraft cockpits, submarine and ship bridges, astronomy observatories, and in the field, e.g. night time animal watching and military field use.
Because of their long life and fast switching times, LEDs have been used for automotive
and truck and bus brake lights and turn signals for some time, but many high-end vehicles are now starting to use LEDs for their entire rear light clusters. The use of LEDs also has styling advantages because LEDs are capable of forming much thinner lights than incandescent lamps with . The significant improvement in the time taken to light up (perhaps 0.5s faster than an incandescent bulb) improves safety by giving drivers more time to react. It has been reported that at normal highway speeds this equals one car length increased reaction time for the car behind. White LED headlamps are beginning to make an appearance.
Due to the relative cheapness of low output LEDs they are also used in many temporary applications such as
and , a photonic , artist have also used LEDs for
and more specifically .
receivers with
(SAME) technology, they have 3 LEDs. For many of those receivers colors vary, but on most of the SAME weather radios, they hav a and a yellow for advisories & statements whenever issued.
[] Lighting
of Audi A4
With the development of high efficiency and high power LEDs it has become possible to incorporate LEDs in
and illumination. Replacement
have been made as well as dedicated fixtures and . LEDs are used as
and in other architectural lighting where color changing is used. The mechanical robustness and long lifetime is used in
on cars, motorcycles and on .
LEDs are also suitable for
televisions and lightweight
displays and light source for
projectors. RGB LEDs increase the color
by as much as 45%. Screen for TV and computer displays can be made increasingly thin using LEDs for backlighting.
The lack of IR/heat radiation makes LEDs ideal for
using banks of RGB LEDs that can easily change color and decrease heating from traditional stage lighting, as well as medical lighting where IR-radiation can be harmful.
Since LEDs are small, durable and require little power they are used in hand held devices such as . LED
operate at a safe, low voltage, as opposed to the 250+ volts commonly found in
flashlamp-based lighting. This is particularly applicable to cameras on , where space is at a premium and bulky voltage-increasing circuitry is undesirable. LEDs are used for infrared illumination in
applications including . A ring of LEDs around a , aimed forward into a
LEDs are used for decorative lighting as well.
include but are not limited to indoor/outdoor decor, limousines, cargo trailers, conversion vans, cruise ships, RVs, boats, automobiles, and utility trucks. Decorative LED lighting can also come in the form of Lited Logo Panels and Engravings and Step and Aisle lighting in theaters and auditoriums.
[url=][/url]
[] Smart lightingLight can be used to transmit
data, which is already implemented in
standards using infrared LEDs. Because LEDs can
millions of times per second, they can, in effect, become
transport.
can also be
in this manner.
[] Sustainable LightingEfficient lighting is needed for . A 13 watt LED lamp produces 450 to 650
. which is equivalent to a standard 40 watt incandescent bulb . A standard 40 W incandescent bulb has an expected lifespan of 1,000 hours while an LED can continue to operate with reduced efficiency for more than 50,000 hours, 50 times longer than the incandescent bulb.
[] An Environmentally Friendly OptionA single kWh of electricity will generate 1.34lbs of CO2 emissions. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a single 40 watt incandescent bulb will generate 196 lbs of CO2 every year. The 13 watt LED equivalent will only be responsible for 63 lbs of CO2 over the same time span. A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can be reduced by 68% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs.
LEDs are also non-toxic unlike the more popular energy efficient bulb option: the compact florescent a.k.a.
which contains traces of harmful . While the amount of mercury in a CFL is small, introducing less into the environment is preferable.
[] Economically SustainableLED light bulbs could be a cost effective option for lighting a home or office space because of their very long lifetimes, even though they have a much higher purchase price. The high initial cost of the commercial LED bulb is due to the expensive
which is key to the production process. The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted.
During this transition period, it is a challenge to ensure that this technology is used where it is most appropriate and effective, and to avoid poor-quality products damaging the reputation. 2009 DOE testing results showed an average efficacy of 35 lm/W, below that of typical CFLs, and as low as 9 lm/W, worse than standard incandescents . It is a challenge to get buyers and users to be conscious of and make decisions based on life-cycle costs instead of the more obvious initial purchase price, and to avoid having low-efficiency products ride on the coattails of hype generated by lab test results.
In 2008, a
research team at
succeeded in producing LED bulbs with a substitute for the sapphire components.. The team used metal-coated
wafers with a built-in reflective layer of
to lessen the overall production cost of the LED. They predict that within a few years, LEDs produced with their revolutionary, new technique will be competitively priced with CFLs. The less expensive LED would not only be the best energy saver, but also a very economical bulb.
Illustration of the cost of using a single Incandescent, CFL, LED (at current market price) and an LED (at estimated price within a couple years) each year over the span of a decade.
[] Non-visual applications
LED panel light source used in an experiment on
growth. The findings of such experiments may be used to grow food in space on long duration missions.
Light has many other uses besides for seeing. LEDs are used for some of these applications. The uses fall in three groups: Communication, sensors and light matter interaction.
The light from LEDs can be modulated very fast so they are extensively used in
communications. This include , such as for TVs and VCRs, where
LEDs are often used.
use an LED combined with a
to provide a signal path with electrical isolation between two circuits. This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low voltage
circuit (usually battery powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential.
Many sensor systems rely on light as the main medium. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as , for example in . The Nintendo 's sensor bar uses
for measuring . Some flatbed scanners use arrays of RGB LEDs rather than the typical
as the light source. Having independent control of three illuminated colors allows the scanner to calibrate itself for more accurate color balance, and there is no need for warm-up. Furthermore, its sensors only need be monochromatic, since at any one point in time the page being scanned is only lit by a single color of light. : Since LEDs can also be used as , they can be used for both photo emission and detection. This could be used in for example a touch-sensing screen that register reflected light from a finger or .
Many materials and biological systems are sensitive to, or dependent on light.
use LEDs to increase
and bacteria and vira can be removed from water and other substances using
LEDs for . Other uses are as
devices for some ink and coating applications as well as .
The use of LEDs is particularly interesting to
cultivators, mainly because it is more energy efficient, less heat is produced (can damage plants close to hot lamps) and can provide the optimum light frequency for Cannabis growth and bloom periods compared to currently used grow lights:
(High Pressure Sodium),
(Metal Halide) or /Low-energy. It has however not replaced these grow lights due to it having a higher retail price, as mass production and LED kits develop the product will become cheaper.
LEDs have also been used as a medium quality
in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g., about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a
in low-voltage regulators. Although LED forward voltage is much more current-dependent than a good Zener, Zener diodes are not widely available below voltages of about 3 V.
[] Light sources for machine vision systems systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used to this purpose, and this field of application is likely to remain one of the major application areas until price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination applications more widespread.
are the most common example of machine vision, and many inexpensive ones used red LEDs instead of lasers. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for
systems for several reasons:
The size of the illuminated field is usually comparatively small and machine vision systems are often quite expensive, so the cost of the light source is usually a minor concern. However, it might not be easy to replace a broken light source placed within complex machinery, and here the long service life of LEDs is a benefit.
LED elements tend to be small and can be placed with high density over flat or even shaped substrates (PCBs etc) so that bright and homogeneous sources can be designed which direct light from tightly controlled directions on inspected parts. This can often be obtained with small, inexpensive lenses and diffusers, helping to achieve high light densities with control over lighting levels and homogeneity. LED sources can be shaped in several configurations (spot lights for ref ring lights for
back lights for
flat, dome sources for diffused, omnidirectional illumination).
LEDs can be easily strobed (in the microsecond range and below) and synchronized with imaging. High power LEDs a available allowing well lit images even with very short light pulses. This is often used in order to obtain crisp and sharp “still” images of quickly-moving parts.
LEDs come in several different colors and wavelengths, easily allowing to use the best color for each application, where different color may provide better visibility of features of interest. Having a precisely known spectrum allows tightly matched filters to be used to separate informative bandwidth or to reduce disturbing effect of ambient light. LEDs usually operate at comparatively low working temperatures, simplifying heat management and dissipation, therefore allowing plastic lenses, filters and diffusers to be used. Waterproof units can also easily be designed, allowing for use in harsh or wet environments (food, beverage, oil industries).
iM42 HDMI四进二出矩阵，支持4K * 2K的演示视频：
/programs/view/ZEVCMi60Ha0/
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
高级会员, 积分 44, 距离下一级还需 6 积分
交易诚信度0
我认为现在的所谓“led”电视其本质就是lcd电视，只是背光光源改进了。就像皮影戏，不能因为由煤油灯改为白炽灯，就不是皮影戏了。
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
应该说，下一代显示技术是以OLED、激光背投、三维立体电视为代表的新型电视机。
而LED电视是指目前采用LED背光技术的液晶电视，它不属于下一代显示技术。
而所谓“真正意义上的LED电视”纯粹是瞎扯蛋！
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
金钱406369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
原帖由 boyhood 于
18:23 发表
我认为现在的所谓“led”电视其本质就是lcd电视，只是背光光源改进了。就像皮影戏，不能因为由煤油灯改为白炽灯，就不是皮影戏了。
[s:14] [s:14] [s:14]
iM42 HDMI四进二出矩阵，支持4K * 2K的演示视频：
/programs/view/ZEVCMi60Ha0/
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
回复 51# boyhood 的帖子
如此说来，拉洋片属于皮影戏的发展，胶片电影属于拉洋片的发展。那么我们是否可以称电影为“高级皮影戏”呢？
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
交易诚信度0
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
回复 55# hardball 的帖子
目前的激光电视其实是背投电视的发展，只不过光源采用了激光，所以称作激光电视。
我倒没见几个哭着喊着非说它是背投电视的！而三菱公司也一直用激光电视来宣传！
怎么没见有专家跳出来说是偷换概念啊？
[ 本帖最后由 雨轩 于
18:55 编辑 ]
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
初级会员, 积分 1, 距离下一级还需 4 积分
交易诚信度0
买过个台电的MP4，用的AMOLED屏，不知道是不是这个LED技术，不过画面效果确实鲜艳，可视角度也很大。
可惜给我睡觉的时候压身底下了，屏幕断了，晕。。。
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
回复 57# 江阴人 的帖子
手机和MP4上一般用的是OLED，而不是LED。
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
新手上路, 积分 0, 距离下一级还需 1 积分
交易诚信度0
OLED不是LED，LED背光的LCD是LED，原来楼主是这种方式抬杠的，呵呵，算了，早知道您这种风格的，我都懒得来说这么多了
宝马M3不是宝马，宝马底盘技术的骏捷才是宝马
呵呵，少陪了，你们慢聊
金钱404369
交易诚信度0
主题帖子威望
超级会员, 积分 143, 距离下一级还需 57 积分
交易诚信度0
回复 59# tomx2h 的帖子
OLED和LED本来就不是一码事，既然有人挑头非要把OLED说成是“真正的LED电视”，却不允许把LED背光电视称作LED电视，那我很乐意来请教一下——究竟什么才是真正的LED电视？
万里长城十亿兵& &国耻岂待儿孙平
愿提百骑虎狼师& &跃马扬刀踏东瀛
积极参与奖
积极参与奖
技术专家奖
技术专家奖
最佳写手奖
最佳写手奖
活动推荐 /1
家电论坛携手高清先生福利活动《VISIO X58真正蓝光血统的超清播放机》：酷爽冰价,以旧换新,免费赠送VR移动一体机.画质、音质、性能超越以往越狱升级蓝光机，硬盘播放器!4K倍频优化，手机控制，电影海报，音乐专辑图，DSD/APE/FLAC多种高清晰音乐文件，SMB/NFS网络共享...
Powered by