新概念第一册第十课一册一百三十七课的if条件句

新概念第一册73-144_甜梦文库
新概念第一册73-144
新概念第一册 L73-L144L73-74 词汇学习 Word study 1.lose v. (1)迷失;(使)迷路: She did not know London very well, and she lost her way. 她对伦敦 不很熟悉,因此迷了路。 It's very easy to lose your way in a strange city. 在一个陌生的城 市里,你很容易迷路。 (2)失去;丧失: He lost his sight in a car accident.他在一起汽车交通事故中失明了。 She has just lost her job because of carelessness. 她刚刚因疏忽大 意而丢了工作。 (3)遗失;丢失: I can't enter my house because I've lost my key on my way home. 我进不了自己的房子,因为在回家的路上我把钥匙丢了。 We lost her in the crowd. 我们在人群中找不见她了。 2.understand v. (1)理解;懂: He doesn't understand English and you can try French. 他不懂英语, 你可以试试法语。 I don't understand what you mean. 我不明白你的意思。 (2)明了;了解;得知: How the machine works is still not fully understood. 这台机器到底 是如何运转的仍未被完全弄清楚。 Only today have I begun to understand the political situation in Northern Ireland. 直到今天我才了解了北爱尔兰的政治局势。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.She does not know London very well. 她对伦敦不很熟悉。 know?well 这一短语意为“对??了解”。又如:I don't know him very well. 我不太了解他。 2.?, and she lost her way. ??因此她迷路了。 句中的 and 当“所以”讲,表示结果。 lose one's way, 迷路。 3.ask(sb.) the way, (向某人)问路。 4.say to oneself, 心中暗想。 注意:talk to oneself 意为“自言自语地说”。 5.Can you tell me the way to King Street, please? 您能告诉我到国 王街怎么走吗? tell sb. the way(to), 告诉某人(去??的)路。 6.cut himself= cut his face。 以整体代替部分是英语中的一种修辞格,叫提喻(synecdoche )。第 1 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144语法 Grammar in use 1.副词 副词(adverb)这个词的本意是补充动词的意义。这就是许多副词的作用。 它们可以通过修饰动词告诉我们有关句中某个动作的情况, 也就是告诉我们某事 是如何、何时、何地等发生或进行的。 副词可以是单个的词(如 slowly)或词组(如 very well)。单一副词既 有以-ly 结尾的也有不以-ly 结尾的(如 quickly, fast)。 形容词向副词的转换一般遵循 3 个规则: (1)在形容词后面直接加-ly,如: quick----quickly hurried----hurriedly pleasant----pl easantly warm----warmly ( 2 ) 以 -y 结 尾 的 形 容 词 , 则 把 -y 改 成 -i , 再 加 -ly , 如: thirsty----thirstily happy----happily ( 3 ) 形 容 词 与 副 词 形 式 相 同 : 如 : late----late fast----fast hard----hard well----we ll 2.部分不规则动词的过去式形式 go----went see----saw understand----understood take----took read----read /red/ drink----drank run----ran know----knew say----said put----put cut----cut eat----ate meet----met come----came lose----lost tell----told speak----spoke find----found give----gave swim----swam have----had第 2 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L75-76 词汇学习 Word study 1.wear v. (1)穿着;戴着;佩带着: But women always wear uncomfortable shoes! 可是女人们总是穿不舒适 的鞋子! Look at the beautiful silk scarf she's wearing! 瞧她围着的那条漂亮 的丝绸围巾! She never wears perfume. 她从不用香水。 (2)面带;呈现;保持: He's wearing a cheerful smile. 他面带着快活的微笑。 He wears his dignity even in great adversity. 他即使身处逆境也仍保 持着自己的尊严。 2.uncomfortable adj. (1)不舒服的: She feels uncomfortable in tight boots. 她穿着紧的长统靴感到不舒服。 (2)不安的;不自在的: You'll have an uncomfortable feeling if you sit there alone. 如果你独自一人坐在那儿,你会有种不安的感觉。 He often feels uncomfortable with strangers. 与陌生人在一起他通常感到不自在。 (3)令人不舒服的,不舒适的: This pair of shoes look very uncomfortable. 这双鞋看上去很不舒适。 It's really an uncomfortable day! 这真是令人难受的一天! 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.Do you have any shoes like these? 像这样的鞋你们有吗? 这个句子里的 like these 是介词短语作定语,修饰 shoes,意思是“像 这样的鞋子”。 2. What size? 什么尺码的? 这是一个省略句,后面省略了 do you want。下文中的 What colour? 同 样也是省略句。 what size 通常用来询问服装、鞋子、手套等的尺寸,即什么 号码: What size do you wear? 你穿几码的? 3.They are very uncomfortable.的确很不舒适。 这个句子中的 are 用斜体表示强调,应重读。这里的强调表明了售货员 对女士所说的话的反感和愤怒。 语法 Grammar in use 一般过去时与时间短语 一般过去时通常与表示确切的过去时间的短语连用。 这些短语一般是 last+ 表示时间的名词、一段时间+ago 等。 (1) last week/month/year/night(上星期/上个月/去年/昨夜): Did you watch the television last night? 你昨晚看电视了吗?第 3 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144(2) two minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years ago(两分钟/ 小时/天/周/月/年前): She bought the shoes two months ago. 她两个月之前买的鞋。 (3)in+ 过去某一年: We first met him in 1980. 我们 1980 年初次见到他。 (4)yesterday(昨天), yesterday evening(昨天晚上), the week before last(前一个星期), the month before last(前一个月), the year before last(前年), the day before yesterday(前天), the night before last (前天夜里): She dusted the cupboard the day before yesterday. 她前天清扫了橱柜。L77-78第 4 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1. urgent adj. (1)紧迫的;急迫的: There's an urgent message for you. 这里有你的一个要紧的口信儿。 The children in that area are in urgent need of medical attention. 那个地区的孩子们急需得到医疗方面的关注。 (2)催促的;坚持要求的: The cries and shouts became louder and more urgent. 哭喊声越来越响,更加急迫。 2.appointment n. 约会;约定: I have made an appointment with Doctor Smith on next Tuesday. 我与史密斯大夫约好了在下星期二见面。 When is your lunch appointment? 你与别人共进午餐的约会定在什么时候? Once you've made an appointment, you should try to keep it. 一旦你定好约会的事情,那么你应努力守约。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I want to see the dentist, please. 我想见牙科医生。 I want to see sb., please 这一句式是表示想见某人时常用的句式之一。 2.have an appointment(with sb.),(与某人)有约会。 I have an appointment with my dentist at 3 p.m. 我已约定下午 3 点去看牙医。 3.Is it urgent? 急吗? 这里的 it 指“要见牙医”这件事。 4.Can you come at 10 a. m. on Monday, April 24th?您在 4 月 24 日星 期一上午 10 点钟来可以吗? Can you come at?? 这一句式通常用来约定见面时间。注意英语中的时间 次序一般是由小到大,与汉语正好相反。又如:on July 2nd, 1988(在 1988 年 7 月 2 日), at seven on June 3rd, 1989 (在 1989 年 6 月 3 日 7 点)。 a. m. (=ante meridiem) 上午,有时写成 A. M. 或 AM;下午则是 p. m. (=post meridiem),有时写成 P. M. 或 PM。 5.I must see?我必须见?? 比 I want to see? 语气上要更强些,表达说话人某种强烈的愿望或需求。 6.at the moment, 正在说话的这会儿,此时。 7.Can't you wait till this afternoon? 您就不能等到今天下午了吗? 这是情态助动词的否定疑问句形式,表示请求。 语法 Grammar in use 否定疑问句 否定疑问句可以表示说话者惊异的情绪、责难的口吻或赞叹;也可表示说话 者的某种建议、邀请、请求或看法等。请看下列疑问句的简略否定式: (be:) Aren't you a student?难道你不是学生吗? Isn't it hot here? 这里难道不热吗? (can:) Can't you wait a moment? 你不能等一会儿吗?第 5 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144(have:) Haven't I asked you? 难道我没问过你吗? (do:) Don't you want to stay with us?你难道不愿意与我们呆在一起吗? (did:) Didn't you see him yesterday? 难道你昨天没看见他吗? 回答这种问题时用简略回答。如果答语是肯定的,就用 Yes;如果答语是否 定的,就用 No。不过,这种答语的汉语译法有特殊之处。 一般否定疑问句有完全式和简略式之分,它们的词序是不同的。 完全式: Is she not a nurse? 她不是一位护士吗? 简略式: Isn't she a nurse? 她不是一位护士吗?L79-80第 6 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1.hope (1)v. 希望;盼望;期待: I hope that you'll have a lovely vacation.我希望你能有一个愉快的假期。 Mark's hoping to study Law at Harvard.马克盼望着进入哈佛大学学习法律。 I hope that you've got some money. 我希望你有了些钱。 (2)n. 希望,期望;指望: We are full of hope for the future. 我们对未来充满信心。 (3)n. 期望着的事;被寄予希望的人: His hope is that his son will get married and settle down soon. 他所希望的是他儿子能早点结婚,安顿下来。 He is a young man of genius, the hope of Russian poetry. 他是一位年轻的天才,是俄罗斯诗歌的希望所在。 2.need (1)v. 需要: We need some honey. 我们需要些蜂蜜。 Do you need any help? 你需要帮忙吗? Does he need to know? 他需要知道吗? (2)n. 需要(物);必要: There is no need of worrying. 不必担心。 There's a growing need of new housing in many cities. 许多城市正面临着对新建房屋的不断增长的需求。 We don't have any urgent need for money. 我们并不急需钱。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1. And I'm not going to get any!不过,我不打算去买! 这里 get 表示“买”,与 buy 同义: I'll get a new bike for you. 我将给你买辆新自行车来。 2.groceries, 食品杂货。 During the blizzard I was glad I 'd had the foresight to buy enough groceries. 在那场大风雪中,我庆幸自己深谋远虑,事先买了足够的食品杂货 语法 Grammar in use must 与 need (1)must v. aux. [无时态和人称变化, 后面接不带 to 的动词不定式] [表示义务、命令或必要] 必须, 应当 Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。 We must keep our word. 我们必须遵守诺言。 You must not do it. 你不可以做那件事。 We must tell him. 我们必须告诉他。 【说明】 过去、 未来、 完成等式可用 have to 的相应形式来代替, 例如: I must [have to] do it today. 我必须今天做。 I had to do it yesterday. 我本该昨天做。第 7 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144I shall have to go there some day. 总有一天我会去那儿的。 [表示推断或指具有较大的可能性]很可能; 谅必[否定用 cannot be, could not have +p.p] You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。 He must have earned a large sum of money. 他一定是挣了一笔巨款。 [表示主张]一定要, 务必 If it is really lost, it must be found. 如果真丢了, 一定要找回来。 [表示不可避免性或肯定性]必然要, 必定会} Man must die. 人必有一死。 [表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦]偏要 Why must it rain on Sunday? 偏要在星期天下雨, 讨厌! Just as I was sitting down to supper, the telephone mustring. 正当 我坐下来用晚餐时, 偏偏电话铃响了。 [表示请求] Must I go now? 我现在可以走了吗? n. [口]必须做的事, 必需的东西 The new film is an absolute must. 这部新片不可不看。 adj. [口]绝对需要的, 不可缺的 must legislation 不可缺少的立法 This is a must book for your reading. 这是一本你必须要读的书。 (2)need 表示“需要”、“必须”。作助动词时多用于疑问句和否定句, 如: Need I make an appointment? 我需要约一下时间吗? You need not hurry. 你不必太匆忙。 need 也可作实义动词,这时就要有人称、数及时态上的变化,疑问句中也需 用助动词 do。如: We need a lot of things this week. 我们这周需要许多东西。 He needs some money. 他需要一些钱。 Do you need any sugar? 你需要一些糖吗? What do they need this week? 他们这周需要什么东西?L81-82第 8 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1. nearly v. (1)几乎;差不多;差点儿: The dinner is nearly ready. 饭马上就好。 I nearly missed the train. 我险些赶不上火车。 (2)极;密切地: He resembles a film star nearly. 他酷似一位电影明星。 The matter concerns us nearly. 这事与我们有切身关系。 2.ready adj. (1)准备就绪的: Dinner will be ready in 20 minutes. 20 分钟后就可以开饭了。 Are you ready to leave? 你是不是准备好这就可以动身了? (2)预先准备好的;立即可得到的: The apples are ripe and ready to eat. 苹果完全熟了,随时可以享用。 We must get the house ready for our guests. 我们必须把房子收拾停当,以期我们的客人随时入住。 (3)快的,立即的: He gave a ready consent. 他立即爽快地表示同意。 This new system gives users readier access to the data. 这个新系统可以使用户们更快捷地进入数据库。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.No, thanks, Tom. 不,谢谢,汤姆。 在别人请你吃东西时,如果你吃,就说 Ok, thanks/Oh, thank you。如果 你不吃,则说 No, thanks。 2. Well, you're going to have roast beef and potatoes again tonight! 唉,今晚你们又要吃烤牛肉和土豆了! 是陈述句形式的感叹句。这里的 well 可理解为感叹词,表示惊讶。 语法 Grammar in use 完全动词 have(3) have 可以代替常用动词,表示 eat, enjoy, experience, drink, take 等意 义。这时的 have 是行为动词,所以与动作有关,而不像 have 表示“具有”时 (请参见 Lessons 59~60 语法部分)那样表示状态(如 I have〈got〉a car)。 因此,它可以用于各种时态。 如: Have a cigarette! 抽根烟吧! I'm having a drink. 我在喝酒。 We had lunch together today. 我们今天一起吃了午饭。 当 have 不表示“有”而表示其他意思时, 其用法和英语中的其他动词相同, 意即:在疑问和否定结构中,have 的一般现在时和一般过去时形式必须用 do, does 和 did L83-84第 9 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1. leave v. (1)离开,出发: The train is going to leave in 5 minutes. 火车将于 5 分钟后开出。 I'm going to leave Italy. 我准备离开意大利。 (2)舍弃;脱离: Alexander is leaving the company after 30 years' service 亚历山大将在为公司服务了 30 年之后离开公司。 (3)留给,遗留;委托: The famous actress left all her money to charity. 这位著名的女演员将她所有的钱都遗留给了慈善机构。 ‘Leave it to me, ’he said. “这事交给我来办吧,”他说道。 2.pack v. (1)打包,装箱: We are leaving tomorrow and I haven't even started packing yet. 我们明天就要走了,而我甚至还没开始将行李打包呢。 Don' t forget to pack the mirror! 别忘了把镜子装起来! (2)挤满,塞满: The movie fans packed the hall. 大厅里挤满了影迷。 The bus was packed with people. 公共汽车里挤满了人 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.Come in. 进来吧。 Have a cup of tea then. 那么喝杯咖啡吧。 Let's go into the living-room, Carol. 我们到客厅里去吧,卡罗尔。 这 3 句都是祈使句。表示请求或命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句中主语 you 常 不出现,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。读时用降调。 2. We're going to leave tomorrow. 明天我们就要走了。 这里的 are going to 表示“打算”、“准备”。请参见 Lessons 37~38 语法部分。 语法 Grammar in use 现在完成时 (1)在英语中,现在完成时主要用于以下两种情况:或者表示在过去不确定 的时间里发生的并与现在有着某种联系的动作; 或者表示开始于过去并持续到现 在的动作。 本课中萨姆所面临的是第 1 种情况, 正是因为他吃了饭, 喝过了咖啡, 也休过假,因此他谢绝了汤姆的邀请,并表示今年已无可能再次休假。 (2)现在完成时在汉语中常用“了”、“过”或“已经”来表示。 (3)现在完成时由 have/has+ 过去分词构成,单数第 3 人称用 has,其他 人称皆用 have。规则动词的过去分词与过去式相同,而不规则动词的过去分词 则无统一的规律可言,需特别加以记忆。 (4)一般现在完成时通常与表示不确定的时间副词或短语连用如 just, already, before, never, ever, twice, three times 等。 L85-86第 10 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study beautiful adj. (1)美丽的,使生美感的: She was even more beautiful than I had expected. 她甚至比我预期的还要美。 She's a girl with a beautiful voice. 她是一位嗓音美妙动听的姑娘。 (2)出色的,完美的;令人愉悦的: Her French is as beautiful as her English. 她的法文说得和英文一样漂亮。 He did a beautiful job of painting the desk. 他油漆了书桌,活干得很漂亮。 Beautiful weather, isn't it? 天气晴朗宜人,对吗? 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I've never been there. 我从未去过。 never 表示“从无”、“从未”,在这里有强调之意。 2. Have you ever been there, Ken? 肯,你去过吗? ever 常用于否定句、疑问句以及表示条件的从句中表示“以往任何时候”、 “曾经”、“在任何时候”、“从来”这类意思。用在此句中也有强调之意。 Grammar in use have been 与 have gone have been to a place 表示曾经去过某地, 但现在不在那个地方了; have gone to a place 表示已经去某地了,现在在那个地方或正在去的路上。如: George has been to Paris. 乔治去过巴黎。(他现在不在巴黎。) George has gone to Paris. 乔治去了巴黎。(他在巴黎或去巴黎的路上。) Have you ever been to America?你去过美国吗?(对方不在美国境内。) Has he gone to Washington D. C.? 他去华盛顿了吗?(被提到的人有可能 现在美国境内或在赴美途中。) 语法L87-88第 11 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1.repair v. (1)修理;修复;修补: I'll have to get the bicycle repaired. 我得请人把自行车修理一下。 She looked into the mirror and began to repair her face. 她向镜中望去,开始往脸上重敷脂粉。 (2)弥补;修复;赔偿: How can I repair the mistake I have made? 我如何才能弥补我所犯的错误呢? It will take a while to repair the confidence of the general public. 要恢复公众的信心尚需要一些时间。 2.try v. (1)试图;设法,努力: They tried hard to repair the damaged car. 他们竭尽全力修理那辆被损 坏了的汽车。 He is trying to move the book shelf. 他正试图搬动那个书架。 (2)尝试,试用;试验: She's trying her new car. 她正在试她的新车。 I'll try that Italian restaurant next time. 下次我要到那家意大利餐 馆去尝尝他们的菜。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.When did you bring it to us? 您什么时候送来的? bring 表示“送来”、“带来”和“拿来”的意思,在方位上多指朝说话人 而来。 2.?they're still working on it. ??他们还在修呢。 work on 表示“从事”、“干”(某事)。 still 是“仍然”、“还在”的 意思,此处在句中对 working on it 起了强调的作用。 3.have a look at it, 看一下。 这里的 it 指 car,以避免重复。这里的 look 是名词,have a look at 与 look at 意思是一样的。 4.Isn't that your car? 这难道不是您的车吗? Didn't you have a crash? 难道您没有出车祸吗? 在英文中可以用一般疑问句的否定形式来表示期待、请求或希望得到肯定 的答复。 语法 Grammar in use 现在完成时的疑问式及否定式 现在完成时的构成是 have/has+ 过去分词,因此其疑问式是将 have/has 提到主语之前,否定式则在 have/has 后加上 not 即可。L89-90第 12 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1.retire v. (1)退休;离职: He retired at the age of 60. 他 60 岁时退休了。 He's going to retire soon from the sea.不久他将退休,结束其航海生涯。 (2)退出;退隐: He often retires to his country house at weekends. 他周末通常到他那个乡间别墅生活。 The ladies retired, and the gentlemen went on drinking and chatting. 女士们离席退出,先生们则继续喝酒聊天。 2.worth prep. (1)相当于??价值,值??钱: The new house would be worth 50, 000 pounds. 这座新房子会值 50,000 英镑。 How much is the necklace worth? 这条项链值多少钱? (2)具有??价值;值得: That city is worth visiting. 那座城市值得一游。 Is the film worth seeing? 这部电影值得一看吗? 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I believe that this house is for sale. 我想这房子是要新概念的吧! believe 是“相信”、“认为”的意思,后可跟某人或名词性从句。如: I believe you. 我相信你(说的话)。 I believe that he has already gone to London. 我认为他已经去伦敦了。 for sale 意为“供新概念”、“待售”。 She has put her house up for sale. 她的房子现在出售 2.How long have you lived here? 您在这里住了多长时间? how long 常用于询问时间的长短与物体的长度。 3.since 1976, 从 1976 年起。 这是介词短语,since 在这里是介词。用这个介词短语作时间状语的句子中, 谓语要用完成时。(请参见本课语法部分。) 4.How much does this house cost? 这座房子卖多少钱? how much 常用于询问东西的新概念。 cost 是指得到一件东西所花费的钱, 其真正的价值可能低于或高于所要的价。 5.?I can'T decide yet.??我还不能决定。 句中的 yet 常见于否定句,表示“迄今仍未”的意思。 语法 Grammar in use for 与 since 现在完成时还可以描述发生在过去且一直延续到现在的动作,这种动作甚至 有可能延续下去。在这种情况下,它一般与 for+ 一段时间、since+ 某个时间 点连用。请注意:for+ 一段时间表示某个动作持续多长时间;since+ 某个时间 点表示某个动作是何时开始的。 L91-92第 13 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144词汇学习 Word study 1.miss v. (1)想念,惦念: We'll miss you. 我们会想念你的。 His mother misses him very much. 他母亲很惦念他。 (2)错过;未做到: He overslept and missed his train. 他睡过了头,错过了他那班火车。 I missed an opportunity of realizing my dream. 我错过了一个可能实 现自己梦想的机会。 2.still adv. (1)还是,仍然: I still don't understand what he meant. 我还是不明白他是什么意思。 She was still beautiful at the age of 46. 她 46 岁时依然漂亮。 (2)还要,甚至更: It was hot yesterday, but it's still hotter today. 昨天很热,然而今天甚至还要热些。 She looked very ill last week and this week looks still worse. 上星期她看上去病得很厉害,而这个星期看来更不行了。 (3)静止地;安静地: He is sitting still. 他一动不动地坐着。 The patient is lying still. 病人安静地躺着。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.We'll all miss him. 我们大家都会想念他的。 all,大家,全部,指 3 个或 3 个以上的人或物;指两个用 both。 2.?but his wife did.??可是他妻子离开。 句中 did 代替上文中的 wanted to leave。 语法 Grammar in use 一般将来时 (1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作、状态以及打算。该时态一般与 表示将来意义的时间状语连用, tomorrow 如 (明天), this month(本月), the day after tomorrow(后天),next week (下周), in two days' time(两 天之后), from now on(从现在起),in the future(将来)等。 (2)一般将来时的形式为 will/shall+ 动词原形。 will 可用于所有人称,但 shall 仅表示单纯将来时用于第一人称 I 和 we,作 为 will 的一种替代形式。 否定缩写: shan't =shall not, won't =will not: I shan't leave tonight. I'll leave tomorrow.今天夜里我不走。我将于 明天离开。 They won't go to London this weekend. 这个周末他们不去伦敦。 此外,will 除了表示纯粹的将来时间外,还表示说话人的意图和意愿,而 shall 除了表示将来时间外同时还表示说话人的责任或决心。第 14 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144(3) 除了 will/shall 外, 还可以用其他方法表示将来。在口语中,be going to 比 will/shall 更为普通,用来表示说话人的意图或打算。如: She is going to travel by air. 她打算乘飞机旅行。 也可用来表示有迹象某事即将发生。如: It's going to rain. 将要下雨了。 (4)可与将来时连用的时间短语有: 今天: this morning/afternoon/evening 今天上午/下午/晚上 tonight 今夜 明天: tomorrow morning/ afternoon/evening 明天上午/下午/晚上 后天: the day after tomorrow 后天 the night after next 后天夜 里 其他: in the morning 在上午 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上第 15 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L93-94 词汇学习 Word study 1.return v. (1)回,返回: He's just returned from abroad. 他刚从国外回来。 He'll return to London the week after next. 下下个星期他将返回伦敦。 (2)回复: Spring will return soon. 很快就又是春天了。 He returned to his copy of the New York Times. 他又重读起他那份《纽约时报》来。 (3)归还;退还: I'm going to return these books to the library. 我要把这些书还给图书馆。 I lent him my records and he never returned them! 我把自己的唱片借给他,而他却从未归还! 2.lucky adj. (1)有好运的,幸运的: Nigel is a very lucky man. 奈杰尔是个很幸运的人。 She was lucky to get such a well-paid job. 她能得到这样一个报酬优厚的工作真幸运。 (2)侥幸的,碰巧的: He didn't really know the answer----it was just a lucky guess. 他并非真知道答案――那不过是个侥幸的猜测。 It's lucky he's here. 他碰巧在这儿。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.next-door, 隔壁的。 2.the month after next, 再下个月。 after next 表示“下下个”,如:the week after next 下下个星期 语法 Grammar in use 可与一般将来时连用的时间短语 (1) this week(这周),next week(下周),the week after next(下 下周),this month(这个月),next month(下个月),the month after next (下下个月), this year(今年),next year(明年),the year after next (后年). 注:一般过去时中通常会用 last 一词,而不是 next. (2) in a day's time(一天以后), in a year's time(一年以后), in two weeks time(两周后), in three months' time(3 个月后)等等。第 16 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L95-96 词汇学习 Word study 1.exact adj. (1)精确的;确切的;恰好的: What is the exact time? 确切时间是什么时候? This vase is an exact replica. 这只花瓶是件很巧妙的复制品。 It's the exact shape I've been looking for. 这恰好是我一直以来要寻找的外形。 (2)严格的;严厉的: The workers must obey exact rules. 工人们必须遵守严格的规定。 2.catch v. (1)赶上;及时赶到: We must hurry if we want to catch the last train. 假如我们想赶上最后一班火车就必须快点。 Every morning she would catch the 7.30 train to town. 天天早上她都赶 7 点半的那班火车进城。 (2)听清楚;理解: I didn't catch what you said just now. 我没听清楚你刚才所说的话。 (3)引起(注重等) ;吸引,迷住: The bright colours on the wall caught our attention. 墙壁上鲜艳的颜色吸引了我们的注重力。 The beautiful view in front of me caught and held me. 我面前漂亮的景色把我迷住了。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.plenty of, 充足的,足够的。 后面可跟可数名词或不可数名词。 There is plenty of coal in this area. 这个地区有丰富的煤。 There are plenty of good places to camp in.有许多好地方可以露营。 We believe in taking in plenty of fresh air and getting plenty of exercise. 我们主张呼吸新鲜空气和参加足够的锻炼。 Keep warm, drink plenty of hot water and get plenty of rest. 穿暧和些,多喝热水,多休息。 2.ten minutes slow, 慢 10 分钟; ten minutes fast, 快 10 分钟。 3.When's the next train?下一班车是什么时候? 这个句子是用来询问火车启程时间时常见的句型。 语法 Grammar in use had better 与 must had better 表示“最好还是”、“最好”,表达某种忠告或建议。 句型: had better do sth. must 则表示“必须”、“一定”,语气比 had better 强烈。 had better 表示现在时或将来时, 而不是过去时。 其否定形式为 had better第 17 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144not do sth. We had better wait and watch for a better chance. 我们最好等一等, 寻找更好的机会。 When it rains, you had better not go out. 天下雨的时候,你最好别出 去。 You had better be overhauled by a doctor. 你最好给医生详细检查一 下。 You had better do a little hard thinking. 你最好仔细想一下。 If you can't finish the book by then, you must come and renew it. 这本书如果你到时候还看不完, 就必须来续借。第 18 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L97-98 词汇学习 Word study 1.belong v. (1)(在所有权方面)属于: That pen belongs to him. 那枝笔是他的。 This house belongs to Mrs. White. 这所房子属于怀特太太。 (2)是??的成员: Do you belong to the golf club? 你是高尔夫球俱乐部的成员吗? Which party does he belong to? 他是哪个党的党员? (3)(在关系等方面)属于: The novel really belongs to the 19th century. 这部小说其实是属于 19 世纪的。 We belong to the same generation. 我们属于同代人。 2.describe v. (1)描述;形容: She described the woman to the police. 她向警方描述了那个女人的外貌。 He described the whole event in detail. 他详尽地描述了整个事件。 (2)把??说成;把??称为(as): They describe him as ambitious. 他们把他称为雄心勃勃的人。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I left a suitcase on the train to London the other day. 几天前 我把一只手提箱忘在开往伦敦的火车上了。 句中 left 是 leave 的过去式。leave 在这里表示“遗忘”、“丢下”,通常 可与表示地点的短语连用。句型:leave sth + some place(某地) 又如: I left my glasses in the library. 我把眼镜忘在图书馆里了。 the other day 表示“几天前”。the other +表示时间的名词通常只与过去 时态连用。类似的短语有:the other morning/afternoon/evening/night(几 天前上午/下午/晚上/夜里) the other week/ month/ year , (几周/月/年前) 。 2.There's a label on the handle with my name and address on it. 箱 把上有一标签,上面写着我的姓名和住址。 句中介词 with 在这里可理解为“有”的意思。 3.fifty pence, 50 便士。 pence 是 penny(便士)的复数形式,表示币值。 语法 Grammar in use 所有格形容词和所有格代词 (2)(请参见 Lessons 11~12 语法部分。) 所有格形容词和所有格代词都是用来表示所有关系的。所有格形容词是限定 词,放在名词前与名词构成名词短语,在句中作定语用。所有格代词后面不能再 加名词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语用。第 19 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L99-100 词汇学习 Word study 1.slip v. (1)滑倒: She slipped and fell down on the wet stones. 她脚下滑了一下,跌倒在潮湿的石头上。 (2)滑落;脱落: The soap slipped out of her hand. 肥皂从她的手中滑落。 (3)下滑;下跌: Profits continue to slip this year. 利润今年呈持续下跌趋势。 (4)遗忘;忽略: Our wedding anniversary completely slipped my mind. 我把我们的结婚纪念日忘得一干二净。 2.hurt v. (1)弄痛;使受伤: Have you hurt yourself? 你伤着自己了吗? He fell off the bicycle and hurt his leg. 他从自行车上摔下来,摔伤了一条腿。 (2)危害;损害: That case has hurt his reputation. 那个案件损害了他的声誉。 I don't mean to hurt you. 我本无意伤害你的感情。 3.help v. (1)帮助;援助;救助: He devoted his life to helping the disabled. 他付出一生的心血去帮助那些残疾人。 Would you help me to lift this box? 你能否帮我抬一下这只箱子? (2)对??有帮助;对??有好处: My knowledge of French helped me a lot while I was travelling in France. 我在法国旅行时,我的法文知识帮了我大忙。 Humour can help in a tense situation. 幽默能够缓和紧张局面。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.get up,站起来。 这一短语还可表示“起床”。 2.be afraid that,想,恐怕;be sure that, 想,认为。 这两个结构后面通常接从句,在口语中有时 that 可省略。 I am afraid I can't help you. 恐怕我帮不了你。 I'm sure that everything will be better by then. 我相信到那时一切 都会更美好。 语法 Grammar in use 1.宾语从句(1) 宾语从句在句中作宾语,一般用 that 引导,但在口语中经常省略掉 that. 可用在 say, think, believe, hope, know, understand, suppose 等 动词之后:第 20 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144She says that she is cold. 她说她冷。 He thinks that he needs an X-ray. 他认为他需要拍个 X 片。 I know that I can repair this car. 我知道我能修理这部车。 They believe that they will have more money.他们认为他们会有更多的 钱。 可用在某些描写感情的形容词之后,如 afraid, sure, sorry,glad 等: I am sure that you need an X-ray. 我觉得你需要拍个 X 片。 I am sorry that you are ill. 听到你生病了我很难过。 2.间接引述时的时态 假如间接引语中的引述动词是现在时,那么其后的时态通常与原来口头陈述 句的时态相同。转述刚刚说完的话时通常皆如此。第 21 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L101-102 词汇学习 Word study 1.write v. (1)写,书写: They are learning to read and write. 他们在学习读书写字。 She writes legibly. 她笔迹清楚。 (2)写信: I'll write to you soon. 我会尽快给你写信的。 Why didn't she write and tell him? 她为什么不写信告诉他? (3)写作;作曲;当作家: He started to write for the stage. 他开始成为一名剧作家。 He soon finished writing a symphony. 他很快就谱写成一部交响曲。 2.soon adv. (1)不久: It will soon be spring. 春天很快就要到了。 Soon she would have to resign.她不久就得辞职了。 (2)早;快: Why are you leaving so soon? 你为什么这么快就要走了? He came sooner than we expected. 他来得比我们预料的快。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1. speak up,大声地说,清楚地说。 up 作副词用时可表示强度等的由弱到强、由低到高: Can you get up to that note ? 你能唱得到那么高的音吗? 2.He doesn't say very much,does he?他没写许多,是吗? 附加疑问句中的前后两部分的谓语在时态、人称和数上都要一致。回答这种 问句时要简略,要根据事实回答。假如答语本身是肯定的,就用 Yes;假如答语 本身是否定的,就用 No。 语法 Grammar in use 直接引语和间接引语 直接引语就是直接引用说话人原来所说的话;间接引语就是原话的转述。直 接引语放在引号里,间接引语是把说话人的原话变成宾语从句。 间接引语中,宾语从句中的动词与主句中的主要动词在时态上必须保持一 致。一般来说,主要动词用现在时,间接引语中可用现在时(包括一般现在时、 现在进行时、现在完成时)和将来时。如: She says she's got a headache. 她说她头痛。 He says he's staying at a Youth Hostel. 你说他正住在一家青年招待所。 He says he has sold his house. 他说他已卖掉了房子。 把直接陈述改为间接引语时,谓语动词形式的变化体现在人称上。如: He says: ‘I hope you are all well. ’ 他说:&我希望你们都身体健康。& He says he hopes we/they are all well. 他说他希望我们/他们都身体第 22 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144健康。 The girl says: ‘I have finished my homework.’ 那个姑娘说:&她已完成了家庭作业。& The girl says that she has finished her homework. 那个姑娘说她已完成了家庭作业。第 23 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L103-104 词汇学习 Word study 1.fail v. (1)失败;及格: Doctors failed to save the old man's life. 医生们未能拯救那位老人的生命。 He failed his French paper because it was too difficult. 他的法语考试没及格,因为试卷太难了。 (2)(身体等)衰退;变弱;凋谢: My eyesight is failing. 我的视力在衰退。 The flowers failed for lack of sunshine. 花因缺少阳光而凋谢。 (3)(后接不定式 fail to do sth.)不,不能;忘记: I fail to see why you find it so extraordinary. 我不明白为什么你们认为它如此与众不同。 He failed to persuade me. 他没能说服我。 2.hate v. (1)讨厌;不喜欢;有反感: He hates exams! 他讨厌考试! I hate beef. 我不喜欢牛肉。 (2)憎恨;憎恶: He said that he hated hypocrisy. 他说他憎恶虚伪。 Tom really hates the murderer in that film. 汤姆十分仇视那部电影中的杀人凶手。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1. the rest,剩余部分。 这里指其余的题,注重 rest 与定冠词连用的用法。 Throw the rest away. 把剩下的丢掉。 2. at the top of,在??顶端。 反义词为 at the bottom of(在??末端)。 3.next to,邻近,贴近。 Cleanliness is next to godliness. 清洁仅次于圣洁。 语法 Grammar in use too 与 enough (1)enough 的用法 A 在形容词之后使用: He failed the exam because it wasn't easy enough.他考虑不及格,因为 题不够轻易。(不说 enough easy) B 在名词之前使用: He didn' t buy the car because he didn't have enough money. 他没买 那部车,因为他没有足够的钱。 C 可以用在 enough? for sb./sth.和 enough? to do sth.结构之中: She hasn't got enough money for a holiday. 她没有足够的钱去度假。第 24 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144This dress isn't big enough for her. 这件衣服对她来说不够大。 She's not old enough to live alone. 她未到独自生活的年纪。 (2)too 的用法 A too 表示“过于”: I can't go out. It's too hot. 我无法外出,太热了。 She couldn't answer the questions because they were too difficult for her. 她无法回答问题,因为对她来说太难了。 B 可以用在 too?for sb./sth.结构之中: This skirt is too big for me. 这条裙子对她来说太大了。 It's too easy for me.这对我来说太轻易了。 C 可以用在 too?to do sth.结构之中: The exam was too difficult for him to pass. 考试太难了,以至于他无 法通过。 The box is too heavy for you to carry. 这个盒子太沉了,你没法扛起。 She i too young to live alone. 她年纪太小了,无法独自生活。 It's too far to walk home from here.从这儿步行回家太远了。 请比较: The wall is too high for them to climb over. 这堵墙太高了,他们无法 攀越过去。 The wall is low enough for them to climb over. 这堵墙矮到如此之程 度,以至于他们可以攀越过去。第 25 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L105-106 词汇学习 Word study 1.correct v. (1)改正;纠正: Please correct me if I'm wrong.假如我错了,请你纠正。 I spent the whole morning correcting exam papers. 我花了整个上午的时间批改试卷。 (2)校正;矫正: This pair of glasses will correct your eyesight problem. 这副眼镜会有助于矫正你的视力问题。 Oh, let me correct my watch first. 噢,先让我把我的手表对好。 2.break v. (1)打破;使碎裂: She told him not to break the vase. 她告诉他别把花瓶打坏了。 He broke a leg in the accident. 他在这起事故中摔断了一条腿。 (2)损坏;弄坏: His little daughter has broken his favourite camera. 他的小女儿把他心爱的照相机弄坏了。 You shouldn't have bought such expensive toys for him because he will simply break them. 你不应该买这么昂贵的玩具给他,因为他会轻而易举地把它们弄坏的。 (3)破坏;违反: Any one who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应受到惩罚。 The student who broke the school regulations was severely criticized. 那位违反了校规的学生受到了严厉的批评。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.How do you spell????怎样拼写? 这是询问某个单词或某人的姓名如何拼写时常用的句型。 2.You've typed it with only one‘L’.但你只打了 1 个“L”。 句中 it 指 intelligent 一词。这里的 with 意即“用”。 3.And here's a little present for you.这里有一件小礼物送你。 这是一个倒装句。由 here 引导、谓语为 be 的句子通常用倒装语序。这里 and 是表示承上启下,使上下文紧密联系,当“于是”、“因此”讲。 语法 Grammar in use 动词不定式: 在英语中,当一个动词被另一个动词紧跟时,它们之间必须加不定式符号 (to)。不定式符号后面的动词只能是原形,而不能是过去式或分词形式。 (1)不定式作动词的宾语(动词+to?): He wants to buy a car. 他想买辆车。 He hopes to pass the French exam. 他希望自己能通过法语考试。 I want to leave. 我想离开。第 26 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144(2)有许多动词可以带名词/代词宾语(通常是人称代词宾格),后面再 跟不定式(动词+名词/宾格代词+to?): I want you to carry it. 我想让你扛着它。 He wants them to listen to it. 他想让他们听那个。 Tell him to move it. 让他搬它。 (3)不定式的否定形式是在 to 之前加 not: He decided not to buy the house. 他决定不买这幢房子。 He told me not to close the window. 他让我不要把窗户关了。 Tell him not to move it. 告诉他不要搬动它。第 27 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L107-108 词汇学习 Word study 1.compare v.比较,对照: The article compares the different features of imported cars on the market. 这篇文章比较了市场上进口汽车的不同特点。 Compared to our little garden, his garden seemed like a park. 与我们的花园相比,他的花园就像是一个公园。 2.suit v. (1)适合;适宜于: Finding a place that suits us all is very difficult. 找到一个适合于我们所有人的地方是很困难的。 ‘One o'clock? That does not suit me.’ “1 点钟?那个时间对我来说不合适。” (2)相当,相当: He would not be suited to the job. 他不适合干那份工作。 Blue suits her. 蓝色与她相配。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.be in fashion,时髦,流行。 2.Would you like??你愿意??吗? 这个句型常用于表示委婉的请求或 提议:Would you like to go with us? 你乐意与我们一起去吗? 3.as well,同时,也。通常用于句末。如: He knows Spanish as well. 他还懂西班牙语。 too 与 as well 一般不用于否定句,否定句中用 either。 3. Could you??您能??吗? 用于表示请求,比 Can you??更加婉转客气: Could you tell me the way to the post office? 您能告诉我去邮局怎么走吗? 语法 Grammar in use 形容词的比较级和最高级 (1)构成 A 大多数单音节形容词的比较级和最高级的构成是在其原级后面加上-er 和 -est: small----smaller----smallest new----newer----newest B 许多单音节形容词只有一个元音字母,其末尾为一辅音字母。在比较级和 最高级形式中,这个辅音字母要双写: big----bigger----biggest thin----thinner----thinnest C 许多单音节形容词以-e 结尾,如 nice。这些形容词只需在原级形式后加 -r 和-st: large----larger----largest nice----nicer----nicest D 有些形容词以-y 结尾,而在-y 前是一个辅音字母。这些形容词一般有两 个音节。变为比较级和最高级时,-y 要变成-i,末尾再加-er 和-est: easy----easier----easiest heavy----heavier----heaviest第 28 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144E 但有少数形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记,如: good----better----best bad----worse----worst F 大多数较长的形容词(即有两个以上音节的词)可与 more 连用构成其比 较级形式,与 most 连用构成其最高级形式。 (2)用法 比较级只用于两者之间,通常与 than 连用。形容词比较级之所指假如很清 楚,它也可独立存在: This coat is longer. 这件外衣较长。 最高级用于 3 者或 3 者以上。形容词的最高级在使用时必须加定冠词,并常 伴有一个表示范围的介词短语或从句: That girl is the tallest student in our class. 那位姑娘是班上个子 最高的学生。第 29 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L109-110 词汇学习 Word study 1.smoke v. (1)抽(纸烟、烟斗等): He smokes cigars. 他抽雪茄。 Eat more and smoke less! 多吃点,少抽点! (2)冒烟;冒雾气: She could see a chimney smoking in the nearby village. 她可以看到四周村子里的烟囱在冒烟。 Is the fireplace smoking? 壁炉在冒烟吗? (3)熏制(鱼肉等): Do you know how to smoke hams? 你知道如何熏制火腿吗? 2.instead adv. (1)作为替代: I'm tired and can' you could go instead. 我累了,不能去开会了,你可以代替我去。 She did not want to go to the university. Instead, she decided to become a singer. 她不想上大学,而是决定成为一名歌手。 (2)代替,而不是(of): She wanted to have milk instead of juice. 她想要牛奶,而不是果汁。 She prefers buying books instead of borrowing them from the library. 她宁可买书而不愿到图书馆去借。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.Just a little, please.请稍加一点儿。 a little (=some),一些/一点,用于修饰不可数名词。又如: a little money/ water/coffee 一点儿钱/水/咖啡 a few (=some,severa1) 则用于可数名词。 2.One and a half teaspoonfuls, please.请放一勺儿半。 在英语中,比 1 大的东西,即使比 2 小,也需用复数表示。 3.It doesn't matter.没关系。这是表示此意的几种常用说法之一。 4.省略 more than you have 中 have 后省略了 got。下文中的 less than you have 和 fewer than you have 同此。more than 表示“比??多”; less than 表示 “比??少”; fewer than 表示“比??少”(用于可数名词)。 I've got the most 中 most 后省略了 chocolate。形容词的最高级之后的 名词在意思清楚的时候可省略。下文中的 the least 同此。 the fewest 后省略 了 mistakes。 5.I've ever seen,我所见过的。 定语从句,分别修饰 the best,the worst。 语法 Grammar in use 1.不规则形容词的比较级和最高级 不规则形容词的比较级和最高级例举如下:第 30 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144good----better----best bad----worse----worst many/much---more----most little----less----least far----farther----farthest ( 表 距 离) far----further----furthest (表程度) 2.名词的数与修饰词 可数名词的多与少, many 与 few 来表达; 用 不可数名词的多与少, 则用 much 与 little 来表达第 31 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L111-112 词汇学习 Word study 1.afford v. (1)买得起;付得起(钱): She can't afford a new coat. 她买不起一件新大衣。 We are not rich enough to afford a car. 我们并不太富有不能购置汽车。 (2)担负得起(时间等): I feel I can' t afford any more time on this project. 我觉得我不能再在这个项目上花更多的时间。 We can't afford such enormous fees. 我们无法负担如此巨额的费用。 2.deposit (1)n.预付定金;押金;保证金: He put down a deposit on the house yesterday. 昨天他付了房子的定金。 You'll have to pay a deposit of $ 60 to reserve the room 要预定这个房间,你需交付 60 美金的押金。 (2)v.存放;存储: We were advised to deposit our valuables in the bank safe 别人建议我们将自己的珍贵物品存放在银行的保险箱里。 (3)付(保证金);预付(定金): I deposited $ 1,500 on a new car. 我付了 1,500 美金作为购新车的定金。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.buy on instalments,以分期付款的方式购买。 I have bought this house on instalments. 我用分期付款的方式买了这所房子。 2.?and then fourteen pounds a month for three years.??然后每 月 14 镑,3 年付清。 then 和 fourteen 之间省略了 pay。 语法 Grammar in use 形容词的平级比较级:as?as 形 容 词 的 比 较 形 式 有 3 种 : 较 高 比 较 级 (more expensive, the most expensive);较低比较级(less expensive, the least expensive) ;平级比较 级 (as expensive as)。 请看下面句中 as?as 的用法: The green apple is as sweet as the red one. 这个绿苹果同那个红苹果一样甜。 The policeman is as tall as the policewoman. 这个男警察与那个女警察个子一样高。 The white knife is as sharp as the black one. 这把白色的小刀与那把黑色的小刀一样锋利。 I don't know as many people as you do. 我熟悉的人没有你熟悉的多。 Robert is not as old as he looks. 罗伯特没有他看上去那么高。 The blue car is not as clean as the red car. 蓝车没有红车干净。第 32 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L113-114 词汇学习 Word study 1.change v. (1)兑换: I want to change the pounds into dollars. 我想把这些英镑兑换成美元。 Could you change me a one-pound note, please? 能否请你换一镑的零钱给我? (2)改变;更改: He changed his mind at last. 他最终改变了自己的主意。 This plan is to change the desert into farmland. 这个计划是要将沙漠变为农田。 (3)交换;改换: Shall we change our seats? 我们调换一下座位好吗? You've got to change your bus at the next stop. 你得在下一站换车。 2.except prep.除??外: Everyone except Jane went to the party. 除简之外的所有人都去参加那个派对了。 They're open every day except Sunday. 除星期天之外,他们天天都开门。 I like him except when he's gloomy. 除了他满脸阴沉的时候之外,我挺喜欢他。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I can't change a ten-pound note. 我找不开 10 英镑的钞票。 这里 change 是动词,意为“兑换”。change 还可作名词,意为“零钱”, 如课文中的 I've got no small change, I'm afraid。此外,no +名词表示所 指的东西全然没有。以上这句话比 I haven't got any small change 更强调没 有任何一点儿零钱。 2.I've got none.我没有。这里指零钱(不可数名词)。none 也可与可数 名词连用 None of our passengers can change this note. 我们的乘客中没有一个能破开这张钞票的。 none 在句中通常单独使用 3.Except us.我们俩除外。 意思是:除了我们,他们都是百万富翁。 语法 Grammar in use so 与 neither 引导的简短回答 以 so 或 neither 开头的简短回答,必须用倒装形式,即: So/Neither + 助动词+主语。假如前一句是肯定的,后一句就用 so 开头;如前一句是否定的, 后一句则用 neither/nor 开头。前后两句的时态要一致。第 33 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L115-116 词汇学习 Word study 1.invite v. (1)邀请: We're inviting our colleagues to the party. 我们将邀请我们的同事参加这个聚会。 I hate people who invite themselves. 我讨厌不请自来的客人。 (2)请求;要求: We invite readers' letters for this magazine. 本杂志欢迎读者来信。 The speaker paused, seeming to invite questions from the audience. 演讲者稍停了一下,似乎在期待听众们提出问题。 2.joke (1)v.开玩笑: She's only joking with you. 她只是在跟你开玩笑。 (2)v.取笑: Aren't you joking me? 你不是在取笑我吧? (3)n.玩笑;笑话: The whole thing was a complete joke. 整件事完全是个笑话。 Don't get angry----it was only a joke! 别生气――那只是一个玩笑而已 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1. Isn't there anyone at home? 家里没人吗? anyone 用于否定句及疑问句中。 2. Carol and Tom invited us to lunch. 卡罗尔和汤姆请我们来吃午饭。 句中的 to 是介词,后面跟名词 lunch。 这句话还可以用动词不定式表示;Carol and Tom invited us to have lunch. 3. It's nice and warm out here. 外面挺暖和。 这里的 nice and 相当于 very, 用于形容词及副词之前,表示肯定或加强 语调的意思。例如: It's nice and warm sitting by the fire. 坐在火边温暖舒适。 I didn't like the speech, but at least it was nice and short. 我不 喜欢这次演讲,不过那倒是挺简短。 4. Come and have something to drink. 来喝点什么吧。 and 与动词原形连用,引出另外一个动作。例如: Come and have tea with me. 来跟我一起喝杯茶吧。 You'll go and see her. 你去看看她。 5. There's none left. 一点都不剩了。 left 是 leave 的过去分词,修饰 none,表示“剩下的”,“没用完的”。 There's enough bread left,we don't have to buy more. 还有足够的面包,我们不必再买了。 语法 Grammar in use 不定代词第 34 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144(1)every(每一),no(无),any(若干)及 some(一些)可与 one,thing 构成复合代词,与 where 构成复合副词。不定代词可作主语、宾语和表语。 A 作主语: 这些代词作主语时都作单数看待,因此使用单数谓语动词。 Everyone is asleep. 大家都睡了。 Everything is untidy. 一切都乱糟糟的。 Nobody has told me about it. 没有人告诉过我有关这件事的情况。 B 作宾语: I've got nothing to wear. 我没有穿的衣服了。 I've heard nothing. 我没听到什么动静。 I saw no one. 我谁也没有看到。 C 作主语或表语: There's nothing on the shelf. 架子上什么也没有。 There's somebody in the garden. 花园里有个人。 That's nothing. 那没什么。 (2) some 与 any 的用法一样, 与 somebody/someone/ something/ somewhere 一般用于肯定句; anybody/anyone/anything/ anywhere 用于疑问句与否定句; nothing/nobody/no one/ nowhere 相 当 于 not anything/anybody/anyone/anywhere: Someone is asking to see you. 有人要求见你。 There's something under that chair! 那个椅子下有个什么东西! I don't know anyone here. 这儿我谁也不熟悉。 Is there anything on this shelf? 这个架子上有什么东西吗? I went nowhere.(=I didn't go anywhere.) 我哪儿也没去。 I saw no one.(=I didn't see anyone.) 我谁也没看到。第 35 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L117-118 词汇学习 Word study 1.swallow v. (1)吞下,咽下: Tommy had swallowed the coins. 汤米把硬币吞下去了。 (2)抑制,使不流露: I tried hard to swallow my doubts. 我强忍着不露出怀疑的神色。 She swallowed a smile and sat there still. 她忍住没笑静静地坐在那里。 (3)吞并;侵吞: Our company was swallowed up by an American company last year. 我们公司去年被一家美国公司吞并了。 Nazi Germany nearly swallowed up the whole Europe in World War Ⅱ. 第二次世界大战中,纳粹德国几乎吞并了整个欧洲。 2.ring v. (1)鸣响;发出清脆的响声: When I was opening the front door, the telephone rang. 我正开前门时,电话铃响了。 Yesterday morning, my alarm clock didn't ring at 7 o'clock as usual. 昨天早上,我的闹钟没像往常那样在 7 点钟闹。 (2)打电话;按铃: You said you were going to ring me last night, but you didn't. 你说过你昨晚会给我打电话的,然而你并没有打。 Somebody is ringing the doorbell. 有人在按门铃。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.look for,寻找(强调动作过程);find,找到(强调寻找的结果)。 I looked for the dog everywhere, and found it in the garden at last. 我到处找那只x,最后在花园里找到了它。 We have to look for a parking space. 我们必须找一个停车空地。 If we hope to find love, we must first find time for loving. 如果我们希望找到爱情,我们就必须首先找到时间来爱。 2. them all all 用来强调每一个硬币。从语法上讲,all 是 them 的同位语,也可以说 成 all of them 。 3.Tommy had already swallowed them! 汤米已经把硬币咽了下去! 句中用了过去完成时形式 had swallowed。过去完成时用来表示过去两个动 作中发生在前的那个动作。 显然,句中咽下硬币的动作发生在夫妇俩能够把硬币 从汤米手中抢过来之前。 4.later that morning,那天上午的晚些时候。 later 是副词 late 的比较级。 5.any change change 是个多义词,既有“零钱”的意思,也有“变化”的意思。此处既可 指“硬币”;也可指“情况的变化”。这是双关(pun)修辞法。 I wish to change some pocket money. 我希望换些零钱。第 36 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144A leopard cannot change its spots. 积习难改。 语法 Grammar in use 过去进行时 构成: be 的过去式+现在分词。 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的情况或动作。 过去进行时和一般过去时 经常在同一个句子里使用。 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的情况或动作,一般过 去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。过去进行时的时间状语从句一般由 when, while 及 (just) 等来引导, as 说明主句中动作发生时的背景。 此外, 可用 while 或 at the time 等强调同时进行的两种或几种动作。请看例句: When I was doing the housework, my husband telephoned me from the office. 当我正在干家务时,我丈夫从办公室打电话给我。 While I was listening to the stereo, my mother came into the room. 我正在听立体声节目时,我母亲进房间了。 Just as she was cleaning her shoes, George knocked at the door. 她正在擦鞋时,乔治敲门了。 While I was cooking the dinner ,he was working in the garden. 我做饭时,他正在花园里劳作。第 37 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L119-120 词汇学习 Word study 1.enter v. (1)进入;穿入: After they had entered the house, they went into the dining room. 他们进入了房子后,就去了餐厅。 The bullet entered his heart. 子弹射入了他的心脏。 (2)参加;加入: Four students from our university entered the final contest. 我们大学的 4 名学生进入了竞赛的决赛。 He entered politics when he was 27. 他在 27 岁时步入了政界。 2.happen v. (1)发生: How did the accident happen? 事故是怎么发生的? A strange thing happened to a friend of mine a year ago. 一年之前,一件希奇的事发生在我的一位朋友身上。 (2)碰巧,恰好(to): I happened to meet her on my way home. 在回家的路上,我碰巧遇见了她。 I happen to know that professor. 我正好熟悉那位教授。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.... happen to sb. , (某事) 发生在某人的身上. What happened to you yesterday? 你昨天出什么事了? 2.a friend of mine,我的朋友之一。 相当于 one of my friends,但前者比后者显得更为亲切。 3.After they had entered the house, they went into the dining room. 他们进到屋里后,走进了饭厅。 After they had entered the house 是时间状语从句,had entered 是过去 完成时结构。 在以 after 引导的时间状语从句中,用一般过去时或过去完成时没 有多少差别。 假如强调从句的谓语动作在主句的谓语动作之前完成,就用过去完 成时。 4.turn on, 打开,拧开(电视、水源、煤气等)。 其反义词为 turn off(关上)。 5. as quickly as they could 是状语,修饰 run away 。 第一个 as 是副词, 修饰 quickly, 第二个 as 是连词, 引导比较状语从句。 could 后省略了 run,意思是“能跑多快就跑多快”。例如: He worked as hard as he could. 他工作十分努力。(能多努力就多努力) 语法 Grammar in use 过去完成时 构成: had +过去分词。 过去完成时主要用于表示两个事件中一个发生在前,或者说是表示较早的过 去。常与现在完成时连用的副词,如 already(已经), ever(曾经),for + 表示时间段的词,just(刚刚)和 never(从未)也常与过去完成时连用,以强第 38 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144调事件发生的先后次序。有时我们不一定非得用过去完成时表示先发生的事件, 因为意思十分清楚,如: After I finished ,I went home. 我做完后就回家了。 请看例句: She went on holiday after she had taken the exam. 她考试后度假去了。 I ran to the platform quickly, but the train had already left. 我 赶紧跑到站台上,但是火车已经开走了。 We had had dinner before they arrived. 他们到达之前我们就已吃饭了。 The patient had died when the doctor arrived. 大夫到达时病人已经死 了。第 39 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L121-122 词汇学习 Word study 1.recognize v. (1)认出;熟悉: I recognize him now. 我现在认出他来了。 Can you recognize this tune? 你能听出这支曲调吗? (2)承认;确认: I recognize that he is more capable than I am. 我承认他比我更有能力。 They recognized Richard as his lawful heir. 他们确认理查德为他的合法继续人。 Are British medical qualifications recognized in other European countries? 英国的医生执照在欧洲其他国家能否得到承认? 2.serve v. (1)服务;接待;侍候: Are you being served, sir? 先生,有人为您服务吗? A young waiter served them. 一位年轻的侍者侍候他们进餐。 (2)供给;摆出(食物或饮料等): What time is breakfast served in this hotel? 这个饭店里什么时候供给早餐? Serve it to the ladies first. 把它先端给女士们。 (3)为??服务/服役;任职: The old cook has served the family for 30 years. 这位老厨师已为这家干了 30 年了。 He began to serve in the Navy in 1960. 他从 1960 年起开始在海军服役。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.?but I forgot to take them with me.??但是我忘了拿走。 forget to do sth.表示“忘了做某事”,them 指两本字典。 2.put it on,戴上它。 这里的 it 指 a hat,以避免重复。 put on 是“戴上”、“穿上”的意思。 假如它的宾语是一个名词,这个名词可放在 put on 之后,也可放在 put 和 on 之间。假如是代词,就必须放在 put 和 on 之间。如: Put on your coat./Put your coat on. 穿上外衣。但只能说:Put it on. 把它穿上。 语法 Grammar in use 定语从句 定语从句像形容词一样起修饰作用,但位于所修饰的名词之后。定语从句由 关系代词引导,紧跟在它所修饰的成分后面。关系代词 who,whom 与 that 修饰 人,which 与 that 修饰东西。关系代词指代从句的主语或宾语,同时又充当连 接词,把从句和主句连接起来。请看例句: (1)关系代词作从句的主语(who/which/that):第 40 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144The dog which/that is carrying the basket is mine. 叼着篮子的那只x 是我的。 He's the porter who/that carried my suitcase. 他就是那个扛着我的衣 箱的搬运工。 (2)关系代词作从句的宾语(whom/that/which): They're the windows which/that the children broke yesterday. 这些就 是孩子们昨天打坏的窗户。 She's the lady whom I served yesterday. 她就是我昨天服务过的那位女 士。第 41 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L123-124 词汇学习 Word study 1.travel v. (1)旅行;游历: He said that if he had a lot of money he would travel around the world. 他说,假如他有很多钱的话,他将会周游全世界。 (2)行进;(被)传送: Light travels faster than sound at the speed of 300,000 kilometres per second. 光速比声速要快,为每秒钟 30 万公里。 The news didn't travel as fast as we had expected. 这消息传播得不如我们所预料得那样快。 2.offer v. (1)(主动)给予;提供: He is offered a job in Canada. 有人提供给他一份在加拿大的工作。 We offered some coffee to the guests. 我们为客人们提供了咖啡。 (2)提出;出(价): Do you have any good suggestions to offer? 你能否提供一些好的建议? I'll offer you £ 30,000 for the house. 这房子我愿出 3 万英镑买下来。 (3)(主动)表示愿意,提议: He offered to help me with my research paper. 他表示愿意帮助我一起做我的研究论文。 ‘I could lend you some books,’Jane offered. “我可以借你一些书,”简自告奋勇地提议。 3.grow v. (1)生长;成长: His hair has grown too long. 他的头发长得太长了。 The trees have grown rapidly. 树木生长得快。 (2)使生长;留(须发): He grew a beard during the trip. 他在旅行时留了胡子。 We grew a lot of roses in our garden. 我们在自己的花园里种植了大量 的玫瑰花。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.What a beautiful ship!多漂亮的轮船啊! what 引导的感叹句通常是由 What + a(n)+形容词+名词构成的。 2.That's right.对。 这句是对上面附加疑问句的回答。上面一句虽用否定形式提问,但回答则根 据事实来决定是用肯定或是否定形式。 That's right 是肯定的回答, 相当于 Yes, it is(那正是我)。 3.grow a beard,留胡子。 4.shave it off,把胡子刮掉。 it 指 a beard。 5.定语成分第 42 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144standing behind the counter 和 repairing the road 是现在分词短语, 作后置定语,分别修饰 The man, The woman 和 The men。 I served yesterday 和 I saw yesterday 是定语从句,分别修饰 the man, the woman 和 the men。此处关系代词 whom 省略了。 I bought yesterday 和 I found in the garden 是定语从句,分别修饰 the book, the books 和 the kitten。关系代词 which 或 that 省略了。 语法 Grammar in use 定语从句中的省略. 当关系代词代表主语并且从句中的谓语动词是(现在)进行时态时,关系代 词及助动词 be 均可省略。假如关系代词在从句中代表宾语,则往往可以省略。 此外,定语从句可用介词结尾。 请分别看以下的例句: The woman standing behind the counter served me. 站在柜台后边的那 位妇女为我服务/招待了我。 This is the book I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的那本书。 The man I served was wearing a hat. 我招待过的那个人当时戴着一顶帽 子。 That's the ship we travelled on. 那就是我们旅行时乘的船。 That's the man I told you about. 那就是我告诉过你有关情况的那个人。第 43 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L125-126 词汇学习 Word study 1.mean v. (1)意味着,即: It's raining! That means you don't need to water the garden. 下雨了!这就是说,你不必给花园浇水了。 (2)(词语)表示??意思: What does‘perfume’ mean in English? “perfume”一词在英语中是什么意思? The green light means‘Go on.’ 绿灯的意思是“继续向前”。 (3)意指;意欲: What I mean is that we'll have to go back and look for it. 我的意思是:我们必须回去寻找它。 He didn't mean to hurt you. 他的本意并不是想伤害你。 2.water v. (1)浇(洒)水;供水;喂水: The garden is very dry, I'm going to water it tomorrow morning. 花园里很干了,明早我预备给它浇些水。 Tim is watering his lovely little dog. 蒂姆正在给他那只可爱的狗喂水。 (2)布满水;布满泪水;流口水: He felt sad and his eyes watered a little. 他感到难过,眼睛有点儿湿润了。 Ice cream always makes his mouth water. 冰淇淋总能让他馋得淌口水。 (3)搀水冲淡;加水稀释: Someone had been watering the milk. 有人往牛奶里搀了水。 He always waters drinks and sells them to tourists. 他总是在饮料里搀水并将之卖给游客们。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.Can't you come in and have tea now, Peter?彼得,你现在能进来喝 茶吗? 这是否定疑问句,表示邀请。请参见 Lessons 77~78 语法部分。 2.Don't you remember?你不记得了吗? 这也是否定疑问句。 3.don't need to= needn't。 表示“不必”,是 must 和 have to 的一般现在时否定式。 4. a pleasant surprise,意想不到的好事,令人惊喜的事。 语法学习 Grammar in use must, have to 和 needn't 这 3 个词都表示必要性。在前面已对 must 和 have to 介绍过。 must 是情态助动词, have to 是普通动词,二者在肯定句中一般可以互换, 而 表示不可逃避的义务或责任。must 更带有说话人的主观色彩,而 have to 则更 强调客观要求和外界影响。第 44 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144must 一般只能表达现在的必要性,而 have to 则可以表达过去或将来的必要 性。 I shall have to leave London tomorrow. 我明早得离开伦敦。 I had to stop smoking because it was forbidden in my company. 因为我所在的公司内禁止抽烟,所以我不得不停止了吸烟。 假如我们用 must 来提问, 则只能用 needn't 来表达否定的回答。needn't 还 可以理解为 have to 的否定回答。needn't (don't need to)和 don't have to 都表示不必要;而 mustn't 却表示绝对禁止,在说话人看来根本没有选择余地。 请看例句: You mustn't turn left. 你不能左转弯。(表示绝对禁止)第 45 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L127-128 词汇学习 Word study 1.famous adj. (1)闻名的;出名的: She's a very famous actress. 她是一位非常闻名的女演员。 (2)第一流的;极好的: To my surprise, he had a famous appetite. 让我感到惊奇的是,他有着极好的胃口。 This is famous weather for a stroll. 这是散步最理想的天气。 2.at least (1)至少: This antique vase is worth at least £20,000. 这只古花瓶至少价值两万英镑。 At least, you should consider our suggestions. 至少你应该考虑一下我们的建议。 (2)反正;无论如何;不管怎样: He has no plans to go abroad yet, at least as far as I know. 他尚未有出国的计划,至少据我所知是这样的。 That party wasn't exciting at all, but at least it filled the time. 那个聚会一点儿都不令人兴奋,但不管怎样,它使人打发了那段时光。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.I thought so.我也这样想。 so 是代词, 意为“这样”、 “如此”。 I think so 的否定式为 I don't think so(我不这样认为) 。类似用 so 的短句如: I hope so. 我希望如此。 I expect so. 我期待如此。 I told you so. 我这么告诉过你的。 2.have another look,再(仔细)看一眼。 3. look old,看上去老。这里 look 是系动词,后跟表语。 4.at least,至少。 5.I'm sure she is.我肯定她有 40 岁了。 其后省略了 at least forty。 6.not more than twenty-nine myself,我自己还没 29 岁。 其中 not more than 是“不超过”、“不到”的意思。这里反身代词 myself 是 I 的同位语,用来加强语气。 She did it herself. 这事是她自己做的。 语法 Grammar in use 表示猜测和推断的情态助动词 must 和 can't(1) 表示最有力的推论的最常用的形式是 must 和 can't。 这时, 它们一般与系动 词 be 连用。肯定的推断用 must be 来表示,否定的推断用 can't be 来表示, 而不用 mustn't。请看例句: He can't be a doctor. He must be a dentist. 他不会是个医生。他一定 是位牙医。第 46 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144She can't be Danish. She must be Norwegian. 她不会是丹麦人。她一定 是挪威人。 He can't be shaving. He must be having a bath. 他不可能在剃胡子。 他一定是在洗澡。 It can't be cheap. It must be expensive. 它不会便宜。一定价格昂贵。 He can't be ill. He must be tired. 他不可能生病了。他肯定是累了。第 47 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L129-130 词汇学习 Word study 1.charge v. (1)罚款;使承受经济负担: He was charged by the policeman for speeding. 他因开车超速而被警察罚款。 (2)要(价);收(费): The hotel charged them £ 900 for one night. 饭店向他们索要 900 英镑作为住一晚的费用。 (3)指控;指责: They charged him with murder. 他们指控他犯了谋杀罪。 2.dream v. (1)做梦;梦见: He dreamt about his grandmother last night.他昨天夜里梦见他的祖母了。 Do you often dream at night? 你晚上经常做梦吗? (2)梦想;幻想: She dreamed that one day she would be as free as a bird 她幻想着有一天自己能像鸟儿那般自由。 I once dreamed of becoming a famous doctor. 我曾一度梦想着成为一位闻名的医生。 (3)出神;心不在焉;空想: Don't dream away your life! 不要在想入非非中虚度你的人生。 Sorry, I didn't see the sign. I must have been dream ing. 对不起,我没看见那牌子。我一定是思想开小差了。 3.wave v. (1)招手;挥手示意: He waved us quiet. 他挥手要我们别出声。 She waved me goodbye. 她向我挥手离别。 (2)起伏;飘动: The flag is waving in the wind. 旗帜正在风中飘扬。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.Where do you think you are?你认为你现在是在哪儿? do you think 是用在非凡疑问句中的插入语,用来征询见解或表达看法。因 为句中插入语已经是疑问式,主谓倒装了,所以 you are 的位置不能再对调了。 插入语一般是对句子加一些附加的解释,在句子中作独立成分。常用来作插入语 的结构有 I hope, I think, I'm afraid, you know 等。插入语可以位于句尾或 句中,有时也可出现在疑问句中。 2.must have been doing sth.,一定/准是在做某事。 这种结构用来表示对过去正进行的事情的推测。下文中的 can't have been 是 can't have been driving 的省略式,在意思上与 must have been driving 正相反。 3.That's why I didn't see the sign.所以我才没看见那牌子。第 48 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144why I didn't see the sign 作 is 的表语从句,以 why 引导的从句用来解释 事情的原因。 4.?you'd better take my advice!??你最好还是服从我的劝告吧! take one's advice 是“服从劝告”的意思。 语法 Grammar in use 表示猜测和推断的情态助动词 must 和 can't(2) must 与 can't 不仅能表达对现在和将来的猜测和推断, 而且能表达对过去的 猜测和推断――这时可用 must have been 表示肯定的推断,用 can't have been (而不是 mustn't have been)来表示否定的推断,如后面跟进行时则表示对过 去正在进行的动作的猜测。请看例句: You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour. 你当时肯定正以每小时 70 英里的速度行驶。 I didn't see it. I must have been dreaming. 我没看见。我当时一定是在胡思乱想吧。 She can't have been 29.She must have been 36. 她那时肯定不会是 29 岁,她一定 36 岁了。 He can't have been reading. He must have been sleeping. 他那时肯定不是在看书,他准是在睡觉。第 49 页 共 64 页 新概念第一册 L73-L144L131-132 词汇学习 Word study 1.worry v. (1)担忧;发愁: Mum always worries too much and it makes her tired. 妈妈总是过度忧虑,而这使她疲惫。 She's worried that she might lose her job soon. 她担心也许很快她就会丢掉她现在的工作。 (2)困扰;使不安宁: Doesn't it worry you that his health is becoming worse? 他的身体越来越差,你不担心吗? She is alway worrying him for presents. 她总是缠着他要礼物。 2.look after = take care of (1)照料,照顾,照管: Who's going to look after the garden when we are away? 我们离开时谁来照料花园呢? Sally will help us to look after the children tomorrow. 萨莉明天会帮我们照看孩子们的。 (2)注重;关心: Don't worry about me----I can look after myself. 别担心――我会照顾好自己的。 The doctor advised him to look after his health. 医生建议他要注重自己的健康。 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.We can't make up our minds , 我们还拿不定主意。 make up one's mind 是表示下定决心的一种固定用法。 make up one's mind(s) to do sth. 决心做......,打定主意......。 例如:We have made up our minds to go there by plane. 我们已经决定 坐飞机去。 2.Will you travel by sea or by air?你们乘船去,还是乘飞机去? 这是一个选择疑问句。 by sea 表示“乘船”= by ship 。 by air 表示“乘 飞机”= by plane 。(by + 交通工具,“乘......”) 3. take a long time, 花很长时间。 take a long time to do sth. 某人花了......(时间)做...... I take a long time to walk to school because it is a long way. 我用 了很长时间走到学校,因为路很远。 it takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间,it 在句中 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。 How long will it take you to do your homework every day? 每天做

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