dr methunedr会议是什么意思思

Mozilla Thunderbird 中文版下載 | MozTW, Mozilla Taiwan Community
Thunderbird
以你為本的郵件體驗,讓收發電子郵件變得更簡單
Thunderbird 有分頁標籤、威力倍增的搜索及郵件備存功能,並提供您個人專屬的郵件體驗
Thunderbird 立即下載
Thunderbird 立即下載
Thunderbird 的特色
讓我們深入了解 Thunderbird 的功能吧!
(滑鼠移過來可看詳細簡介)
更簡單就能上手
設定全新的 Thunderbird 從來沒有那麼簡單過!
分頁與搜尋
透過分頁標籤與更快的搜尋功能,Thunderbird 改善了您使用電子郵件的方式。
自訂您的電子郵件體驗
數以千計的附加元件讓您可以自由地把 Thunderbird 妝點成您想要的樣子。
保護您電子郵件的安全!
更簡單就能上手
設定全新的 Thunderbird 從來沒有那麼簡單過!
在說明選單當中,您可以找到升級助手來幫您設定 Thunderbird 成您想要的樣子。若您喜歡原本 Thunderbird 2 的工具列,您可以快速地在升級助手當中修改這個選項。您也可以於升級助手當中安裝像是 Advanced Folder Columns 或 Compact Header 的附加元件,調整您的訊息視窗。
郵件帳號設定精靈
以往您需要您郵件帳號的 IMAP、SMTP,以及 SSL/TLS 設定值。您現在只需要輸入姓名、電子郵件地址,以及密碼。設定精靈將會自動從我們的資料庫當中幫您尋找設定值。
快捷通訊錄
快捷通訊錄是個讓您可以快速將聯絡人加到通訊錄當中的方式。只要點一下您所收到的訊息前面的星星圖示就能將其加入您的通訊錄中,點第二下就能新增聯絡人的照片、生日,或其他詳細資料。
當您在信件內文當中提到附件或其他關鍵字卻沒有新增附件時,附件提示功能會提醒您記得要加上附件再寄出。
活動管理員
活動管理員會集中記錄 Thunderbird 與您的郵件服務提供者之間所有的互動,方便您檢視之前做過哪些操作。
自訂您的電子郵件體驗
數以千計的附加元件讓您可以自由地把 Thunderbird 妝點成您想要的樣子。
Thunderbird 外觀
快速過濾列讓您可以更快過濾出您的信件。在快速過濾搜尋框當中輸入文字就會立即顯示搜尋結果。您也可以依據新訊息、分頁標籤,或是您通訊錄裡面的的人員等條件進行過濾。您也可以點選圖釘圖示儲存過濾條件,將其使用於任何資料夾。
附加元件管理員
您無須另外瀏覽附加元件網站,只要開啟 Thunderbird 附加元件管理員,就可直接搜尋並安裝需要的附加元件。完整的說明、圖片、評分、與推薦,能幫助您找到需要的附加元件。
智慧資料夾
您可以在智慧資料夾的收件匣中,一次閱讀所有帳號的新進郵件。智慧資料夾整合了多個帳號的資料,讓您透過同一組收件匣、寄件備份、或備存資料夾,管理多個電子郵件帳號。
安全性與保護您的電子郵件
保護您電子郵件的安全!
排除垃圾信
為了反制垃圾郵件,Thunderbird 強化了垃圾信工具。Thunderbird 先進的垃圾信過濾器會檢查您所收到的每封信件。而在您將信件標示為垃圾信時,Thunderbird 也會跟著「學習」,改進自身的垃圾信過濾機制,讓您寶貴的時間不會耗費在無意義的雜務上。Thunderbird 也能夠使用您的郵件服務提供者的過濾機制,確保垃圾郵件不會進入您的收件匣。
Thunderbird 會自動阻擋郵件中的遠端圖片,以強化使用者的隱私保護。
詐騙郵件(或稱為釣魚郵件)常偽裝成您熟悉的網站,以騙取個人資訊。Thunderbird 在偵測到這類郵件時會發出通知,讓您免於詐騙郵件的威脅。Thunderbird 還有第二道對抗詐騙郵件的手段,當您點下的連結跟郵件中顯示的網站不同時,Thunderbird 也會發出警告。
Thunderbird 的自動更新系統會檢查您的程式是否已經更新到最新版本,也會通知您有新的安全更新。安全更新檔案很小(通常介於 200KB 至 700KB 間),而且只會包含必要的部份,以確保安全性更新能夠在最短的時間內安裝完成。Thunderbird 的自動更新功能可以在 Windows、Mac OS X、與 Linux 上執行,並且支援 40 種以上的語言版本。
開放原始碼
Thunderbird 的前進動力來自於開放原始碼的研發流程:由成千上萬分散於世界各地,擁有熱情與經驗的程式開發者與安全專家共同參與。我們的社群開放而活躍,由專家協助打造更安全的產品、更快的進行程式更新,我們同時也能受惠於第三方的安全檢測工具,進一步強化整體安全性。
資源與鏈結
資源與鏈結→ 体检中DR诊断是什么意思
体检中DR诊断是什么意思
健康咨询描述:
体检中DR诊断是什么意思啊?体检中DR诊断我可从没听说过?好奇。谁帮我讲解下啊?是怎么来的啊?严重吗?能不能说说这能不能治啊?有哪些方法治好吗?会好吗?是不是可以防治的啊?
其他类似问题
医生回复区
医生爱心医生
&&&&&&乙肝病毒具有嗜肝特性,以往只是从乙肝病毒能主要引起肝脏病变,可导致肝坏死来认识的。后来找到了病毒在肝细胞内复制繁殖的证据;近年更认识到乙肝病毒与肝细胞之间存在着互相对应的嵌镶位点,或称受体。这个位点在乙肝病毒的外壳,即表面抗原上,其物质基础是聚合人血清白蛋白受体,它是由病毒去氧核糖核酸结构中的前S2区编码的55氨基酸残基构成的。在人的肝细胞膜上则也存在着能与聚合人血清白蛋白结合的受体。 &&&&&&另外还发现e抗原阳性患者的血清中,聚合人血清白蛋白受体的量特别多,而乙肝e抗体阳性患者血清中就缺乏聚合人血清白蛋白受体;聚合人血清白蛋白受体与乙肝病毒的感染性有关。测定血中聚合人血清白蛋白受体的数量目前已作为乙肝病毒在患者体内复制是否活跃的标志;测定慢性肝炎患者血中的聚合人血清白蛋白受体可判断慢肝是否活动,是否有急性发作的旁证。 &&&&&&什么是乙肝病毒DNA、DNA聚合酶,它们阳性表示什么? &&&&&&乙肝病毒核心中的基因组是由乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸分子(HBV-DNA)及脱氧核糖核酸聚合酶(简称DNA聚合酶,或DNA-P)组成。乙肝病毒DNA和DNA聚合酶主宰乙肝病毒复制,即无性繁殖。所以他们阳性就表示有乙肝病毒颗粒存在,并且复制活跃,传染性强。 &&&&&&乙肝病毒的脱氧核糖核酸是由一长一短的方向相反的两条脱氧核糖核酸链组成,两条链严格配对联在一起形成环状,短链有一缺口,故此处只有一条链。现代分子生物学研究证明,HBV-DNA有3200对核苷酸,在形成核酸链的过程中,核苷酸对的结合有严格的规律性,当病毒开始复制时,由DNA聚合酶首先把短链缺少的部分补足,和长链一样,然后两链分开形成单股,这单股的脱氧核糖核酸链可以作为模板,它的每一个核苷酸都按照配对规律配上新的核苷酸,从而形成新链,于是就复制出新的乙型肝炎病毒DNA。目前可采用聚合酶链反应(PCP)技术检测HBV-DNA,其特异性强,灵敏度高,已广泛应用于临床,而DNA聚合酶的检测方法仍不够理想。 &&&&&&乙型肝炎病原是一种什么样的病毒? &&&&&&乙型肝炎病原是一种去氧核糖核酸病毒。它与土拨鼠肝炎病毒、地松鼠肝炎病毒和鸭肝炎病毒同属嗜肝去氧核糖核酸病毒族。这类病毒具有感染的种族特异性,彼此不发生交叉感染。如乙肝病毒只对人、猩猩及恒河猴有易感性,能在猩猩体内传代,各种组织培养尚未成功。鸭肝炎病毒只能感染鸭,对人及其他动物无传染性。 &&&&&&在电子显微镜观察下该病毒有3种不同形态。 &&&&&&①小球形颗粒:直径为22nm。 &&&&&&②管形颗粒:直径与小球形颗粒相同,长度为200~700nm。 &&&&&&③大球形颗粒:即丹氏(Dane)颗粒或完整的乙肝病毒,直径为42nm。 &&&&&&乙肝病毒以双层结构,由7nm外膜和27nm的内核组成。不管是小球形、管形、丹氏颗粒的外膜均由表面抗原组成,不含核酸。丹氏颗粒外层为表面抗原衣膜,内容直径为27nm的双链去氧核糖核酸核心,呈均一的20面体,被称为独特的乙肝核心抗原(HBcAg)。从中可分离出核酸,即病毒的基因组成。 &&&&&&乙型肝炎病毒 &&&&&&1963年Blumberq在两名多次接受输血治疗的病人血清中,发现一种异常的抗体,它能与一名澳大利亚土著人的血清起沉淀反应。直到1967年才明确这种抗原与乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)有关,1970年在电子显微镜下观察到HBV的形态,1986年将其列入嗜肝DNA病毒科。 &&&&&&一、生物学性状 &&&&&&(一)形态与结构 &&&&&&1.大球形颗粒:亦称Dane颗粒,它是一种由一个囊膜和一个含有DNA分子的核衣壳组成的病毒颗粒,直径约42nm。核衣壳为20面体对称结构。游离的核衣壳只能在肝细胞核内观察到。血中Dane颗粒浓度以急性肝炎潜伏期后期为最高,在疾病起始后则迅速下降。 Dane颗粒表面含有 HBsAg ,核心中还含有双股有缺口的DNA链和依赖DNA的DNA多聚酶。目前认为Dane颗粒即完整的HBV。 &&&&&&HBV DNA的两链长短不一,长链(L)完整,为负链,长度恒定,约3200个核苷酸。短链(S)为正链,长度可变,约为长链长度的50~100%,链的增生按5′-3′顺序进行。在不同分子中短链3′端的位置是可变的,而短链和长链的5′端位置固定点为粘性末端,通过250~300个核苷酸碱基配对,以维持DNA分子的环状结构。在粘性末端两侧,两链5′端各有一个由11个bp组成的直接重复序列 (Direct repeat DR)-5′TTCACCTCTCC,该DR位于第1824个核苷酸者称DR1,位于第1590个核苷酸者称DR2,在病毒复制中起作用。 &&&&&&2.小形球颗粒:直径约22nm的小球形颗粒是HBV感染后血液中最多见的一种。它由HBsAg,即病毒的囊膜组成。化学组成为脂蛋白,可按其特有的密度与正常血清蛋白部分分离。在此颗粒中未检出达DNA多聚酶活性。目前认为HBV的小颗粒不是HBV,可能是它感染肝细胞时合成过剩的囊膜而游离于血循环中。 &&&&&&3.管形颗粒:直径约22nm,长度可在100~700nm之间。实际上它是一串聚合起来的小颗粒,但同样具有HBsAg的抗原性。 &&&&&&(二)基因结构 &&&&&&目前,已可从感染HBV病人的血清中及感染肝脏提纯的病毒核心中分离出环状双股DNA,从而确定HBV属DNA病毒。 &&&&&&研究Dane颗粒DNA结构发现,DNA分子含有约3,200个核苷酸。它包括两个链;一个长度固定的负链和另一长度不定的正链。由于DNA生物合成是在多聚酶作用DNA引物生长末端 3′-OH与加入的脱氧核苷酸的5'-磷酸基形成磷酸二脂键完成的,因此,链的增生按5'-3'顺序进行,而且加到链上的每种脱氧核苷酸是按模板DNA的碱基配对互补规律进行,长链在1,800或1,818核苷酸附近有一个制品。短链的5'-末端通过长达250-300个核苷酸的碱基配对而维持分子的环状结构。DNA多聚酶作用不断延长短链3′端以修补缺口。缺口可能与HBV的DNA在感染细胞内的整合有关。 &&&&&&目前,由于克隆化DNA完整核苷酸已经确定,现已证实HBsAg和HBcAg都是由Dane颗粒的DNA所编码,并且二类基因存在同一DNA分子上。有人比较病毒基因编码能力和病毒多少,发现HBV DNA负链能编码全部已知的HBV蛋白质,而其正链开放读码区,不能编码病毒蛋白。 &&&&&&HBV DNA负链有四个开放区,分别称为S、C、P及X,能编码全部已知的HBV蛋白质。S区可分为二部分,S基因和前S基因。S基因(核苷酸155~833)能编码主要表面蛋白。S基因之前是一个能编码163个氨基酸(2,848-154)的前S基因,编码Pre S1和Pre S2蛋白。C区基因包括前C基因和C基因,分别编码HBeAg和HBcAg。P区最长,约占基因组75%以上,编码病毒体DNA多聚酶。X区(核苷酸1,374~1,835)可能编码有154个氨基酸的碱性多肽,长链的裂口位于此区。 &&&&&&(三)HBV的抗原组成 &&&&&&1.HBsAg:HBsAg是由HBV的基因组所特定的,为上述三种形态的颗粒所共有。 &&&&&&HBsAg 抗原活性属于高浮力密度范围内的脂蛋白类。用CsCl密度梯度离心,表面抗原(小颗粒和管状颗粒)平均密度为1.20g/cm2。Dane颗粒的密度略高,为1.25g/cm2。纯化的22nm颗粒的平均沉降系数为33-54S,分子量约为24-2.5×106。 &&&&&&纯化的HBsAg 含有类脂质、糖类、脂质、蛋白质及糖蛋白。它由8种多肽组成,定名为P1至P8。其中至少有二种或三种多肽过碘酸Schiff试验阳性,提示存在糖类结构。用紫外分光光度计检查提取的HBsAg,显示有典型的蛋白吸收光谱。蛋白占总量的70~90%以上,广义的HBsAg 由三种蛋白组成:(1)主要表面蛋白(S蛋白,小分子HBsAg),由S基因编码的226个氨基酸组成。(2)中分子蛋白(中分子 HBsAg),由前S2、S基因编码,在S蛋白226个氨基酸的N端附加一个含55个氨基酸的 Pre S2蛋白组成,共281个氨基酸。(3)大分子蛋白(大分子HBsAg),由S,前S1和前S2 基因编码,在中分子蛋白281个氨基酸的N端附加一个含119个氨基酸的 Pre S1蛋白组成,共400个氨基酸。 &&&&&&S蛋白即狭义HBsAg,是HBV囊膜的主要表面抗原的主要成份,包括糖基化的GP27和非糖基化的P24两种形式,以二硫键相连形成二聚体,代表HBsAg的结构单位,具备完整的抗原性。如二聚体解离,则HBsAg抗原性将会明显下降。 &&&&&&HBsAg 能刺激机体产生相应抗体—抗HBS,它是HBV的中和抗体,具有免疫保护作用,HBsAg的检出是HBV感染的标志之一。 &&&&&&前S蛋白2(Pre S2),的C端HBsAg端相连,Pre S2暴露于HBV囊膜外层,具有多聚人血清白蛋白 (Polymenized Human Serum Albumin,PHSA)的受体(PHSA-R),能与PH-SA结合。由于肝细胞表面也有PHSA-R,HBV能通过血循环中存在的PHSA的介导,吸附到肝细胞表面,最后经胞饮作用进入肝细胞内。如病人血清中检出Pre S2,表示HBV在肝细胞中复制。Pre S2有良好的免疫原性,能刺激机体产生相应抗体—抗Pre S2。此抗体出现于急性感染恢复早期,比抗HBs出现早而维持时间与抗HBs一样。抗Pre S2具有中和作用,可作为机体康复的指标之一。 &&&&&&Pre S1有较强免疫原性,并能增强Pre S2和HBsAg 的免疫原性;Pre S1刺激机体产生相应抗体—Pre S1。该抗体有lgM和lgG两种,其中抗Pre S1在HBV感染潜伏期,也就是在抗HBV~lgM出现前已产生,故可作为HBV早期感染的特异性指标。而抗Pre S1 lgG出现稍晚,在体内维持时间较长,具有中和作用。 &&&&&&HBsAg对一些促进变性的化合物,如乙醚、1:1氯仿一尿素、十二烷基硫酸钠、吐温30以及各种蛋白水解酶都很稳定。HBsAg在酸性下孵育几小时仍很稳定。在碱性下,冷冻融化不能使其灭活。表面的类脂质可能对于一些主要由蛋白组成的抗原决定簇起保护作用。 &&&&&&HBsAg具有几种特异性抗原组分,包括各亚型共同抗原特异决定族a,和二组互相排斥的亚型决定簇d/y和 w/r。HBsAg的主要亚型有adr、adw、ayr及ayw4种。欧美各国adr、为主,我国汉族以adr居多中区地区及我国少数民族地区以ayw为主(西藏、新疆、内蒙等)。 &&&&&&2.HBcAg:HBcAg存在于Dane颗粒的核心和乙型肝炎患者的肝细胞核内。 HBcAg一般从HBcAg阳性尸检肝或实验感染的黑猩猩肝脏提取。在乙型肝炎的急性期、恢复期和HBcAg携带者中常可测出抗~HBc。此抗体对病毒无中和作用。体内如发现HBcAg或抗~HBc表示HBV在肝内持续复制。 &&&&&&3.HBeAg:有关e抗原的本质还不十分清楚,但多数认为它是潜藏存在于Dane颗粒的核心部分。到目前为止,尚未在HbsAg阴性的血清中出现过。 HBeAg是一种溶性抗原。抗原已知有三种亚型:e1,e2及e3。由于HBeAg与DNA多聚酶在血液中的消长相符,故HBcAg的存在可作为体内有HBV复制及血清具有传染性的一种标记,血中HBsAg滴度越高,HBeAg的检出率亦愈高。有些病人可出出现HBe抗体,可能也是一种有保护作用的抗体。 &&&&&&(四)HBV的培养 &&&&&&HBV的组织培养尚未成功。虽然近年来发展了从人胚肝获得的分化脓细胞初代培养、制备半连续人肝细胞系和诊断性肝穿刺培养的成人胚组织的方法,但应用各种肝组织在体外培养HBV仍很困难。尽管用各种细胞和器官分离HBV的大胆尝试,获得一些“肝炎待定”病毒,但难以使其在组织培养中连续传代,因而还没有一个被公认是HBV。近来用提取HBV DNA进行传染及通过细胞融合来拯救病毒的途径发离HBV,仍未得到公认的结果。 &&&&&&南非学者(1976)报道了从一个HBsAg阳性原发性肝癌组织建立的细胞系(PLC/PRF/5)中找到HBsAg的复制。此细胞系的主要特点是能产生HBsAg 逐日上升。104/日细胞可产生500ng HBsAg ,免疫电镜显示大多数为22nm的颗粒,均为圆形,略有亚微结构。其抗原性与免疫性均与血液中的HBsAg相同。未见有Dane颗粒及管形。目前,此细胞系已用于体外研究病毒基因组表达的有用模型。 &&&&&&黑猩猩是HBV的易感动物,狨猴虽可感染但不如前者敏感。国外用黑猩猩研究HBV的发病机理,检测自动免疫、被动免疫的效果以及HBV疫苗的安全性。但黑猩猩的来源短缺,难以广泛应用。 &&&&&&(四、防治原则 &&&&&&目前,乙型肝炎治疗上比较肯定的药物为α干扰素。国内外均有报道,经连续大剂量注射α干扰素半年后HBsAg转阴的例子。但最近发现,一些转阴后病人在停用干扰素后又转为阳性。其他如胸腺肽、转移因子治疗慢性肝炎虽有报道,但效果欠佳。 &&&&&&
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Bethune: The Making of a Hero&()
Bethune has long been a hero in China. Perhaps for reasons of politics and personality, however, his fame in North America lagged far behind. The film explores the complexity of a character...
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Bethune: The Making of a Hero
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1 win & 9 nominations.
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Credited cast:
Frances Penny Bethune
Chester Rice
Marie-France Coudaire
Alan Coleman
Dr. Archibald
General Nieh
Dr. Salvador
Rest of cast listed alphabetically:
Reporter 1
Nurse MacKenzie
Bethune has long been a hero in China. Perhaps for reasons of politics and personality, however, his fame in North America lagged far behind. The film explores the complexity of a character who could be narcissistic, petty, and cruel with those who loved him, yet capable of heroic generosity and creativity for those whom he scarcely knew. It was a Canada-China-France co-production, which by the time of its release had become the most expensive movie ever made in Canada. The production had been dogged by controversy over funding, politics, location, revenue, and a dispute over the script between the author, who had been with Bethune in Spain, and the leading actor who had already played Bethune in other venues. Some scenes are tinged with humor and Bethune's speeches about universal access to humane medicine have an uncanny appeal more than half a century later. With its beautiful backdrop of Chinese landscapes, Montreal snow, and 1930s nostalgia, the film is an evocative memorial to a...
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Release Date: 27 August 1990 (Canada)
Also Known As: Dr. Bethune
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Did You Know?
Donald Sutherland had previously portrayed Dr. Bethune in a 1977 Canadian TV Movie titled Bethune.
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As as a student of Chinese History I loved this movie.
Contrary to the guy who said that they actors should be ashamed of themselves for promoting Communist propaganda, they should be proud for telling an inspiring story about an inspiring revolution. Indeed it's refreshing to see something that doesn't try to slander socialism and Mao. Maybe that is why this film was not widely seen and promoted. Dr. Bethune was right, and is still right even with everything we know today. The film is correct in portraying these historical events in the positive light they should be portrayed, contrary to popular Western fashion. Mao was not a murderer, he was a revolutionary hero, like Bethune, and saved millions of lives. Keep in mind that Mao led the Chinese revolution which lifted millions out of poverty and illiteracy. It was in fact the largest transition out of poverty in human history.The land reform was the biggest exchange of land in human history. There were indeed mistakes made during the transition out of capitalist (even feudalistic) economic relations and into a more socialistic economy and social structure. But to be fair the capitalist transition took a long time, failed several times, and committed outright crimes. Mao led the largest land reform in world history -- changing agriculture for 500 million people and ending feudalism. The reorganizing feudal agriculture by leading a peasant agrarian revolution did cause disruptions to the food supply, but this is not "sanctioning the killing of millions." We never hear claims that say Lincoln "sanctioned the killing of 3 million people" because his election caused the civil war, and the civil war had sweeping consequences on both civilians and soldiers. The historical documents do make clear that whatever one thinks about Mao and the short comings, they do make clear that Mao's intentions was to create a deeply democratic (for the oppressed classes) society where the masses of people would be the rulers of their own destiny. Mao led a civil war, then a radical land reform and a series of unique political movements let led to a remarkable socialist society in China for several decades.There are lots of sensationalist books that critics quote, but if you look at the sources, and esp. the review by China specialists after they had time to review it, you will see it gets lambasted in severe ways. For example the Chang and Halliday book, "Mao: The Unknown Story," is almost always cited and in vogue. The work is regarded by specialists as "faction--fiction with a cloak of facts.' David S. G. Goodman, Professor of Contemporary China Studies for example, compared the book to "The DaVinci Code, saying that it purports to show a "a conspiracy of academics and scholars who have chosen not to reveal the truth." Goodman argued that "the 'facts' in The Da Vinci Code are about as reliable as those to be found in...Mao: The Unknown Story." Goodman argued that the book could even be thought of as a "form of fiction" where "a strong narrative" is "a substitute for evidence and argument." One of my favorite China historians, who I used to correspond with when I was doing some research on this very topic is Prof. Mobo Gao, and in his new book, he devotes a whole chapter to that sad affair of "The Unknown Story." His book is, "The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution" by Prof. Gao. Find on Amazon.The reviews of the Chang and Halliday work reveal a very dubious methodology, that it exaggerates numbers, fakes evidence, provides anecdotal reading to events, etc. But this work receives praise universally from everywhere except for the field the work is suppose to contribute scholarly information to, China Studies. Nearly all China Studies scholars, even those very close politically to Chang and Halliday, have in one sense rebuked this work, yet it remains popular and cited by people as if it has any scholarly validity.
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